mirror of https://github.com/MISP/misp-training
424 lines
16 KiB
TeX
424 lines
16 KiB
TeX
% DO NOT COMPILE THIS FILE DIRECTLY!
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% This is included by the other .tex files.
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\begin{frame}[t,plain]
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\titlepage
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\end{frame}
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\section{Expiring IOCs: Why and How?}
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\begin{frame}[fragile]
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\frametitle{Indicators - Problem Statement}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item {\bf Sharing information} about threats {\bf is crucial}
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\item Organisations are sharing more and more
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\end{itemize}
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\vspace{1em}
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Contribution by {\bf unique organisation} (\texttt{Orgc.name}) on MISPPriv:\\
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\vspace{1em}
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\begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
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\begin{tabular}{ll}
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\hline
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Date & Unique Org \\
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\hline
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2013 & 17 \\
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2014 & 43 \\
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2015 & 82 \\
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2016 & 105 \\
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2017 & 118 \\
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2018 & 125 \\
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2019-10 & 135 \\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\vspace{0.5em}
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\end{minipage}
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\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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{
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"distribution": [1, 2, 3]
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}\end{lstlisting}
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\end{minipage}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Indicators - Problem Statement}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Various users and organisations can share data via MISP, multiple parties can be involved
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \textbf{Trust}, \textbf{data quality} and \textbf{time-to-live} issues
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\item Each user/organisation has \textbf{different use-cases} and interests
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Conflicting interests such as operational security, attribution,... (depends on the user)
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\item[] $\rightarrow$ Can be partially solved with \textit{Taxonomies}
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\pause
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\vspace{0.5cm}
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\item Attributes can be shared in large quantities (more than 7.3 million on \texttt{MISPPRIV})
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Partial info about their \textbf{freshness} (\textit{Sightings})
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\item Partial info about their \textbf{validity} (last update)
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\end{itemize}
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\item[] $\rightarrow$ Can be partially solved with our \textit{Decaying model}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Requirements to enjoy the decaying feature in MISP}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Starting from \textbf{MISP 2.4.116}, the decaying feature is available
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\item Don't forget to update the decay models and enable the ones you want
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\item The decaying feature has no impact on the information in MISP, it's just an overlay to be used in the user-interface and API
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\item Decay strongly relies on \textit{Taxonomies} and \textit{Sightings}, don't forget to review their configuration
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{\textit{Sightings} - Refresher}
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\textit{Sightings} add temporal context to indicators.
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A user, script or an IDS can extend the information related to indicators by reporting back to MISP that
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an indicator has been \texttt{seen}, or that an indicator can be considered as a \texttt{false-positive}
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\vspace{0.5cm}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \textit{Sightings} give more credibility/visibility to indicators
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\item This information can be used to {\bf prioritise and decay indicators}
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{center}
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\includegraphics[scale=1.00]{pics/sightings.png}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Organisations opt-in - setting a level of confidence}
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MISP is a peer-to-peer system, information passes through multiple instances.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \textbf{Producers can add context} (such as tags from \textit{Taxonomies}, \textit{Galaxies}) about their asserted confidence or the reliability of the data
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\item Consumers can have \textbf{different levels of trust} in the producers and/or analysts themselves
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\item Users might have other contextual needs
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\end{itemize}
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\begin{center}
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$\rightarrow$ Achieved thanks to \textit{Taxonomies}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Taxonomies - Refresher (1)}
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\includegraphics[width=1.00\linewidth]{pics/taxonomies.png}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Tagging is a simple way to attach a classification to an \textit{Event} or an \textit{Attribute}
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\item Classification must be globally used to be efficient
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Taxonomies - Refresher (2)}
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\includegraphics[width=1.00\linewidth]{pics/taxonomy-admiralty-scale.png}
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\begin{center}
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$\rightarrow$ Cherry-pick allowed \textit{Tags}
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\end{center}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Taxonomies - Refresher (3)}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Some taxonomies have \texttt{numerical\_value}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item[$\rightarrow$] Can be used to prioritise \textit{Attributes}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\vspace{1cm}
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\begin{footnotesize}
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\begin{columns}[T] % align columns
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\begin{column}{.40\textwidth}
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\begin{tabular}{|ll|}
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\hline
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\textbf{Description} & \textbf{Value}\\
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\hline
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Completely reliable & 100\\
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Usually reliable & 75\\
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Fairly reliable & 50\\
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Not usually reliable & 25\\
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Unreliable & 0\\
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Reliability cannot be judged & 50 \textbf{\color{red}?}\\
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Deliberatly deceptive & 0 \textbf{\color{red}?}\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{column}%
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\hfill%
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\begin{column}{.48\textwidth}
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\begin{tabular}{|ll|}
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\hline
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\textbf{Description} & \textbf{Value}\\
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\hline
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Confirmed by other sources & 100\\
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Probably true & 75\\
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Possibly true & 50\\
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Doubtful & 25\\
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Improbable & 0\\
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Truth cannot be judged & 50 \textbf{\color{red}?}\\
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\hline
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\end{tabular}
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\end{column}%
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\end{columns}
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\end{footnotesize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Scoring Indicators: Our solution}
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$$ \texttt{score}(\texttt{\tiny Attribute}) = \texttt{base\_score}(\texttt{\tiny Attribute, Model}) \;\;\bullet\;\; \texttt{decay}(\texttt{\tiny Model, time}) $$
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Where,\vspace{0.5cm}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \texttt{score} $ \in [0, +\infty $
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\item \texttt{base\_score} $ \in [0, 100] $
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\item \texttt{decay} is a function defined by model's parameters controlling decay speed
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\item \texttt{Attribute} Contains \textit{Attribute}'s values and metadata {\scriptsize (\textit{Taxonomies}, \textit{Galaxies}, ...)}
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\item \texttt{Model} Contains the \textit{Model}'s configuration
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\section{Current implementation in MISP}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Implementation in MISP: \texttt{Event/view}}
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\includegraphics[width=1.00\linewidth]{pics/decaying-event.png}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \texttt{Decay score} toggle button
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Shows Score for each \textit{Models} associated to the \textit{Attribute} type
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}[fragile]
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\frametitle{Implementation in MISP: API result}
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\texttt{/attributes/restSearch}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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"Attribute": [
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{
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"category": "Network activity",
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"type": "ip-src",
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"to_ids": true,
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"timestamp": "1565703507",
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[...]
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"value": "8.8.8.8",
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"decay_score": [
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{
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"score": 54.475223849544456,
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"decayed": false,
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"DecayingModel": {
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"id": "85",
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"name": "NIDS Simple Decaying Model"
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}
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}
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],
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[...]
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\end{lstlisting}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Implementation in MISP: Playing with Models}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \textbf{Automatic scoring} based on default values
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\item \textbf{User-friendly UI} to manually set \textit{Model} configuration (lifetime, decay, etc.)
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\item \textbf{Simulation} tool
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\item Interaction through the \textbf{API}
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\item Opportunity to create your \textbf{own} formula or algorithm
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\section{Decaying Models in Depth}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Scoring Indicators: \texttt{base\_score} (1)}
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$$ \texttt{score}(\texttt{\tiny Attribute}) = \texttt{base\_score}(\texttt{\tiny Attribute, Model}) \;\;\bullet\;\; {\color{gray}\texttt{decay}(\texttt{\tiny Model, time})} $$
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When scoring indicators\footnote{Paper available: \url{https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.11052}}, multiple parameters\footnote{at a variable extent as required} can be taken into account. The {\bf base score} is calculated with the following in mind:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item {\color{purple}Data reliability, credibility, analyst skills, custom prioritisation tags (economical-impact), etc.}
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\item {\color{orange}Trust in the source}
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\end{itemize}
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\vspace{0.3cm}
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$$\texttt{base\_score} = \omega_{tg} \cdot {\color{purple}tags} + \omega_{sc} \cdot {\color{orange}source\_confidence}$$
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Where,
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\begin{itemize}
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\item[] $\omega_{sc} + \omega_{tg} = 1$
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Scoring Indicators: \texttt{base\_score} (2)}
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Current implentation ignores \texttt{source\_confidence}:
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$$\rightarrow \texttt{base\_score} = tags$$
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\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{pics/bs-computation-steps.png}
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$\rightarrow$ The \texttt{base\_score} can be use to prioritize attribute based on their attached context and source
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Scoring Indicators: decay speed (1)}
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$$ \texttt{score}(\texttt{\tiny Attribute}) = {\color{gray}\texttt{base\_score}(\texttt{\tiny Attribute, Model})} \;\;\bullet\;\; \texttt{decay}(\texttt{\tiny Model, time}) $$
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The \texttt{decay} is calculated using:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item The \texttt{lifetime} of the indicator
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\begin{itemize}
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\item May vary depending on the indicator type
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\item short for an IP, long for an hash
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\end{itemize}
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\item The \texttt{decay rate}, or speed at which an attribute loses score over time
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\item The \texttt{time} elapsed since the latest update or sighting
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Scoring Indicators: putting it all toghether}
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$\rightarrow$ \texttt{decay rate} is \textbf{re-initialized upon sighting} addition, or said differently, the \texttt{score} is reset to its base score as new \textit{sightings} are applied.
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$$score = base\_score \cdot \left( 1 - \left( \frac{t}{\tau} \right)^{\frac{1}{\delta}} \right) $$
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\begin{itemize}
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\item $\tau = $ \texttt{lifetime}
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\item $\delta = $ \texttt{decay speed}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Implementation in MISP: Models definition}
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\hspace{190pt}
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\raisebox{-1.0ex}{\Large $\Rsh$} {\tiny $score = base\_score \cdot \left( 1 - \left( \frac{t}{\tau} \right)^{\frac{1}{\delta}} \right) $}
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\textit{Models} are an instanciation of the formula where elements can be defined:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Parameters: \texttt{lifetime, decay\_rate, threshold}
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\item \texttt{base\_score}
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\item \texttt{default base\_score}
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\item formula
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\item associate \textit{Attribute} types
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\item creator organisation
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Implementation in MISP: Models Types}
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Multiple model types are available
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \textbf{Default Models}: Models created and shared by the community. Available from \texttt{misp-decaying-models} repository\footnote{\url{https://github.com/MISP/misp-decaying-models.git}}.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item $\rightarrow$ Not editable
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\end{itemize}
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\item \textbf{Organisation Models}: Models created by a user belonging to an organisation
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\begin{itemize}
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\item These models can be hidden or shared to other organisation
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\item $\rightarrow$ Editable
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Implementation in MISP: Index}
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\includegraphics[width=1.00\linewidth]{pics/decaying-index.png}
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View, update, add, create, delete, enable, export, import
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Implementation in MISP: Fine tuning tool}
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\includegraphics[width=1.00\linewidth]{pics/decaying-tool.png}
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Create, modify, visualise, perform mapping
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Implementation in MISP: \texttt{base\_score} tool}
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\includegraphics[width=1.00\linewidth]{pics/decaying-basescore.png}
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Adjust Taxonomies relative weights
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Implementation in MISP: simulation tool}
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\includegraphics[width=1.00\linewidth]{pics/decaying-simulation.png}
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Simulate \textit{Attributes} with different \textit{Models}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}[fragile]
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\frametitle{Implementation in MISP: API query body}
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\texttt{/attributes/restSearch}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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{
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"includeDecayScore": 1,
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"includeFullModel": 0,
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"excludeDecayed": 0,
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"decayingModel": [85],
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"modelOverrides": {
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"threshold": 30
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}
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"score": 30,
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}
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\end{lstlisting}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Creating a new decay algorithm (1)}
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The current architecture allows users to create their \textbf{own} formulae.
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item Create a new file \texttt{{\$}filename} in \texttt{app/Model/DecayingModelsFormulas/}
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\item Extend the Base class as defined in \texttt{DecayingModelBase}
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\item Implement the two mandatory functions \texttt{computeScore} and \texttt{isDecayed} using your own formula/algorithm
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\item Create a Model and set the formula field to \texttt{{\$}filename}
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\end{enumerate}
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Use cases:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Add support for \textbf{more feature} (expiration taxonomy)
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\item \textbf{Query external services} then influence the score
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\item Completely \textbf{different approach} (i.e streaming algorithm)
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\item ...
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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\lstset{language=PHP}
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\begin{frame}[fragile]
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\frametitle{Creating a new decay algorithm (2)}
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\lstset{basicstyle=\scriptsize}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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<?php
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include_once 'Base.php';
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class Polynomial extends DecayingModelBase
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{
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public const DESCRIPTION = 'The description of your new decaying algorithm';
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public function computeScore($model, $attribute, $base_score, $elapsed_time)
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{
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// algorithm returning a numerical score
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}
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public function isDecayed($model, $attribute, $score)
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{
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// algorithm returning a boolean stating
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// if the attribute is expired or not
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}
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}
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?>
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\end{lstlisting}
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\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}
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\frametitle{Decaying Models 2.0}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Improved support of \textit{Sightings}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \texttt{False positive} \textit{Sightings} should somehow reduce the score
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\item \texttt{Expiration} \textit{Sightings} should mark the attribute as decayed
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\end{itemize}
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\item Potential \textit{Model} improvements
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Instead of resetting the score to \texttt{base\_score} once a \textit{Sighting} is set, the score should be increased additively (based on a defined coefficient); thus \textbf{prioritizing surges} rather than infrequent \textit{Sightings}
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\item Take into account related \textit{Tags} or \textit{Correlations} when computing score
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\end{itemize}
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\item Increase \textit{Taxonomy} coverage
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Users should be able to manually override the \texttt{numerical\_value} of \textit{Tags}
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\end{itemize}
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\item For specific type, take into account data from other services
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\begin{itemize}
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\item Could fetch data from \textit{BGP ranking}, \textit{Virus Total}, \textit{Passive X} for IP/domain/... and adapt the score
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\end{itemize}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{frame}
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