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Update documentation about SSO mapping providers (#7458)

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Update information about mapping providers for SAML and OpenID.

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# SAML Mapping Providers
A SAML mapping provider is a Python class (loaded via a Python module) that
works out how to map attributes of a SAML response object to Matrix-specific
user attributes. Details such as user ID localpart, displayname, and even avatar
URLs are all things that can be mapped from talking to a SSO service.
As an example, a SSO service may return the email address
"john.smith@example.com" for a user, whereas Synapse will need to figure out how
to turn that into a displayname when creating a Matrix user for this individual.
It may choose `John Smith`, or `Smith, John [Example.com]` or any number of
variations. As each Synapse configuration may want something different, this is
where SAML mapping providers come into play.
## Enabling Providers
External mapping providers are provided to Synapse in the form of an external
Python module. Retrieve this module from [PyPi](https://pypi.org) or elsewhere,
then tell Synapse where to look for the handler class by editing the
`saml2_config.user_mapping_provider.module` config option.
`saml2_config.user_mapping_provider.config` allows you to provide custom
configuration options to the module. Check with the module's documentation for
what options it provides (if any). The options listed by default are for the
user mapping provider built in to Synapse. If using a custom module, you should
comment these options out and use those specified by the module instead.
## Building a Custom Mapping Provider
A custom mapping provider must specify the following methods:
* `__init__(self, parsed_config)`
- Arguments:
- `parsed_config` - A configuration object that is the return value of the
`parse_config` method. You should set any configuration options needed by
the module here.
* `saml_response_to_user_attributes(self, saml_response, failures)`
- Arguments:
- `saml_response` - A `saml2.response.AuthnResponse` object to extract user
information from.
- `failures` - An `int` that represents the amount of times the returned
mxid localpart mapping has failed. This should be used
to create a deduplicated mxid localpart which should be
returned instead. For example, if this method returns
`john.doe` as the value of `mxid_localpart` in the returned
dict, and that is already taken on the homeserver, this
method will be called again with the same parameters but
with failures=1. The method should then return a different
`mxid_localpart` value, such as `john.doe1`.
- This method must return a dictionary, which will then be used by Synapse
to build a new user. The following keys are allowed:
* `mxid_localpart` - Required. The mxid localpart of the new user.
* `displayname` - The displayname of the new user. If not provided, will default to
the value of `mxid_localpart`.
* `parse_config(config)`
- This method should have the `@staticmethod` decoration.
- Arguments:
- `config` - A `dict` representing the parsed content of the
`saml2_config.user_mapping_provider.config` homeserver config option.
Runs on homeserver startup. Providers should extract any option values
they need here.
- Whatever is returned will be passed back to the user mapping provider module's
`__init__` method during construction.
* `get_saml_attributes(config)`
- This method should have the `@staticmethod` decoration.
- Arguments:
- `config` - A object resulting from a call to `parse_config`.
- Returns a tuple of two sets. The first set equates to the saml auth
response attributes that are required for the module to function, whereas
the second set consists of those attributes which can be used if available,
but are not necessary.
## Synapse's Default Provider
Synapse has a built-in SAML mapping provider if a custom provider isn't
specified in the config. It is located at
[`synapse.handlers.saml_handler.DefaultSamlMappingProvider`](../synapse/handlers/saml_handler.py).

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# SSO Mapping Providers
A mapping provider is a Python class (loaded via a Python module) that
works out how to map attributes of a SSO response to Matrix-specific
user attributes. Details such as user ID localpart, displayname, and even avatar
URLs are all things that can be mapped from talking to a SSO service.
As an example, a SSO service may return the email address
"john.smith@example.com" for a user, whereas Synapse will need to figure out how
to turn that into a displayname when creating a Matrix user for this individual.
It may choose `John Smith`, or `Smith, John [Example.com]` or any number of
variations. As each Synapse configuration may want something different, this is
where SAML mapping providers come into play.
SSO mapping providers are currently supported for OpenID and SAML SSO
configurations. Please see the details below for how to implement your own.
External mapping providers are provided to Synapse in the form of an external
Python module. You can retrieve this module from [PyPi](https://pypi.org) or elsewhere,
but it must be importable via Synapse (e.g. it must be in the same virtualenv
as Synapse). The Synapse config is then modified to point to the mapping provider
(and optionally provide additional configuration for it).
## OpenID Mapping Providers
The OpenID mapping provider can be customized by editing the
`oidc_config.user_mapping_provider.module` config option.
`oidc_config.user_mapping_provider.config` allows you to provide custom
configuration options to the module. Check with the module's documentation for
what options it provides (if any). The options listed by default are for the
user mapping provider built in to Synapse. If using a custom module, you should
comment these options out and use those specified by the module instead.
### Building a Custom OpenID Mapping Provider
A custom mapping provider must specify the following methods:
* `__init__(self, parsed_config)`
- Arguments:
- `parsed_config` - A configuration object that is the return value of the
`parse_config` method. You should set any configuration options needed by
the module here.
* `parse_config(config)`
- This method should have the `@staticmethod` decoration.
- Arguments:
- `config` - A `dict` representing the parsed content of the
`oidc_config.user_mapping_provider.config` homeserver config option.
Runs on homeserver startup. Providers should extract and validate
any option values they need here.
- Whatever is returned will be passed back to the user mapping provider module's
`__init__` method during construction.
* `get_remote_user_id(self, userinfo)`
- Arguments:
- `userinfo` - A `authlib.oidc.core.claims.UserInfo` object to extract user
information from.
- This method must return a string, which is the unique identifier for the
user. Commonly the ``sub`` claim of the response.
* `map_user_attributes(self, userinfo, token)`
- This method should be async.
- Arguments:
- `userinfo` - A `authlib.oidc.core.claims.UserInfo` object to extract user
information from.
- `token` - A dictionary which includes information necessary to make
further requests to the OpenID provider.
- Returns a dictionary with two keys:
- localpart: A required string, used to generate the Matrix ID.
- displayname: An optional string, the display name for the user.
### Default OpenID Mapping Provider
Synapse has a built-in OpenID mapping provider if a custom provider isn't
specified in the config. It is located at
[`synapse.handlers.oidc_handler.JinjaOidcMappingProvider`](../synapse/handlers/oidc_handler.py).
## SAML Mapping Providers
The SAML mapping provider can be customized by editing the
`saml2_config.user_mapping_provider.module` config option.
`saml2_config.user_mapping_provider.config` allows you to provide custom
configuration options to the module. Check with the module's documentation for
what options it provides (if any). The options listed by default are for the
user mapping provider built in to Synapse. If using a custom module, you should
comment these options out and use those specified by the module instead.
### Building a Custom SAML Mapping Provider
A custom mapping provider must specify the following methods:
* `__init__(self, parsed_config)`
- Arguments:
- `parsed_config` - A configuration object that is the return value of the
`parse_config` method. You should set any configuration options needed by
the module here.
* `parse_config(config)`
- This method should have the `@staticmethod` decoration.
- Arguments:
- `config` - A `dict` representing the parsed content of the
`saml_config.user_mapping_provider.config` homeserver config option.
Runs on homeserver startup. Providers should extract and validate
any option values they need here.
- Whatever is returned will be passed back to the user mapping provider module's
`__init__` method during construction.
* `get_saml_attributes(config)`
- This method should have the `@staticmethod` decoration.
- Arguments:
- `config` - A object resulting from a call to `parse_config`.
- Returns a tuple of two sets. The first set equates to the SAML auth
response attributes that are required for the module to function, whereas
the second set consists of those attributes which can be used if available,
but are not necessary.
* `get_remote_user_id(self, saml_response, client_redirect_url)`
- Arguments:
- `saml_response` - A `saml2.response.AuthnResponse` object to extract user
information from.
- `client_redirect_url` - A string, the URL that the client will be
redirected to.
- This method must return a string, which is the unique identifier for the
user. Commonly the ``uid`` claim of the response.
* `saml_response_to_user_attributes(self, saml_response, failures, client_redirect_url)`
- Arguments:
- `saml_response` - A `saml2.response.AuthnResponse` object to extract user
information from.
- `failures` - An `int` that represents the amount of times the returned
mxid localpart mapping has failed. This should be used
to create a deduplicated mxid localpart which should be
returned instead. For example, if this method returns
`john.doe` as the value of `mxid_localpart` in the returned
dict, and that is already taken on the homeserver, this
method will be called again with the same parameters but
with failures=1. The method should then return a different
`mxid_localpart` value, such as `john.doe1`.
- `client_redirect_url` - A string, the URL that the client will be
redirected to.
- This method must return a dictionary, which will then be used by Synapse
to build a new user. The following keys are allowed:
* `mxid_localpart` - Required. The mxid localpart of the new user.
* `displayname` - The displayname of the new user. If not provided, will default to
the value of `mxid_localpart`.
### Default SAML Mapping Provider
Synapse has a built-in SAML mapping provider if a custom provider isn't
specified in the config. It is located at
[`synapse.handlers.saml_handler.DefaultSamlMappingProvider`](../synapse/handlers/saml_handler.py).